• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.363-367
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• 2014

In this study, the dietary fiber contents of Mozuku (Cladosiphon novae-caledoniae kylin) residue and the extraction condition (HCl, $H_2SO_4$, NaOH, $Na_2CO_3$, $Na_2EDTA$) of the dietary fiber was investigated. We examined that the contents of the total polyphenols and flavonoids in the dietary fiber from Mozuku residue, and the potent anti-cancer effect was also tested through the growth inhibition in human colon cancer cells (HT-29) in vitro. It was effective to extract soluble dietary fiber with 1.5% $Na_2EDTA$ and 0.05 N HCl in Mozuku residue. The extraction time and temperature affected the yields of soluble dietary fiber. The contents of the total polyphenols and flavonoids in the dietary fiber from Mozuku residue were the highest in 1% NaOH extract (Total polyphenols $34.4{\pm}0.055$ mg gallic acid/g dry basis, total flavonoids $34.7{\pm}0.023$ mg naringin/g extract dry basis). In DPPH radical scavenging activity, 1% NaOH extract showed the most potent antioxidant activity. In the result of viability in human colon cancer cells, growth inhibition was observed in D.W., 0.05 N HCl, and 0.5% $Na_2CO_3$ extracts in a dose-dependent manner. These results demonstrated that soluble dietary fiber from Mozuku residue significant antioxidant activity and anticancer in human colon cancer.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.8
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• pp.1081-1087
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• 2009

In this study, the effects of feeding citrus peel on the nutritional composition of chicken meat were investigated. The samples consisted of chicken meats provided with only feed for laying hens without citrus peel (CP-0), and chicken meats fed with 1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0% citrus peel during the starter (initial period feed; 1${\sim}$9th day), the grower (middle period feed; 10${\sim}$24th day), and the finisher (latter period feed; 25${\sim}$36th day), respectively. There was no significant difference between CP-0 and CP-1 regardless of feeding citrus peel in terms of chicken's moisture, protein, fat, ash or caloric content. The cholesterol content was significantly lower in the CP-1 chicken meats than in the CP-0 chicken meats (p<0.05). The K P and Ca contents were significantly higher in the CP-1 chicken meats than in the CP-0 chicken meats (p<0.05), but there were no significant differences between CP-0 and CP-1, regardless of feeding citrus peet in terms of chicken meat's Na and Mg. There were no significant differences between CP-o and CP-1 regardless of feeding citrus peet in terms of chicken meat's vitamin A, xanthophyll, ${\beta}$-carotene, hesperidin or naringin, but vitamins $B_1$ and $B_2$ were significantly higher in the CP-1 chicken meats than in the CP-0 chicken meats (p<0.05). There were no significant differences between CP-0 and CP-1 regardless of feeding citrus peet in terms of chicken meat's amino acid composition - most of free amino acids and fatty acid composition - but L-glutamic acid was significantly higher in the CP-0 chicken meats than in the CP-1 chicken meats, and the DL-${\beta}$-amino isobutyric acid was significantly higher in the CP-1 chicken meats than in the CP-0 chicken meats (p<0.05).

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.232-239
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• 1996

Phenolic compounds are known to inhibit the nitrosation or oxidation reaction. In the present work, the effects of phenolic compounds including phenolic acids and flavonoids on the nitrite-scavenging and electron donating ability were tested as scavenger of nitrite which is believed to participate in the formation of N-nitroso compounds and investigated as electron donator. The nitrite scavenging ability appeared in all the phenolic acids and showed the highest value at PH 1.2. Among the Phenolic compounds, phenolic acids showed higher nitrite-scavenging action than some flavonoids. Futhermore, the nitrite scavenging action of phenolic compounds was pH dependent highest at pH 1.2 and lowest at pH 6.0. The electron donating ability (EDA) by reduction of ${\alpha},{\alpha}$-diphenyl-${\beta}$-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) among hydroxybenzoic acids was in the decreasing order of gallic acid, gentisic acid, syringic acid, protocatechuic acid, salicylic acid, vanillic acid, benzoic acid and p-hydroxybenzoic acid. EDA of hydroxycinnamic acids was in the decreasing order of hydrocaffeic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid and trans-cinnamic acid. EDA of flavonoids was in the decreasing order of (+)catechin, rutin, quercetin, naringin and hesperidin. Other phenolic compounds were significantly high in electron donating abilities.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Postharvest Science and Technology of Agricultural Products Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.157-157
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• 2003

우리나라에서 생산되는 감귤은 지리적 기후 조건으로 내한성이 강한 만다린계 온주밀감이 주종을 이루나 최근 과잉생산으로 인한 가격하락과 수입자유화에 따른 대처의 일환으로 경쟁력이 높은 품종을 장려 보급하고 있다. 감귤의 국내 연간 생산량은 56만 톤으로 과일 전체 생산량의 약 30%를 차지하며 과실의 약 20%가 과피로서 그 일부가 한약재로 쓰이나 대부분이 버려지고 있다. 감귤의 과피에는 carotenoids, bioflavonoids, pectin 및 terpenes가 풍부하게 함유되어 있으며, 천연에서 발견되고 있는 약 300여종의 carotenoids계 색소 중 115종이 감귤에 존재한다. 감귤 과피의 주요 carotenoids로는 비타민 A의 역할을 하는 $\beta$-carotene과 cryptoxanthin을 비롯한 $\beta$-citraurin이며 천연 착색제로 활용되고 있다. 또, 주요 bioflavonoids로는 모세혈관의 수축을 촉진시켜 고혈압 예방과 이로 인한 각종 질환을 방지하는 작용을 가진 hesperidin과 혈액내 LDL 콜레스테롤의 양을 줄이는 작용이 알려진 naringin이 있다. 그 외의 감귤 flavonoids도 항산화작용, antimutagen 활성, 항암, 항알레르기 및 항바이러스 효과가 알려져 있다. 밀감 과피의 bioflavonoids는 약 60여종이 분리되어 그 구조가 밝혀져 있으나 90% 이상이 hesperidin이다. 또 과피유에는 $\delta$-limonene을 주성분으로 하는 휘발성 향미성분이 함유되어 있어 향미 개선제로서의 활용이 기대되고 있다. 본 연구는 최근 식생활의 서구화로 쌀 위주의 식생활에 많은 변화를 가져와 쌀 소비량은 해마다 줄어들고 있는 반면 기능성을 가미한 쌀의 소비가 늘고 있음을 감안하여, 우리나라 제주도에서 생산되고 있는 감귤 과피의 물 균질액을 쌀에 코팅하여 아름다운 색상과 기능성을 지닌 유색미를 제조함과 동시에 그 취반 특성을 조사하였다. 그 결과 유색미의 색상은 진노랑(L＊; 63.6, a＊; -7.87, b＊; 46.35)으로 취반 후에도 유사한 색상을 나타내었다. Total carotenoids는 감귤과피에서는 10.74mg%, 과피의 물 균질액에는 0.46mg%이었으며 유색미에는 0.l2mg%, 유색미 취반에는 0.05mg%를 나타내었다. Hesperidin은 과피, 물 균질액, 유색미 및 유색미 취반에서 각각 2173.l2mg%, 108.65mg%, 21.73mg% 및 8.67mg%이었으며, naringin은 각각 1468.40mg%, 73.38mg%, 14.62mg% 및 5.87mg%를 나타내었다. 감귤과피의 유리아미노산은 asparagine이 94.22mg%로 가장 높았으며, methionine이 24.88mg%, alanine이 19.64mg%, ${\gamma}$ -aminoisobutylic acid가 15.37mg%로 이들 4종의 아미노산이 전체 유리아미노산함량의 70%를 나타내었다. 유색미 취반에는 백미 취반에 비하여 총 유리아미노산의 함량이 15%정도 증가되었으며, 그 중에서 glutamic acid는 2.5 배가 증가되었다. 감귤과피의 주요 무기질은 K(652.60mg%)와 Ca(222.50mg%)로 전체 무기질 함량의 86%를 차지하였으며 유색미 취반은 백미 취반에 비하여 K는 2.3배, Mn는 76%, Ca, P, Mg은 16~26%, Fe는 13%가 각각 증가되었다. 취반의 경도, 점착성 및 깨짐성은 유색미 취반과 백미 취반간에 차이가 없으나 응집성과 탄력성은 유색미 취반에서 높았다. 색상에 대한 기호도, 구수한 맛 및 종합적인 기호도는 유색미 취반에서 높았으며 단맛, 쓴맛은 백미 취반과 차이를 보이지 않았다.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.23 no.7
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• pp.1012-1017
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• 2016

This study was conducted to investigate total flavonoid content, flavonoid composition, and free radical scavenging effects of by-products from five orange cultivars during the period September 2015 to February 2016. Total flavonoid content was highest in peel extracts from immature fruit harvested in September. Total flavonoid contents of all cultivars mostly decreased while ripening. Among the five cultivars, total flavonoid content was highest in Hamlin sweet orange (21.66 mg/g), followed by Sanguinello blood orange (20.39 mg/g), Shamouti orange (18.49 mg/g), Tarocco blood orange (18.46 mg/g), and Olinda Valencia orange (17.07 mg/g). With regard to flavonoid composition, all cultivar materials had high levels of narirutin and hesperidin, but naringin and neohesperidin were not detected in any of the materials. Nobiletin, as polymethoxyflavone, was detected within a$23{\sim}40{\mu}g/mL$ range in the immature fruit of all cultivars. Among all cultivars, antioxidant activities were higher in peel extracts than in pulp extracts. DPPH radical scavenging activities of peel extracts ranged from 40% to 58% while the ABTS radical scavenging activity range was 90~94%. The results indicate that orange, by-products, especially peel of immature orange fruit, could have application as natural materials with antioxidative effects.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.549-556
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• 2005

Estrogenic and antioxidant activities of ethanol extracts of 45 edible and medicinal plants were evaluated by ${\beta}-galactosidase$ assay, and DPPH radical scavenging assay, and TBARS inhibition rate, respectively. Total polyphenol contents were in the range of 8.6 (Panax notoginseng Buck F.H. Chen.)-594.7 (Amomum globosum Loureiro) mg/g. Direct correlation between the DPPH radical scavenging activity and polyphenol content $(r^2=0.61)$ was established through simple regression analysis, whereas no correlation was observed between TBARS inhibition rate or ${\beta}-galactosidase$ activity and polyphenol content. Among medicinal plants screened, Glycyrrhiza glabra L. and Rheum undulatum L. showed strong antioxidant and estrogenic activities. Results of this study could be used as fundamental data for selecting potential phytoestrogen candidates.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.9
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• pp.1345-1350
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• 2013

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of extraction methods on the antioxidant activity of Citrus unshiu pomace. For this purpose, two kinds of citrus pomace (CP)s, whole fruit CP and pulp CP, were used for preparing the extracts with hot water or 70% ethanol. It is well-known fact that whole fruit CP has more calories and carbohydrates, although moisture content is higher in pulp CP. Further, whole fruit CP extracts have higher levels of total phenolic contents compared to CP extracts. In addition, DPPH and alkyl radical scavenging activities were also higher in whole fruit CP, especially in ethanolic extracts. Our results based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer showed that 70% ethanolic extract of whole fruit CP has the maximum levels of nobiletin and tangeretin contents. The levels of naringin, which is known as an antioxidant flavonoid, was determined only in the 70% ethanolic extract of whole fruit CP. This result, however, is consistent with the observed DPPH and alkyl radical scavenging activities. We had also performed a gas chromatography analysis that showed all the four extracts contained the compound hydroxymethyl furfural. Significantly, this compound has been reported to have antioxidant activity. Taken together, findings of this study indicate that ethanolic extraction of whole fruit CP is a good source of antioxidant compounds and hence the same could be utilized as an important method to obtain such beneficial compounds on an industrial scale.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.338-345
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• 1987

The Physicochemical properties of six varieties of domestic orange and orange juices which were grown and produced in Korea, were analyzed their qualities, including taste evaluation based on the amount and the ratio of sugar and acid The physicochemical properties of mandarin were as follows soluble solid $10{\sim}11^{\circ}$ Bx, total acidity $0.76{\sim}1.20%$ ratio of sugar and acid $7.9{\sim}13.8$. Sugars of orange are mainly composed of sucrose, glucose, fructose. The sucrose content of mandarin was a little higher than that of sweet orange. The organic acids in orange were mainly citrate and malate. The content of these two acid in oranges were 0.8-1.4%. Mandarin type oranges tastes more sour than sweet orange. Hesperdin existed 30.8-67.5mg% in oranges. Naringin, one of the bitter components. was not detected in both varieties. The optimum sweetness and acid content were determined based on the results of sensory evaluation.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.21 no.2 s.86
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• pp.263-269
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• 2005

Citrus juice, a concentrate manufactured by the Jeju Provincial Corporation, was converted into vinegar orderly by alcohol and acetate fermentation. The juice with 6 folds dilution by distilled water was used as the sole nutrient source through out experiments. Diluted juice contained $12.96^{\circ}Brix$ of total sugar, $0.632\%$ of total acid and $20.23{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ of hesperidin. Naringin was not detected from the juice. Citrus wine having $5.6\~6.3\%$ alcohol was produced from diluted juice by 3 days of fermentation at $28^{\circ}C$. A kind of malomelo yeast CMY-28 was used for wine fermentation. The wine was succeedingly fermented for 8 days at $30^{\circ}C$ after inoculation of seed vinegar which contained active cells of acid producing bacteria CV1. Inoculum size of seed vinegar was controlled to $10\%$(v/v) of citrus wine. The wine converted into vinegar by the fermentation. Citrus vinegar, the final product of fermentation, was colored with very thin radish-yellow and transparent. It's acidity ranged between $5.8\~6.2\%$ as acetic acid. The vinegar got the best score by sensory test among several natural fruit vinegars. It was clear from the results that citrus vinegar in high quality could be produced from concentrated citrus juice, however fermentation conditions should be improved to reduce the amount of reducing alcohol.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.26 no.8
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• pp.620-630
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• 2003

The proliferative effects of thirty Oriental medicinal herbs on MCF-7 (estrogen-sensitive breast cancer cell line) and ROS 17/2.8 osteoblast-like cells were determined using the MTT assay. Methanol extracts from several herbs was found to show proliferative activity on the above two cell lines in the range of 5 to 100 $\mu$g/mL. Among these active herbs, the methanol extract from the rhizomes of Drynaria fortunei showed the most potent proliferative activity, and the cell proliferations were significantly increase by 136 and 158% in the MCF-7 and ROS 17/2.8 cells, respectively, when treated with 100 $\mu$ g/mL. Through a bioassay-guided separation, eight flavonoids, including four new flavan-3-ols and two propelargonidins, together with the known (-)-epiafzelechin and naringin, were isolated. Their chemical structures were characterized as (-)-epiafzelechin (1), (-)-epiafzelechin-3-O-$\beta$-D-allopyranoside (2), (-)-epiafzelechin-3-O-(6"-O-acetyl)-$\beta$-D-allopyranoside (3), 4$\beta$-carboxymethyl-(-)-epiafzelechin methyl ester (4), 4$\beta$-car-boxymethyl-(-)-epiafzelechin sodium salt (5), naringin (6), (-)-epiafzelechin-(4$\beta$\rightarrow8)-4$\beta$-car-boxymethylepiafzelechin methyl ester (7) and (-)-epiafzelechin-($4\beta\rightarrow8, 2\beta\rightarrowΟ\rightarrow7)-epiafzelechin-(4\beta\righarrow8)-epiafzelechin (8) by extensive 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. Most of these flavonoids, in the range of $10^{-15}∼10^{-6}$ M, accelerated the proliferation of MCF-7 cell, with compounds 7 and 8, in the range of $10^{-15}∼10^{-12}$ M, showing especially potent proliferation effects. Meanwhile, seven flavonoids, with the exception of compound 4, stimulated the proliferation of ROS 17/2.8 cells in the range of $10^{-15}∼10^{-6}$ M, with compounds 5-8 especially accelerating the proliferation, in dose-dependent manners ($10^{-15}∼10^{-9}$ M), and their proliferative effect was much stronger than that of $E_2$ and genistein. These results suggest that propelargonidin dimers and trimers isolated from the rhizomes of Drynaria fortunei may be useful as potential phytoestrogens, which play important physiological roles in the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis.