• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1993.04a
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• pp.71-71
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• 1993

Carboxylesterase is widely distributed in the tissues of vertebrates, insects, plants and mycobacteria. Among various tissues of animals and humans, the highest esterase activity with various substrates is found in the liver. Kidney has moderate carboxylesterase activity in the proximal tubules. Considerable esterase activity is also found in the small intestine epithet elial cells and serum of mammals. Besides these tissues, carboxylesterase has been found in the lung, testis, adipose tissue, nasal mucosa and even in the central nervous system. Hepatic microsomal carboxylesterase catalyzes the hydrolysis of a wide variety of endogenous and exogenous compounds such as carboxylester, thioester and aromatic amide. Since carboxylesterases are important for metabolic activation of prodrugs and detoxification of xenobiotics, differences in substrate specificity and immunological properties of this enzyme are important in connection with choosing a suitable laboratory animal for the evaluation of biotransformation and toxicity of drugs. On the other hand, liver, kidney, intestine and serum were found to contain multiple forms of carboxylesterases in animal species and humans. In fact, we have purified more than fifteen isoforms of carboxylesterases from microsomes of liver, kidney and intestinal mucosa of nine animal species and humans. and characteristics of these isoforms were compared each other in terms of their physical and immunochemical properties. On the other hand, we have reported that hepatic microsomal carboxylesterases are induced by many exogenous compounds such as phenobarbital, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, Aroclor 1254, aminopyrine and clofibrate. Later, we showed that some isoforms of hepatic carboxylesterase were induced by glucocorticoids such as dexamethasone and 16 ${\alpha}$-carbonitrile, but other isoforms were rather inhibited by these compounds. These findings indicate that involvement of carboxylesterases in the metabolism and toxicity of drugs should be explained by the isoforms involved. Since 1991, we have carried out detailed research investigating the types of carboxylesterases involved in the metabolic activation of CPT-11, a derivative of camptothecin, to the active metabolite, SN-38. The results obtained strongly suggest that some isoforms of carboxylesterase of liver microsomes and intestinal mucosal membrane are exclusively involved in CPT-11 metabolism. In this symposium, the properties of carboxylesterase isoforms purified from liver, kidney and intestine of animal species and humans are outlined. In addition, metabolism of CPT-11, a novel antitumor agent, by carboxylesterases in relation to the effectiveness will also be discussed.

• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.133-137
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• 2014

Reconstruction of a full-thickness alar defect requires independent blood supplies to the inner and outer surfaces. Because of this, secondary operations are commonly needed for the division of skin flap from its origin. Here, we report a single-stage reconstruction of full-thickness alar defect, which was made possible by the use of a nasolabial island flap and septal mucosal hinge flap. A 49-year-old female had presented with a squamous cell carcinoma of the right ala which was invading through the mucosa. The lesion was excised with a 5-mm free margin through the full-thickness of ala. The lining and cartilage was restored using a septal mucosa hinge flap and a conchal cartilage from the ipsilateral ear. The superficial surface was covered with a nasolabial island flap based on a perforator from the angular artery. The three separate tissue layers were reconstructed as a single subunit, and no secondary operations were necessary. Single-stage reconstruction of the alar subunit was made possible by the use of a nasolabial island flap and septal mucosal hinge flap. Further studies are needed to compare long-term outcomes following single-stage and multi-stage reconstructions.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.43-54
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• 2006

Objective : In order to investigate anti-inflammatory effect of Alum objectively which is traditional remedy applicated by external preparation frequently, especially in Rhinologic field. Materials and Method : We studied the histopathologic and hematologic features, serum transaminase activities in the experimentally induced maxillary sinusitis in rabbits. 9 rabbits was divided into normal, control anti sample group(each 3 rabbits). We inoculated $10^{10}$ P. aeruginosa for experimental maxillary sinusitis to control group and sample group. Sample group was treated with aim solution(l0g/100cc) lcc via both nasal cavity (each 0.5cc) after 24hrs everyday for 14days. Results and Conclusion : 1. We confirmed that maxillary sinusitis was well induced by P. aeruginosa without occlusion of maxillary ostium. 2. There was no abnormal findings in serum transaminase(AST/ALT) activities even though application of Alum solution on nasal mucosa for 14days continuously. 3. Alum has evident anti-inflammatory effect of recovering mucosal surface injury, reduction of goblet cell, lymphocyte infiltration, edema and expansion of glandular tissue, dilatation and congestion of blood vessels and so on. 4. Alum has the effect that recover glandular tissue injury and decrease goblet cell increase by the result of dermal PAS staining increase and epidermal AB staining decrease in the qualitative analysis of epidermal and dermal mucopolysaccharide

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.793-807
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• 1997

We tried to develop detection system of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus(PRRSV) by in situ hybridization(ISH) in the piglets experimentally infected with KPRRS-2, the Korean isolate(12 piglets) or Mn-1b, the American isolate(4 piglets), and in the natural infection suspected 6 piglets. Twelve 30-days-old piglets(two pigs per each inoculated group) were inoculated by nasal instillation of KPRRS-2 virus(total dose $10^{4.5}TCID_{50}$), Six piglets(one pig per each group) were induced contact infection with inoculated piglets, during the experiment, and two piglets were used as control. Inoculated or contacted piglets were euthanized at 1, 3, 5, 7, 14 and 21 days postinoculation(DPI). The respiratory signs such as coughing and nasal discharge were observed on day 3 DPI, and ear cyanosis were on day 5 DPI, including contacted piglets. Through the necropsy, purple discolorization of dorsal part of lung, and hypertrophy of local lymph nodes were observed. The histopathological lesions of lung were interstitial pneumonia characterized by type 2 pneumocyte hyperplasia. We prepared the probe for ISH by RNA isolation from KPRRS-2, RT-PCR, and biotin labeling. We performed the ISH within only 1~2 hours using $Microprobe^{TM}$ capillary action system. As the results, the strong red specific positive signals, means PRRSV distribution, was mainly observed in the cytoplasm of alveolar macrophages. And also signals were detected in some type 2 pneumocytes and bronchiolar epithelium of lung, myocardium, liver, kidney, tonsil, spleen, gastrointestinal mucosa, testis and lymph nodes.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.593-601
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• 2006

Allergic rhinitis is a common disease of childhood characterized by nasal, throat, and ocular itching, rhinorrhea, sneezing, nasal congestion. Those affected with allergic rhinitis often suffer from associated inflammatory conditions of the mucosa, such as allergic conjunctivitis, rhinosinusitis, asthma, otitis media with effusion, and other atopic conditions, such as eczema and food allergies. Allergic rhinitis must be diagnosed and treated properly to prevent complications and impaired quality of life. Despite a high prevalence, allergic rhinitis isoften undiagnosed and inadequately treated, especially in the pediatric population. The first step in treatment is environmental control when appropriate. It may be difficult to eliminate all offending allergens effectively to reduce symptoms, so medications are often required. Many different classes of medications are now available, and they have been shown to be effective and safe in a large number of well-designed, clinical trials. Antihistamines are effective in treating immediate symptoms of sneezing, pruritus, watery eyes, and rhinorrhea. Second generation antihistamines are the preferred antihistamines because of their superior side effect profile. Thus, decongestants are commonly used with oral antihistamines. Intranasal corticosteroids are the most effective therapy for allergic rhinitis. Leukotriene modifier may be as effective as antihistamines in treating allergic rhinitis symptoms. Cromolyn sodium is an option for mild disease when used prophylactically, and ipratropium bromide is effective when rhinorrhea is the predominant symptom. When avoidance measures and medications are not effective, specific immunotherapy is an effective alternative. Only immunotherapy results in sustained changes in the immune system. Because of improved understanding of the pathogenesis, new and better therapies may be forthcoming. The effective treatment of allergic rhinitis in children will reduce symptoms and will improve overall health and quality of life, making a happier, healthier child.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.88-98
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• 2006

Background : Allergic rhinitis is an inflammation of the nasal mucosa which is characterized by sneezing, coughing itchy nose, mouth and throat, congestion and/or nasal discharge. Object : We have studied effects of the Okbyeongpung-san plus Socheongryong-tang on the change of the amounts of IL-4, II-5, $IFN-{\gamma}$ and total IgE in rats OVA-induced allergic rhinitis. Method : The 15 rats were divided into three groups ; normal group, control group, and sample group. To induce allergic rhinitis in control group and sample group , rats were sensitized intraperitoneally with 0.1% ovalbumin(OVA) solution 3 times at intervals of 1 week. Then intranasal sensitization was performed by diffusing 0.1% ovalbumin(OVA) solution 3 times at intervals of 2 days. After that time, rats in the sample group were oral administration treated by Okbyeongpung-san plus Socheongryong-tang 28 days. We observed the change of the amounts of IL-4, II-5, $IFN-{\gamma}$ and total IgE in rats in each grout. Result : 1. In Total IgE study, the treated group was proved significant inhibitory effect(p<0.05) 2. In Interleukin-4(IL-4) study, the treated group was proved significant inhibitory effect(p<0.001> 3. In IL-5 study, the treated group was proved significant inhibitory effect(p<0.001> 4. In Interferone-${\gamma}(IFN-{\gamma})$ study, the treated group was proved significant inhibitory effect(p<0.005) Conclusion : According to the above results, it is considered that the Okbyeongpung-san flus Socheongyong-tang has inhibitory effects on the allergic rhinitis of rats.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.347-355
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• 2002

This experiment was performed to investigate apoptosis during undergoing pathogenesis of avian infectious bronchitis virus(IBV)-infected chicks. Sixteen days old chicks were infected with IBV, Massachusetts-41 strain(M-41, 10$^4$-10$^{5}$ EID$^{50}$ ) experimentally, they were autopsied to remove trachea, lung, kidney and cloacal bursa at 6hr, 12hr, 1 day, 3 day and 7 day post infection(PI) respectively for H-E and TUNEL staining. Grossly, mild serous, catarrhal exudate was observed in the trachea, nasal passages and sinuses nasal from 4 day PI. The cloacal bursa was swollen from 3 day PI. Histopathologically, the trachea was seen mild cellular infiltration, edema of the mucosa and submucosa, vascular congestion and mild hyperplasia of the epithelium from 6 hr PI and the changes were seen a little more severely on 7 day PI. It was observed that the cloacal bursa was getting more and more hyperplasia through the experiment. The nuclei degeneration were shown in the kidney on 7 day PI. No specific changes were seen in the lung. In TUNEL analysis, apoptotic cells showed sharp increasing at 12 hr PI and reaching a maximum on 1 day PI in the trachea, lung, kidney and cloacal bursa. And then apoptotic cells decreased gradually returning to a level of the control by 7 day PI in all the removed organs.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.663-669
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• 1994

Kartagener's sydrome is an autosomaly inherited recessive condition characterized by situs inversus, bronchiectasis, and chronic sinusitis. And recently it was recognized as a subclass of dyskinetic cilia syndrome which caused by a defect in mucociliary transport owing to immotile or dyskinetic beating of cilia. Electron microsopy of cilia from sperm tails, nasal and bronchial epithelium of patients reveals the partial or complete absence of dynein arms. Our four patients were diagnosed as a Kartagener's syndrome by classic triad. We carried out electron microscopy of cilia of the nasal mucosa. And many other tests were done. One patient had squamous cell carcinoma of the lung, and another one patient revealed features of adult respiratory distress syndrome at admission. All patients improved with conservative therapy such as physiotherapy, bronchodilater, antibiotics except one patient who mechanical ventilation was required. A brief review of literature was made.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.20 no.1 s.32
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• pp.16-26
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• 2007

Background &Objectives : Rhinitis is an inflammation of nasal mucosa and the major symtoms are watery rhinorrhea, sneezing, itchy nose, and nasal obstruction. Rhinitis is classified into allergic rhinitis and nonallergic rhinitis. Allergic rhinitis is an immune reaction by allergen, and vasomotor rhinitis which is nonallergic and noninfectious is hypersensitive reaction. The incidence of allergic rhinitis has increased and the rate of vasomotor rhinitis is high. However there have been no studies about vasomotor rhinitis compared with allergic rhinitis. And there have been no studies so far performed on the effect of Tongkwansan. Therefore this study is aimed to find out the effects of Tongkwansan on allergic rhinitis and vasomotor rhinitis. Materials and Methods : Fifteen BALC/c mouses were divided into three groups : normal group, control group and sample group. To induce the allergic rhinitis in control group and sample group, mouses were sensitized intrapertioneally 0.1% ovalbumin solution three times at intervals of 1 week. Then intranasal sensitization was performed by diffusing 0.1 % ovalbumin solution 3 times at intervals of 2 days. After that time, mouses in the sample group were oral administration treated by Tongkwansan for 28 days. We observed changes in the segment of IL-4, IL-5, $IFN-{\gamma}$, Total IgE, and ovalvumin specific IgE in blood. We used the statistical methods of ANOVA test(p<0.05). Results : There were no significant changes statistically in $IFN-{\gamma}$, IL-4, and IL-5 in blood(p<0.05). There were also no significant changes statistically in Total IgE, OVA-specific IgE in blood(p<0.05). Conclusion : According to above results, it is supposed that Tongkwansan has no significant effects on allergic rhinitis. But it is supposed that Tongkwansan has significant effects on vasomotor rhinitis which is nonallergic and noninfectious

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.72-80
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• 2004

Background and Objectives: Recently the incidence of allergic rhinitis has increased but treatment in most cases has only dealt with the symptoms. Medicine has been developed that shows fewer side effects. However, some side effects and the psychological stress over taking medicine have remained. There have been no studies so far performed on the effect of Lizhongtang plus Baidusan Extract. This study aimed to find out the therapeutic effects of its exclusive use in rats with Allergic Rhinitis. Materials and Methods : Thirty Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups: the control group, the cetirizine HCI group and the sample group. To induce allergic rhinitis in the control group, the cetirizine HCI group and the sample group, rats were sensitized intraperitoneally with 0.1$\%$ ovalumin solution 3 times at an interval of I week. Then intranasal sensitization was performed by diffusing 0.1$\%$ ovalumin solution 3 times at an interval of 2 days. After that time, rats of the cetirizine HCI group were orally administered with cetirizine HCI. Rats of the sample group were treated with Lizhongtang plus Baidusan Ex. for 28 days. We observed changes in nasal mucosa and submucosa. Also we found changes in the segment of neutrophil and lympocyte in Leukocyte. We used the statistical methods of ANOVA test(p 〈0.05). Results: The loss of the cilium and the secretion of mucus in the treated group was rare when compared to control group. Effects of Lizhongtang plus Baidusan Ex. on the liver function were also studied in rats. Treatment of Lizhongtang plus Baidusan Ex. did not affect AST and ALT. The segment of neutrophil was significantly increased in the treated group when compared with the control group and the cetirizine HCI group(p 〈0.05). The segment of lympocyte was significantly decreased in the treated group when compared with the control group and the cetirizine HCI group(p 〈0.05). Conclusion: This study shows that Lizhongtang plus Baidusan Ex. decreases the inflammatory response in rats with Allergic Rhinitis.