• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.57-69
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• 2004

This study developed an ecological mapping technique with GIS database using the analyses of existing ecological survey reports and the change detection on the Nakdong river estuary. The data which are used to establish GIS DB include 2 Landsat TM images on Nov. 31, 1984 and May 17, 1997, 1:25,000 topographical maps established by National Geography Institution and various ecological survey reports published by Busan metropolitan city government. The details for producing ecological map are as follows. At first, the current methods of ecomapping efforts and previous ecological surveys of Nakdong river estuary were carefully examined. Secondly, the land cover maps were created from the classified Landsat images of 1984 and 1997 for the spatiotemporal ecosystem analysis. Thirdly, the ecosystem was evaluated by using GIS ecological database based on the criteria of botany, zoology and water quality etc. Each criteria was reclassified into 3 stages which describe the overall quality of ecological condition. At last, the comprehensive ecological map was suggested as a prototype of ecosystem assesment and management tool with the discussion of further study. The findings of this study would be a milestone for preserving and managing the ecosystem.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.319-325
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• 2014

A lot of Pond Wetland (Palustrine Wetland) are distributed in agricultural landscapes, Korea. These wetlands are evaluated as important resources for conservation of biodiversity. However, the study of Pond Wetland is rarely conducted except type classification in Korea. In this study, the function of pond wetland as ecosystem services is studied for conservation and utilization of wetland. Research was conducted in three steps; functionality analysis, functionality derivation, and importance analysis. A total of 22 features were derived by analyzing the previous studies. As a result of expert survey, 4 features were selected by each in the field of biological, environmental, and socio-culture among the 22 features. Importance was calculated by conducting a cross-functional features using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Finally, 10 ecosystem service functions of pond wetland were derived through expert survey; (1) Water Storage & Irrigation, (2) Vegetation Diversity, (3) Amphibian & Reptile Habitat, (4) Water Purification, (5) Aquatic Insect Habitat, (6) Nutriments Control was derived, (7) Groundwater Recharge, (8) Fishery Habitat, (9) Eco-Experience & Education, and (10) Aesthetic landscape. It is expected that this study is able to utilize in evaluation of pond wetlands ecosystem services by further study on analysis of functional importance and economic value index.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.59-76
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• 2022

This study was conducted to investigated woody species community classification and understory vegetation characteristics of Abies nephrolepis forest in Mt. Gyebang and Mt. Odae designated as Protected Area for Forest Genetic Resource Conservation and National Park. Vascular plants were surveyed as following; 55 family, 148 species, 3 sub species, 14 variety, 2 form 167 taxa. As an analysis of the species estimator of Jackknife 1, 29 survey plots could be representative of vegetation in study site. Results of the woody species, 3 communities were divided by cluster analysis(A=Abies nephrolepis-Tilia amurensis, B=Betula ermanii-Abies nephrolepis, C=Quercus mongolica-Abies nephrolepis). Using MRPP-test, there were significant differences between the communities indicating analysis of the appropriate group classification(p<0.01). The basal area and altitude were analyzed by negative relationship for NMS ordination. By analyzing plexus diagram of woody species, Acer pseudosieboldianum is strong associated with Quercus mongolica and Rhododendron schlippenbachii. Magnolia sieboldii is strong associated with Acer pictum subsp. mono etc.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.48-63
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• 2008

This research is to apply suitable natural ecosystem evaluation criteria in order to develop the ecosystem conservation, restoration and ways to build substitute habitats as a compensation plan for damaged soundly natural ecosystems in small-scale projects such as resource recovery facility, filtration, etc. The environmental ecology evaluation i.e. generally based on their actual vegetation, community structure, wildlife, water system survey were measured the primary plans for reflecting unique natural environment level of site. As a result, it is necessary to conserve the land in fallow type of wetland, good conservative condition of deciduous forest, wetlanded watercourse for amphibia and reptiles crossing. However, the plan of filtration plant was destroyed wetland(sound ecosystem), natural forest, asian toad spawning area. According to the result of it schemed to build alternative wetland and spawning area, plan to healthy ecosystem and surface soil transplantation as compensation plan. The alternative wetland and spawning area are not only created a various water levels like depth of water is $0{\sim}30cm,\;30{\sim}60cm$, more than 1.5m but also it leads to asian toad spawning and wildlife inhabitant. Moreover, the ecosystem and surface soil transplantation be applied to use the Quercus acutissima forest resources(114 upper trees, 71 canopy trees, 401 shrubs) and surface soil$(5,072m^3)$ in ecology creation sets.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.15-28
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• 2017

A protected area means a space designated and protected by law from development pressure and environmental pressure. It is mainly designated to protect specific ecosystems, natural landscapes, and cultural resources from irrational development (or damage), and involves policies of the public sector such as central and local governments. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) has conducted conservation and restoration projects for preserving natural ecosystems and genetic resources. In order to conserve the ecosystem in the protected area, national and public organizations purchase private land and use it ecologically; in addition, ecological restoration project is carried out for the purpose of creating waterside ecological belt or preserving ecosystem. Land acquisition refers to the land where highly influenced by the water quality and need to restore, and purchased by negotiating with the landlord. Although the nation and public institution carried out ecosystem restoration project for partial purchase land in order to conserve ecosystem, it is below the expected effect due to lack of comprehensive management system and have some problems in restoration project and unification of management institutions. Land acquisition in Donggang River Basin Ecological Conservation area is initiated in 2005 for creating income of local residents and ecological restoration. However, the lack of overall management and awareness resulted in poor vegetation growth and poor response by local residents due to terrain exposure. As such, there is insufficient research on the current situation and systematic integrated management although the number of land acquisition is increasing year after year. Futhermore, overall recognition and follow-up monitoring of eco-restoration are still inadequate. Therefore, the survey on the awareness of the purchase land ecosystem restoration project is necessary for the efficient restoration project and establishment of the management strategy for land acquisition in the future. Therefore, in this study, we provide fundamental materials on further research projects by carrying out research on the awareness of ecological restoration projects in the Donggang River basin ecological preservation area.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.129-143
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• 2002

This study was executed environmental assessment to determine whether or not the national landuse planning change on the reserved area for a rope way in the ice valley(Eoreurngol) of Miryang. The selected survery area is $1,633,442m^2$ and assessed with flora, actual vegetation, degree of green naturality(DGN), sere stage and wild birds. The flora was summarized as 132 taxa which is 90 genera, 117 species, 12 varieties and 3 forms. The actual vegetation was classified 24 types and nature forests like Quercus and deciduous-broad leaf community was distrubuted broadly. Especially Quercus and deciduous-broadleaf communities were assessed high rarity value in Miryang. From the analysis of DGN, it were found out that DGN 8 is 72.5% and DGN 9 is 3.9%. At the analysis of sere stage, the communities were divided 4 with Quercus mongolica, Pinus densiflora, Carpinus laxiflora and deciduous-broadleaf community. Wildbirds was observated as 30 species and 161 ea and Aix galericulata (natural monument no. 327) especially inhabited there. From the above nature ecosystem assessment, the survey area has high quality naturalness, so it was turned out that a rope way construction might be not suitable in survery area.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.444-452
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• 2012

This study aims at assessing vulnerability of water quality and aquatic ecosystem to climate change by using proxy variables. Vulnerability to climate change is defined as a function of exposure to climate, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity. Detailed proxy variables were selected considering availability and then standardized by re-scaling concept. After adequate weights were assigned to standardized proxy variables by Delphi technique, vulnerability index was calculated. As results, vulnerability of adjacent regions to coastal areas include water quality and aquatic ecosystem is relatively higher than that of inland areas, and especially adjacent region to the western and southeast seas, and Jeju show high vulnerabilities. Vulnerability in the future was performed based on A1B scenario (IPCC, 2000). Temporally, the increase of vulnerability from 2050s to 2100s may be larger than the increase from 2000s to 2050s. Because vulnerability index was estimated through the relationship among various proxy variables, it is important to consider characteristics of local region with measurements and policies for reduction of sensitivity and enhancement of adaptive capacity on climate change. This study is expected to be useful in planning adaptation measures and selecting priority to the policy on climate change.

• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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• no.spc9
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• pp.51-72
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• 2016

We surveyed the biodiversity of lepidopterous insects in Jindo Island using UV bucket trap in July 2016 to determine the relationship between surrounding environment and ecosystem in order to contribute to biodiversity conservation and management of coastal islands in Korea. Based on our survey results, a total of 262 lepidopterous insect species in 16 families were collected from Jindo Island. Members belonging to families Noctuidae and Geometridae made up approximately half of the total species (86 species [32.82%] in Noctuidae and 44 species [16.79] in Geometridae). There were 29 species (11.07%) belonging to Crambidae and 28 species (10.69%) belonging to Pyralidae. As a result of all collections based on previous literature and this study, a total of 730 species belonging to 34 families were collected from Jindo Island, including 33 protected species, 242 species (33.15%) belonging to Noctuidae (the most abundant), 124 species (16.99%) belonging to Geometridae, 79 species (10.82%) belonging to Crambidae, and 65 species (8.90%) belonging to Pyralidae. The most frequently collected species was Lamoria glaucalis in this syudy. Our results on the diversity of lepidopterous insects will provide basic information for future investigation on diverse changes in the ecosystem of Jindo Island, Korea.

• Journal of Information Processing Systems
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.765-784
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• 2019

The smart city is one of the most promising, prominent, and challenging applications of the Internet of Things (IoT). Smart cities rely on everything connected to each other. This in turn depends heavily on technology. Technology literacy is essential to transform a city into a smart, connected, sustainable, and resilient city where information is not only available but can also be found. The smart city vision combines emerging technologies such as edge computing, blockchain, artificial intelligence, etc. to create a sustainable ecosystem by dramatically reducing latency, bandwidth usage, and power consumption of smart devices running various applications. In this research, we present a comprehensive survey of emerging technologies for a sustainable smart city network. We discuss the requirements and challenges for a sustainable network and the role of heterogeneous integrated technologies in providing smart city solutions. We also discuss different network architectures from a security perspective to create an ecosystem. Finally, we discuss the open issues and challenges of the smart city network and provide suitable recommendations to resolve them.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.142-150
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• 2021

To analyze the distribution characteristics of alien plants in various habitat types, 249 sites were selected from four administrative districts in the Gyeongsang region of Korea. The survey was conducted across nine different habitat types. A total of 115 species of alien plants were collected; comprising 23 families, 73 genera, 112 species, and 3 varieties. Species from the family Compositae were the most common at 33.0%. Raunkiaer's life forms had the highest occurrence rate with 70 species(60.9%) of therophytes(Th) followed by 30 species (26.1%) of hemicryptophytes (H) and 8 species (7.0%) of geophytes (G). The distributions of alien plant species per habitat type were: 81 species on the roadside; 80 species on vacant lots and artificial habitats; 67 species in streams; 53 species in grasslands; 47 species in cultivated lands; and 39 species on the coast. Since 2017, the number of alien plants has increased in Gyeongju-si, Cheongdo-gun, and Pohang-si, and decreased in Ulsan Metropolitan-si. In each region, 614 taxa were observed. The invasive alien species, Sicyos angulatus, Hypocaeris radicata, and Solanum carolinense, were observed for the first time and are expected to further increase the disturbance of the ecosystem.