• Membrane Journal
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.368-377
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• 2018

The n-nitrilotris(methylene) phosphonic acid (NTPA) potassium salt was synthesized as a draw solute for forward osmosis. NTPA-4K, NTPA-5K and NTPA-6K were synthesized by varying the content of KOH added to NTPA and confirmed by $^1H$-NMR and $^{13}C$-NMR. The osmotic pressure, viscosity, water flux and reverse salt flux were measured to characterize the draw solute. In the forward osmosis process when distilled water was used as a feed solution and 0.5 M of NTPA-4K, NTPA-5K and NTPA-6K were used as a draw solution, the water flux was 35.8, 38.8 and 42.2 LMH, the reverse salt flux was 5.4, 6.9 and 7.4 gMH, respectively. It was confirmed that the water flux was lower than the conventional NaCl draw solution, but the reverse salt flux was much lower. In order to recover the diluted draw solution, nanofiltration was conducted. The results showed that the draw solute could be retained by above 90%.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.202-214
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• 2003

The central challenge in the design of ad-hoc networks is the development of dynamic routing protocol that efficiently finds route between mobile nodes. Several routing protocols such as DSR, AODV and DSDV have been proposed in the literature to facilitate communication in such dynamically changing network topology. In this paper, a Node Transition Probability (NTP) based routing algorithm, which determines stable routes using the received power from all other neighboring nodes is proposed. NTP based routing algorithm is designed and implemented using Global Mobile Simulator (GloMoSim), a scalable network simulator. The performance of this routing algorithm is studied for various mobility models and throughput, control overhead, average end-to-end delay, and percentage of packet dropped are compared with the existing routing protocols. This algorithm shows acceptable performance under all mobility conditions. The results show that this algorithm maximizes the bandwidth utilization during heavy traffic with lesser overhead.