• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.699-704
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• 2006

Twenty-four cannulated Small-tailed Han${\times}$Poll Dorset wethers (BW $47.5{\pm}2.1kg$) were used to determine the effects of forage to concentrate ratio (40:60 vs. 70:30), monensin supplementation (0, 15 or 30 ppm, DM basis) and interactions of these two factors on cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (cis-9, trans-11 CLA) and trans-11 octadecenoic acid (trans11-$C_{18:1}$) concentrations in ruminal contents and plasma in sheep. The experiment was designed as a $2{\times}3$ factorial. The diet contained Chinese wild rye grass hay (Aneurolepidium Chinese), cracked corn, soybean meal, NaCl, limestone and trace mineral premix. Dietary crude fat and linoleic acid ($C_{18:2n-6}$) were adjusted with soybean oil to about 7.0% and 24.0 mg/g (DM basis), respectively. High forage diets increased (p<0.001) the concentrations of trans11-$C_{18:1}$ and cis-9, trans-11 CLA in ruminal contents and plasma. Monensin supplementation increased (p<0.001) the concentration of trans11-$C_{18:1}$ in ruminal contents, but had no effect on that of cis-9, trans-11 CLA. Concentrations of trans11-$C_{18:1}$ (p<0.019) and cis-9, trans-11 CLA (p<0.022) in plasma increased with dietary monensin levels. Interactions of forage: concentrate ratio and monensin level tended to affect the concentrations of trans11-$C_{18:1}$ (p<0.091) and $C_{18:2n-6}$ (p<0.083) in ruminal contents. Increasing forage levels increased the concentrations of trans11-$C_{18:1}$ and cis-9, trans-11 CLA in the rumen. Supplementing with monensin increased the ruminal production of trans11-$C_{18:1}$ and concentrations of trans11-$C_{18:1}$ and cis-9, trans-11 CLA in plasma.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.15-26
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• 1982

A potential fungal lipid producer from starch, which was identified as Muror plumbeus, was isolated from natural sources and its optimum cultivation condition for lipid production was investigated. The Mucor plumbeus FRI 0007 showed the highest felt weight and lipid content which were 2.09 $\pm$ 0.24g per 50$m\ell$ of medium and 37.43% on dry weight basis respectively after 20 days incubation on the medium containing 21% of starch as a carbon source. The urea was the best nitrogen source as compared with sodium nitrate, potassium nitrate, magnesium nitrate, ammonium nitrate and ammonium acetate and its optimum concentration was 2.14g/$\ell$, showing 2.39 $\pm$ 0.07 g felt/50$m\ell$ of medium and 50.73% lipid content on dry weight basis after 25 days incubation. Besides the starch as a carbon source and urea as a nitrogen source, the Mucor plumbeus FRI 0007 utilized ZnSO$_4$, MgSO$_4$, NaH$_2$PO$_4$, $K_2$SO$_4$and FeCl$_3$as mineral sources. However, it did not require ail the above 5 minerals in group in-dispensably for its growth and lipid accumulation. The lipid and economic coefficient of Mucor plumbeus FRI 0007 grown on the medium containing 0.44g $K_2$SO$_4$or 5.00g MgSO$_4$/$\ell$solely were 14.96 and 15.37 and 31.12 and 26.10 which was higher than those on the medium containing the above 5 minerals.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.19-24
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• 1976

To examine the storage effect of the dry cured cultured undaria pinnetifida, its components were researched according to different places and periods of production and in heat treatment of it, how the different time, temperature and salt concentration can effect on its storage was researched as follows. In Pohang and Yeosu districts the most suitable period of processing was around the end of December and in Wando district, around the end of January. When it was heat-treated separately at $90^{\circ}C\;and\;100^{\circ}C$ there of occurred the comparative low increase of organic acids and volatile acids, and the slight decrease of pigment. When it was heat-treated in sea water and satuarated NaCl solution, the obvious change was not found in all components, and in fresh water organic acids and volatile acids were conspicuously increased. When it was heat-treated according to the different heating time (long or short), there was no remarkable change in all components, but when heat-treated for 20 sec. the decrease of carotenoid was conspicuous. When heat-treated for 40 sec. separately at $90^{\circ}C\;and\;100^{\circ}C$ in sea water, better effect for storage was resulted.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.23 no.11
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• pp.1519-1528
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• 2013

Bacillus pumilus SG2, a halotolerant strain, expresses two major chitinases designated ChiS and ChiL that were induced by chitin and secreted into the supernatant. The present work aimed to obtain a mutant with higher chitinolytic activity through mutagenesis of Bacillus pumilus SG2 using a combination of UV irradiation and nitrous acid treatment. Following mutagenesis and screening on chitin agar and subsequent formation of halos, the mutated strains were examined for degradation of chitin under different conditions. A mutant designated AV2-9 was selected owing to its higher chitinase activity. To search for possible mutations in the whole operon including ChiS and ChiL, the entire chitinase operon, including the intergenic region, promoter, and two areas corresponding to the ChiS and ChiL ORF, was suquenced. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the complete chitinase operon from the SG2 and AV2-9 strains showed the presence of a mutation in the catalytic domain (GH18) of chitinase (ChiL). The results demonstrated that a single base change had occurred in the ChiL sequence in AV2-9. The wild-type chitinase, ChiL, and the mutant (designated ChiLm) were cloned, expressed, and purified in E. coli. Both enzymes showed similar profiles of activity at different ranges of pH, NaCl concentration, and temperature, but the mutant enzyme showed approximately 30% higher catalytic activity under all the conditions tested. The results obtained in this study showed that the thermal stability of chitinase increased in the mutant strain. Bioinformatics analysis was performed to predict changes in the stability of proteins caused by mutation.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.53 no.6
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• pp.672-676
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• 2015

Spherical phospholipid bilayers, vesicles, were formed with respect to phase of each layer via a double emulsion technique. The conversion of phosphatidylcholine (PC) to phosphatidic acid (PA) at the outer layer, caused by phospholipase D (PLD), induced a curvature change in the vesicles, which eventually led them to fuse each other. The effect of the lipid layer physical-properties on the PLD-induced vesicle fusion was investigated using the fluorescence intensity change. 8-Aminonaphthalene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid disodium salt(ANTS) and p-Xylene-bis(N-pyridinium bromide)(DPX) were encapsulated in the vesicles, respectively, for the quantification of the fusion. The fluorescence scale was calibrated with the fluorescence of a 1/1 mixture of ANTS and DPX vesicles in NaCl buffer taken as 100% fluorescence (0% fusion) and the vesicles containing both ANTS and DPX as 0% fluorescence (100% fusion), considering the leakage into the medium studied directly in a separate experiment using vesicles containing both ANTS and DPX. It was observed that the fusion occurred to the liquid-phase of the inner layer only. The fusion behaviors were very similar for both solid and liquid of the outer layer. However, the leakage was faster for the solid-phase outer-layer than the liquid-phase outer-layer. The difference in the leakage seems to be caused by the lipid concentration and the lateral diffusivity in the layer.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.271-280
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• 2018

The ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete Tricholoma is one of mushroom groups that cannot be cultivated artificially. To use this mushroom as applicable resource for food production, it is necessary to obtain information about their mycelial growth properties in various environmental conditions. This study investigated the mycelial growth of four domestic isolates of Tricholoma species (T. bakamatsutake, T. fulvocastaneum, T. matsutake, T. terreum) at different physical and chemical conditions. The optimal physical conditions for their mycelia growth were found to be a temperature range of $20{\sim}25^{\circ}C$ and a pH range of 4.0~7.0 in dark condition. The growth of T. matsutake was retarded at high temperature ($30^{\circ}C$). Tests to determine the chemical factors that affected mycelial growth showed that the four Tricholoma spp. grew 1% saline. T. matsutake grew in up to 2% saline. In the presence of various heavy metals (50 ppm) and pesticides (suppliers' recommended concentration), mycelial growth was inhibited the most by cadmium and emamectin benzoate, respectively. However, all the four Tricholoma spp. grew with $Cu^+$. The growth of T. matsutake was not inhibited by abamectin, acetamiprid, and thiacloprid. Extracellular enzyme activities of amylase and ${\beta}$-glucosidase were detected only in T. bakamatsutake and T. fulvocastaneum. The results of the present study allowed us to determine suitable or harmful environmental conditions for the mycelial cultivation of the Tricholoma spp.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.143-148
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• 1985

Water hyacinth, unused and tropical plant was examined in order to know the feasibility of application for purification of municipal drainage and industrial wastewater. This plant was effective to remove the COD from wastewater, although its removal ability was dependent on the organic sources. The effects of pH, NaCl concentration, water temperature and shading condition on the growth of water hyacinth were investigated. The optimum ranges of pH were weak acid- neutral, of water temperature were 17-$21^{\circ}C$, and unshading condition was better. The rapid propagation of this plant was also observed during hot summer season.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.32 no.4 s.91
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• pp.359-372
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• 2006

In order to investigate the daily deposition characteristics of water-soluble inorganic components in airborne deposit on the Iksan, deposition samples were collected using a deposition gauge from October 16 to November 1, 2004. Deposition samples were collected using two different sampling gauges, a dry gauge and a wet gauge, respectively. To get wet the bottom of wet gauge during the sampling period, the volume of $30{\sim}50ml$ distilled ionized water was added in a wet gauge before the beginning of each deposition sampling. Deposition samples were collected twice a day and analyzed for inorganic water-soluble anions ($Cl^-,\;{NO_3}^-,\;{SO_4}^{2-}$) and cations (${NH_4}^+,\;Na^+,\;K^+,\;Mg^{2+},\;Ca^{2+}$) using ion chromatography. Qualify control and quality assurance of analytical data were checked by the data obtained from reinjection of standard solution, Dionex cross check standard solutions, and random several deposition samples, and measured data was estimated to be reliable. Considering the deposition sample volume, the sampling time, the surface area of sampling container, and the ion concentration measured, the daily deposition amounts for measured ions were calculated in $mg/m^2$. The total daily deposition amounts of all measured ions for dry and wet gauge were $7.5{\pm}2.8$ and $17.7{\pm}4.2mg/m^2$, respectively. A significant increase in deposition amount during rainfall days was observed for both wet gauge and dry gauge, having no difference of deposition amount between in wet gauge and in dry gauge. The mean deposition of all ions measured in this study were higher in wet gauge than in dry gauge because of the surface difference of the sampling container, especially for ${NH_4}^+\;and\;{SO_4}^{2-}$. The mean deposition amounts of ${NH_4}^+\;and\;{SO_4}^{2-}$ in wet gauge were found to be about 10 times and 3 times higher than those in dry gauge, while the rest of the chemical species were equal or a little higher in wet gauge than in dry gauge. Dominant species in dry gauge were ${NO_3}^-\;and\;Ca^{2+}$, accounting for 21% and 28% of the total ion deposition, whereas those in wet gauge were ${SO_4}^{2-}\;and\;{NH_4}^+$, accounting for 19% and 41% of the total ion deposition, respectively.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.789-798
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• 2016

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are industrially important microorganisms for probiotics. The recent widespread application of LAB for preparation of functional food is attributable to the accumulating scientific evidence showing their beneficial effects on human health. In this study, we isolated and characterized plant-derived LAB that show angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory and antioxidant activities. The selected strain K2 was isolated from Kimchi, and identified as Lactobacillus plantarum by 16S rRNA gene analysis. The strain grew under static and shaking culture systems. They were also able to grow in different culture conditions like $25^{\circ}C{\sim}37^{\circ}C$ temperature, 4~10 pH range and ~6% NaCl concentration. L. plantarum K2 was highly resistant to acid stress; survival rate of the strain at pH 2.5 and 3 were 80% and 91.6%, respectively. The strain K2 also showed high bile resistance to 0.3% bile bovine and 0.3% bile extract with more than 74% of survival rate. The cell grown on MRS agar plate containing bile extract formed opaque precipitate zones around the colonies, indicating they have bile salt hydrolase activity. The strain showed an inhibitory activity against pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes; antibacterial activity was probably due to the lactic acid. The K2 strain showed relatively higher autoaggregation values, antihypertensive and antioxidant activities. These results suggest that L. plantarum K2 could be not only applied as a pharmabiotic for human health but also is also starter culture applicable to fermentative products.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.58 no.6
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• pp.535-542
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• 2014

A simple and efficient preconcentration method was developed using three-phase liquid phase microextraction prior to HPLC-UV for simultaneous extraction and determination of tetracycline antibiotics (tetracycline, oxytetracycline, and chlortetracycline). The tetracycline antibiotics were separated simultaneously on a column ($C_8$, $3.0{\times}150mm$, $3{\mu}m$) with high selectivity and sensitivity using gradient elution. Under optimized conditions (extraction solvent, heptanal; pH of donor, 9.0; pH of acceptor, 1.0; stirring speed, 700 rpm; NaCl salt, 0%; and extraction time, 60 min), enrichment factors (EF) were between 5.6 and 22.3. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) in the spiked urine matrix were in the concentration range of $0.08{\sim}0.8{\mu}g/mL$ and $0.4{\sim}1.6{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. The calibration curves were linear within the range of $0.1{\sim}32{\mu}g/mL$ with the square of the correlation coefficient being more than 0.995. The precision (as a relative standard deviation, RSD) and accuracy (as a relative recovery) within working range were 1.3~9.1% and 84~118%, respectively.