• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.128-141
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• 1985

To investigate the influence of phenobarbital sodium on the action of morphine and on the diurnal rhythms of both opiate receptor binding and ${\beta}-endorphin$ contents, the amount of specifically bound $(^3H)$-morphine and immunoreactive ${\beta}-endorphin$ were measured in the midbrain of phenobarbital-treated rats at 4h intervals in a day. Rats were housed and adapted to a controlled cycle of either 12 h light-12 h dark or 24 h constant dark. After 3 weeks of adaptation, 0.5 ml of physiological saline or phenobarbital sodium (20mg/kg/day, i.p.) were administered twice a day for 2 weeks. Highly significant diurnal rhythms of opiate receptor binding and ${\beta}-endorphin$ were present in rat midbrain. In control group, the peak of maximum $(^3H)$-morphine binding was observed at 22:00 h, whereas the peak of ${\beta}-endorphin$ content was found at 06:00 h. Even in the absence of time cues these diurnal rhythms persisted, but they were highly modified with respect to the wave form as well as differences in the timing of peak and nadir. In the phenobarbital-treated group, these diurnal rhythms were also modified in shape, phase and amplitude, as well as in timing of peak and nadir. In this group, 24 h mean of opiate receptor binding was significantly decreased, while the 24 h mean level of ${\beta}-endorphin$ content was highly increased. However, Kd values in all experimental groups did not change. This indicates that differences in binding were not due to changes in the affinity, but in the number of binding sites. Statistical analysis of regression line indicates that changes of receptor binding were closely correlated with the changes of ${\beta}-endorphin$ content. These results suggest that phenobarbital may influence the action of morphine by changing the number of opiate receptors and that the modification of diurnal rhythm of opiate receptor by the agent is possibly due to changes of ${\beta}-endorphin$ content.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.343-349
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• 1995

Background : For biological dosimetry of radiation exposure, both observing hematologic change and calculating Ydr by chromosomal analysis as biological indicators are widely used. However, due to the lack of studies on biological dosimetry of radiation dose absorbed in the body such as in the cases of radioactive iodine therapy, the maximal and safe dose is not well known, nor is the extent to which the body can safely endure radiation exposure. Purpose : To investegate the practical applicability of hematologic changes and Ydr as an indicator for estimating radiation exposure, to patients with thyroid diseases after doses of radioactive iodine. Material and Methods : 5 patients with hyperthyroidism and 35 patients who have had thyroid cancer operation were under treatment with radioactive iodine, changes in number of lymphocytes were tracked and Ydr was calculated for more than 2 months by chromosomal analysis in peripheral lymphocytes. Results ; 1) The number of lymphocytes began to decrease 2 weeks after doses of radioactive iodine, and reached the nadir after 6 and 8 weeks, then gradually recovered. 2) The nadir count of lymphocytes was reversely correlated with the administered dosage of radioactive iodine. 3) Ydr was generally stable between 2 and 8 weeks. 4) The maximal value of Ydr was correlated with the administered dosage of radioactive iodine. 5) Ydr value at the 2nd week increased with augmented dosage of radioactive iodine. 6) Ydr value at the 2nd week was correlated with fall of lymphocyte count. Conclusion : Patients must be closely observed, because temporary bone marrow suppression and slight chromosomal aberration can be produced by even generally used dosages of radioactive iodine for diagnosis and therapy. Maximal percent fall of lymphocyte count, Ydr at the 2 week interval and maximal Ydr can be used as the biological predictor of administered dosage of radioactive iodine.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.445-456
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• 2005

The land surface parameters should be determined with sufficient accuracy, because these play an important role in climate change near the ground. As the surface reflectance presents strong anisotropy, off-nadir viewing results a strong dependency of observations on the Sun - target - sensor geometry. They contribute to the random noise which is produced by surface angular effects. The principal objective of the study is to provide a database of accurate surface reflectance eliminated the angular effects from MODIS 250m reflective channel data over Korea. The MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) sensor has provided visible and near infrared channel reflectance at 250m resolution on a daily basis. The successive analytic processing steps were firstly performed on a per-pixel basis to remove cloudy pixels. And for the geometric distortion, the correction process were performed by the nearest neighbor resampling using 2nd-order polynomial obtained from the geolocation information of MODIS Data set. In order to correct the surface anisotropy effects, this paper attempted the semiempirical kernel-driven Bi- directional Reflectance Distribution Function(BRDF) model. The algorithm yields an inversion of the kernel-driven model to the angular components, such as viewing zenith angle, solar zenith angle, viewing azimuth angle, solar azimuth angle from reflectance observed by satellite. First we consider sets of the model observations comprised with a 31-day period to perform the BRDF model. In the next step, Nadir view reflectance normalization is carried out through the modification of the angular components, separated by BRDF model for each spectral band and each pixel. Modeled reflectance values show a good agreement with measured reflectance values and their RMSE(Root Mean Square Error) was totally about 0.01(maximum=0.03). Finally, we provide a normalized surface reflectance database consisted of 36 images for 2001 over Korea.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.71-76
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• 2008

Introduction: In this study, we compared sleep structure, EEG characteristic of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and normal controls which were matched in sex and age. Methods: Fifteen children (male：female=4：11) who complained snoring and were suspected to have sleep apnea and their age and sex matched normal controls (male：female=5：10) have been done nocturnal polysomnography (NPSG). Sleep parameters, sleep apnea variables and relative spectral components of EEG from NPSG have been compared between both groups. Results: Pediatric OSA group were distinguished from normal controls in terms of apnea index, respiratory disturbance index and nadir of oxyhemoglobulin desaturation. Pediatric OSA group showed increased percent of sleep stage 1, decreased rapid eye movement sleep percent and increased delta power in O1 EEG channel. However other sleep parameters and spectral powers were not different between two groups. Conclusion: In pediatric OSA group, sleep structure parameter disruption may be not prominent as the previous studies for adult OSA group because of including mild OSA data in diagnostic criteria. In addition, EEG changes might not be distinct due to low arousal index compared to adult OSA patients. We can observe general characteristics and particularity of pediatric OSA through this study.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.1021-1028
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• 2013

The frequency of a power system should be kept within limits to produce high-quality electricity. For a power system with a high penetration of wind generators (WGs), difficulties might arise in maintaining the frequency, because modern variable speed WGs operate based on the maximum power point tracking control scheme. On the other hand, the wind speed that arrives at a downstream WG is decreased after having passed one WG due to the wake effect. The rotor speed of each WG may be different from others. This paper proposes an algorithm for assigning the droop of each WG in a wind power plant (WPP) based on the rotor speed for the virtual inertial control considering the wake effect. It assumes that each WG in the WPP has two auxiliary loops for the virtual inertial control, i.e. the frequency deviation loop and the rate of change of frequency (ROCOF) loop. To release more kinetic energy, the proposed algorithm assigns the droop of each WG, which is the gain of the frequency deviation loop, depending on the rotor speed of each WG, while the gains for the ROCOF loop of all WGs are set to be equal. The performance of the algorithm is investigated for a model system with five synchronous generators and a WPP, which consists of 15 doubly-fed induction generators, by varying the wind direction as well as the wind speed. The results clearly indicate that the algorithm successfully reduces the frequency nadir as a WG with high wind speed releases more kinetic energy for the virtual inertial control. The algorithm might help maximize the contribution of the WPP to the frequency support.

• Proceedings of KOSOMES biannual meeting
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• 2006.11a
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• pp.181-186
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• 2006

Geostationary Orbit satellite, unlike other sun-synchronous polar-orbit satellites, will be able to take a picture of a large region several times a day (almost with everyone hour interval). For geostationary satellite, the target region is fixed though the location of sun is changed always. However, Sun-synchronous polar-orbit satellites able to take a picture of target region same time a everyday. Thus Ocean signal is almost same. Accordingly, the ocean signal of a given target point is largely dependent on time. In other words, the ocean signal detected by geostationary satellite sensor must translate to the signal of target when both sun and satellite are located in nadir, using another correction model. This correction is performed with a standardization of signal throughout relative geometric relationship among satellite-sun-target points. This relative ratio called bidirectional factor. To find relationship between time and $[L_w]_N$/Bidirectional Factor differences, we are calculate solar position, geometry parameters. And reflectance, total radiance at the top of atmosphere(). And water leaving radiance, normalized water leaving radiance. And calculate bidirectional factor, that is the ratio of $[L_w]_N$ between target region and aiming the point. Then, we can make the bidirectional factor lookup table for one year imaging. So, we suggested for necessary to simulation experiment bidirectional factor in more various condition(wavelength and ocean/air condition).

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.485-489
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• 2016

Objective: to investigate the effect and side effects of recombinant human interleukin - 11 (rhIL - 11, in Chinese Juheli, produced by Qi Lu Biotechnology CO., LTD) in the second prevention of chemotherapy induced thrombocytopenia (CIT). Methods: Cancer patients with CIT were recruited and were treated with rhIL - 11 (treatment phase, TP), and in the following cycle, all these patients administered with rhIL - 11 24 hours immediately after chemotherapy (preventive treatment phase, PTP). Duration and severity of thrombocytopenia between two phases were compared. Results: for patients in TP or PTP, nadir values of platelet were ($29.28{\pm}20.08){\times}10^9/L$ and ($45.24{\pm}19.66){\times}10^9/L$, duration of thrombocytopenia in TP and PTP was ($11.52{\pm}4.33$) and ($8.20{\pm}+2.77$)days, recovery time was ($19.40{\pm}3.89$)and ($13.44{\pm}3.02$)days, duration of rhIL - 11 administration was ($10.68{\pm}2.46$)and ($6.28{\pm}1.77$)days, number of patients needing platelet infusion was 16and4 respectively, all differences were statistically significant (p value were 0.007, 0.002, 0.000, 0.000, 0.034 respectively). For TP and PTP, number of patients with hemorrhage was 8 and 4, duration of bleeding was ($5.00{\pm}0.82$) and ($4.50{\pm}0.71$) days respectively, with no statistically significant difference. Adverse reactions mainly included fever, edema, arrhythmia, joint pain, fatigue, skin rash, headache, dizziness, etc., all were not statistically significant between TP and PTP. Conclusion: rhIL - 11 could be well tolerated and is effective that could reduce the duration, severity of CIT, platelet transfusion, and incidence of bleeding, as well as shorten the recovery time, duration of rhIL - 11 administration. Thus, rhIL - 11 could be commended in the second prevention of CIT for patients with cancer.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.22
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• pp.9635-9641
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• 2014

Background: This retrospective study was aimed to investigate the efficacy of prophylactic agents in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients receiving TACE and compare the difference between lamivudine and entecavir. Materials and Methods: A consecutive series of 203 HBV-related HCC patients receiving TACE were analyzed including 91 patients given prophylactic agents. Virologic events, defined as an increase in serum HBV DNA level to more than 1 log10 IU/ml higher than the nadir level, hepatitis flares due to HBV reactivation and progression free survival (PFS) were the main endpoints. Results: Some 48 (69.6%) reached virologic response. Prophylaxis significantly reduced virologic events (8.8% vs 58.0%, p=0.000) and hepatitis flares (1.1% vs 13.4%, p=0.001). Patients presenting undetectable HBV DNA levels displayed a significantly improved PFS as compared to those who never achieved undetectable HBV DNA. Prophylaxis and e-antigen positivity were the only significant variables associated with virologic events. In addition, prophylaxis was the only independent protective factor for hepatitis flares. Liver cirrhosis, more cycles of TACE, HBV DNA negativity, a lower Cancer of the Liver Italian Program score, non-metastasis and no hepatitis flares were protective factors for PFS. Prophylactic lamivudine demonstrated similar efficacy as entecavir. Conclusions: Prophylactic agents are efficacious for prevention of HBV reactivation in HCC patients receiving TACE. Achievement of undetectable HBV DNA levels displayed a significant capability in improving PFS. Moreover, persistent tumor residual lesions, positive HBV DNA and hepatitis B flares might be causes of tumor progression in these patients.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.18
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• pp.8665-8670
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• 2016

Background and Aims: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation was reported to be induced by transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) in HBV-related hepatocellular carcinonma (HCC) patients with a high incidence. The effective strategy to reduce hepatitis flares due to HBV reactivation in this specific group of patients was limited to lamivudine. This retrospective study was aimed to investigate the efficacy of prophylactic entecavir in HCC patients receiving TACE. Methods: A consecutive series of 191 HBV-related HCC patients receiving TACE were analyzed including 44 patients received prophylactic entecavir. Virologic events, defined as an increase in serum HBV DNA level to more than 1 log10 copies/ml higher than nadir the level, and hepatitis flares due to HBV reactivation were the main endpoints. Results: Patients with or without prophylactic were similar in host factors and the majorities of characteristics regarding to tumor factors, HBV status, liver function and LMR. Notably, cycles of TACE were parallel between the groups. Ten (22.7%) patients receiving prophylactic entecavir reached virologic response. The patients receiving prophylactic entecavir presented significantly reduced virologic events (6.8% vs 54.4%, p=0.000) and hepatitis flares due to HBV reactivation (0.0% vs 11.6%, p=0.039) compared with patients without prophylaxis. Kaplan-Meier analysis illustrated that the patients in the entecavir group presented significantly improved virologic events free survival (p=0.000) and hepatitis flare free survival (p=0.017). Female and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status 2 was the only significant predictors for virological events in patients without prophylactic antiviral. Rescue antiviral therapy did not reduce the incidence of hepatitis flares due to HBV reactivation. Conclusion: Prophylactic entecavir presented promising efficacy in HBV-related cancer patients receiving TACE. Lower performance status and female gender might be the predictors for HBV reactivation in these patients.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.2019-2022
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• 2013

Purpose: To investigate the safety and efficacy of pemetrexed combined with chemotherapy as second or third line in patients with stage IV colorectal cancer (CRC). Patients and Methods: This trial was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of pemetrexed given to patients with recurrent or metastatic colorectal carcinoma who previously received 5-FU-based chemotherapy. All patients were required to have a histological diagnosis of colorectal adenocarcinoma with measurable metastatic disease and prior chemotherapy. Patients received pemetrexed at a dose of 500 $mg/m^2$ by 10 minute infusion on day 1, repeated every 21 days. Doses were modified depending on nadir counts. Combined chemotherapy included Oxaliplatin, Irinotecan and cis-platinum. Results: Thirty patients were enrolled and twenty-nine were evaluable for response. One patient did not have repeat radiological testing to determine response because he went off study after only one cycle of treatment for economic reasons. For 29 evaluable patients, 1 partial response, 6 stable disease and 22 progressive disease were recorded. Response rate was 3.45% (1/29). All responses occurred in patients receiving a starting dose of pemetrexed 500 $mg/m^2$. Median time to progression for all eligible patients was 2.5 months. The most common toxicities experienced were mild to moderate fever, hepatic damage, myelosuppression, nausea, vomiting, constipation, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and skin rash. Conclusion: Pemetrexed at 500 $mg/m^2$ given every three weeks combined with chemotherapy is associated with moderate response and good tolerability in patients with stage IV CRC.