• 아태비즈니스연구
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.1-17
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• 2015

This study compares the most widely used parametric and non-parametric techniques to measure cost and profit efficiency of banks, namely the Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) and Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). We formulate the specification form of both stochastic cost and profit frontier models and constant return to scale Cost DEA and Profit DEA models and provide an empirical assessment of the cost and profit frontiers based on a panel dataset of National Commercial Banks (NCBs) and Private Banks (PBs) in Bangladesh over the 2001-2010 period. The cost inefficiency and profit efficiency are slightly higher for PBs than NCBs in case of both SFA and DEA. The coefficients of advance and off-balance sheet items are significant that positively influence the banks in stochastic cost frontier model while the advance, other earning assets, price of borrowed fund are significant and negative effects on the banks in stochastic profit frontier model. The average cost inefficiency and average profit efficiency are recorded with 16.3% and 91% respectively. The highest and lowest cost inefficiency are observed for Janata Bank and United Commercial Bank Limited whilst the highest and lowest profit efficiency are recorded for Eastern Bank Limited and Janata Bank respectively. The average technical and allocative efficiency are 68.8% and 35.9%, respectively in case of CRS cost-DEA model whereas they are 70.3% and 31.8% in case of CRS profit-DEA model. The average cost inefficiency is recorded 6.3% by SFA whereas it is 24.5% by DEA. The average profit efficiency is found 91% by SFA while it is 22.1% by DEA, and SFA method shows better bank efficiency than DEA.

• 한국경제지리학회지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.281-303
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• 2007

이 글은 외환위기 이후 지방은행이 퇴출된 인천경기지역과 대전충남지역에서 지역중소기업의 주거래은행관계가 어떻게 변화하고 있는지를 검토하고 있다. 분석결과를 보면 전국은행은 지역의 중소기업과 주거래관계를 맺는데 주저하고 있으며, 전국은행의 주거래기업은 비교적 다수의 은행과 거래관계를 맺고 있다. 외환위기 이후 뚜렷해진 이러한 경향은 주거래기업의 종업원 규모별 현황에서도 확인되는데, 전국은행의 주거래기업은 비교적 규모가 크다. 이러한 가운데 기업은행과 국민은행이 지역중소기업의 주거래은행으로서 중요한 역할을 하고 있다. 전국은행은 윌리암슨형 조직적 불경제에 기인하여 관계적 금융을 취급하기 곤란하다. 지역금융문제를 완화하기 위해 서민금융기관의 적극적인 역할이 기대되고 있다.

• International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.29-34
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• 2017

Over the past several decades, embedded system and flight control computer technologies have been evolved to meet the diverse needs of the mobile device market. Current embedded systems are at the heart of technologies that can take advantage of small-sized specialized hardware while still providing high-efficiency performance at low cost. One of these key technologies is multiple memory banks. For example, a dual memory bank can provide two times more memory bandwidth in the same memory space. This benefit take lower cost to provide the same bandwidth. However, there is still few software technologies to support the efficient use of multiple memory banks. In this study, we present a technique to efficiently exploit multiple memory banks by software support. Specifically, our technique use an interference graph to optimally allocate data to different memory banks by an optimizing compiler. As a result, the execution time can be improved upto 7% with the proposed technique.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제12권5호
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• pp.77-91
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to define the species composition of the soil seed banks at major wetlands in Nakdong river basin and central korea and to investigate how soil seed banks relate to aboveground vegetation and soil texture. In 2005, we sampled seed banks at Baksil reservoir, Jillal marsh, Deapyeng marsh, Hwapo marsh, Upo marsh and Junam reservoir in Nakdong river basin and Osan stream and Amsa-dong in Seoul. The soil seeds were estimated with the emergence method from April to October. Total numbers of species at the seed banks were 33 at Baksil, 18 at Daepyeong, 35 at Jillal, 56 at Upo, 32 at Hwapo, 47 at Osan stream, 54 at Amsa waterside, 31 at Amsa meadow. The species diversity in the soil seed banks of Upo marsh was the highest as 0.95. The community overlap index that compares aboveground with underground vegetation is high in the Upo marsh (0.34), Jilla marsh (0.36), and Osan stream (0.27). Soil texture affected distribution of 8 species, Lindernia procumbens, L. attenuata, Arenaria serpyllifolia, Juncus effusus, Persicaria thunbergii, Eragrostis multicaulis, Cyperus nipponicus, Scirpus fluviatilis. Considering the social and cultural values, soils at Amsa meadow, Hwapo marsh and Osan stream have worth to use for wetland restoration.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.5-13
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• 2020

Purpose: The aim of this article is to test the link between growth of loan distribution and Bank Valuation in Vietnam's banking sector. At the same time, the study also compared the differences in the effect of growth of loan to valuation bank in banks of different sizes, ownership rates and bank values. Research design, data and methodology: With panel data estimation techniques along with robust standard error for a sample of the banks listed on Vietnam stock exchange from 2012 to 2019. Results: Growth of loan has a positive impact on Bank Valuation (by Tobin's Q). A closer investigation provides evidence for the differential valuation effect of loan growth depending on different features of banks. Specifically, loan growth is found positively and significantly associated with Bank Valuation in small and non-state-owned banks only. Besides, bank size, deposit, and return on equity are found negatively associated with Tobin's Q, while loan loss provisions exhibit a positive relation with this measure of Bank Valuation. Conclusions: These findings provide contributions to the literature on the existence of the effect of loan growth on Bank Valuation. At the same time, the study also provides practical implications for policy makers in banks and investors.

• 국제지역연구
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.341-365
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• 2011

지난 10여 년간은 한국과 중국 은행들에게는 한마디로 금융구조변혁의 기간이었다고 할 수 있다. 양국이 처한 상황은 다르지만 2000년부터 2008년간을 대상으로 3년씩 세기간으로 나누고 분석방법은 자료포락법(DEA)을 활용하였다. 한국의 시중은행과 지방은행, 중국의 대표적인 국유상업은행과 주식제상업은행을 대상으로, 네 개 집단별 은행 효율성 비교를 한 후 세 개의 비교기간별 효율성의 변화 및 개별 집단별 효율성의 차이 등을 알아보았다. 전체 기간을 대상으로 양국 은행의 효율성을 측정해 본 결과, 한국과 중국 모두 꾸준히 상승하였는데, 이는 금융구조변혁기에 구조조정이나 합병이 은행의 효율성에 긍정적인 요인으로 작용하였다고 판단된다. 분석결과 한국의 은행들이 중국의 은행들보다 효율성이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 한국과 중국의 은행 집단별 효율성의 차이 비교결과 한국은 시중은행이 지방은행에 비해 효율성이 높았으며, 중국은 주식제상업은행이 국유상업은행보다 높았다. 한국의 경우 시중은행이 지방은행보다 규모 및 범위의 경제효과로 인하여 상대적 효율성이 높아진 것으로 판단되며, 중국은 주식제상업은행들이 국유상업은행보다 효율성이 높게 나타난 것은 중국정부의 정책에 단순 부응하기보다 경제적 판단에 따라 독자적인 인사관리나 지점의 설치 및 폐지에 대한 유연성을 갖고 경영에 임한데 기인한다고 본다.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.71-79
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• 2020

Balanced Scorecard (BSC) is one of basic contents of managerial accounting. Balanced Scorecard (BSC) will help the manager to measure and evaluate the operating performance in enterprises. Therefore, providing the theory base as well as in fact with regards to apply with Balanced Scorecard, impact of applying with Balanced Scorecard on the performance of company, from then providing for the managers with the base to promote on applying the Balanced Scorecard in Vietnamese Enterprises aimed to improve the operating performance of enterprises meaningfully and neccessary. However, balanced scorecard in general is a very new content in both theoretical and practice in Viet Nam. The study aims to explore the application with Balanced Scorecard in enterprises according to 4 perspective of Balanced Scorecard in Vietnamese commercial banks. In the dimension of this paper, SPSS 22 was used to collect and analysis data, basing on the results of 109 questionnaires of managers and head of department from Vietnamese commercial banks. Research have shown impact of Balanced Scorecard on the performance of Vietnamese commercial banks. This is the scientific basis for enterprises of Vietnam in general and Vietnamese commercial banks firms in particular have a successful application of balanced scorecard to improve the business performance.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제7권9호
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• pp.179-189
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• 2020

The paper empirically examines the bank-specific determinants of loan growth in the Vietnamese banking system for the period from 2007 to 2019. We approach the CAMELS framework and employ the dynamic panel regression to determine the effects of each CAMELS factor on bank lending. To ensure the robustness of results, we also use alternative definitions of the variables and different specifications with and without full sets of CAMELS components. With these settings, we display multiple important results. (i) We find that a large capital buffer tends to boost bank lending expansion faster. (ii) High asset quality might positively contribute to high loan growth; in other words, banks subject to high credit risk are discouraged from making loans. (iii) Less efficiently managed banks are more likely to adopt an aggressive lending strategy, highlighting the moral hazard incentives of Vietnamese banks. (iv) More profitable banks with excellent competitive advantages could expand their lending activities to a larger extent. (v) Liquidity is positively related to the loan growth of banks. (vi) Perceived interest rate risk tends to suppress loan growth since interest-rate-sensitive banks might be concerned about the adverse effects of unpredictable adverse changes in interest rates in the future.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제8권11호
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• pp.297-305
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• 2021

The study aims to investigate loyalty rewards programs on customers' satisfaction in Jordanian banks, and to investigate the statistical differences in loyalty rewards programs and customers' satisfaction according to demographics such as age, sex, education level, duration of engagement with bank, and the type of bank. The study is based on the data obtained from the sample. The questionnaire is the tool for collecting data from the respondents. The study materials include website resources, regular books, journals, and articles. The study population consists customers in the banking sector. The figures indicate that number of actual customers reaches 2.06 million. The sample size requirement is 386 items. Customers are split between traditional and Islamic banks, with 231 and 155 customers respectively. The stratified random sampling technique and the structural equations modeling methodology were used. The results show moderated impact of the loyalty rewards programs on customers' satisfaction. The results show statistical differences in the loyalty rewards programs and customers' satisfaction according to the engagement period with the bank only. The findings suggest better managing the loyalty programs and developing one credit card for all banks in Jordan.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제8권5호
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• pp.639-648
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• 2021

The study aims to examine the role of financial risk management in predicting the financial performance of commercial banks in Pakistan over the period of 2006-2017. For this purpose, risk management is measured through credit risk, interest rate risk, and liquidity risk, while financial performance is measured through ROA, ROE, and ROI. For this purpose, the dynamic panel model and two step GMM panel estimators are used to test the hypothesis empirically. The annual secondary data has been taken from the published financial reports of commercial banks of Pakistan. The results show that financial risk management significantly decreases the financial performance of commercial banks in Pakistan. Overall, the results are conclusive across the alternative measures of financial risk management in predicting the financial performance of the banking sector in Pakistan. The study suggested that managers should adopt risk management and risk hedging strategies to manage commercial banks' financial risks in Pakistan. They should hold extra cash while using the trade credit facilities. Previous studies mostly used a static model, but this study used a dynamic panel model. This study is among the first that focused on the various factors affecting the banks' performance in Pakistan.