• Food Science and Preservation
• /
• v.11 no.1
• /
• pp.100-105
• /
• 2004

The objective of this study was carried out to investigate biological activities effects of Korean leaf from Rosa davurica Pall. in vitro. They were extracted with methanol, ethanol, chloroform and water. Methods of the antimutagenic used in this experiment were well-known bacterial short term tests which include Ames test and the antigenotoxic used in this experiment was DPPH radical scavenge. All extracts (ethanol, methanol, water) except chloroform extract exhibited 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity with IC$\_$50/ of 11.5 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL, 6.4 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL, 4.8 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL. In Ames test, most of extracts had strong antimutagenic effects against the mutagenesis induced by 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4NQO), N-methyl-N’-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), 3-amino-l,4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indol(Trp-P-I) and benzo(${\alpha}$)pyrene(B(${\alpha}$)P). The extracts of leaves (200 $\mu\textrm{g}$/plate) showed approximately 60∼80％ inhibitory effect on the mutagenesis induced by 4NQO, Trp-P-1 and B(${\alpha}$)P against TA98 strain, whereas 60∼80％ inhibition were observed on the mutagenesis induced by MNNG, 4NQO, Trp-P-1 and B(${\alpha}$)P against TA100 strain. respectively.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
• /
• v.11 no.3
• /
• pp.206-213
• /
• 2017

BACKGROUN/OBJECTIVES: Although studies have revealed that black garlic is a potent antioxidant, its antioxidant mechanism remains unclear. The objective of this study was to determine black garlic's antioxidant activities and possible antioxidant mechanisms related to nuclear factor erythroid 2-like factor 2 (Nrf2)-Keap1 complex. METHODS/MATERIALS: After four weeks of feeding rats with a normal fat diet (NF), a high-fat diet (HF), a high-fat diet with 0.5% black garlic extract (HF+BGE 0.5), a high-fat diet with 1.0% black garlic extract (HF+BGE 1.0), or a high-fat diet with 1.5% black garlic extract (HF+BGE 1.5), plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin,homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were determined. As oxidative stress indices, plasma concentrations of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and 8-isoprostaglandin $F2{\alpha}$ (8-iso-PGF) were determined. To measure antioxidant capacities, plasma total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and activities of antioxidant enzymes in plasma and liver were determined. The mRNA expression levels of antioxidant related proteins such as Nrf2, NAD(P)H: quinone-oxidoreductase-1 (NQO1), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), glutathione reductase (GR), and glutathione S-transferase alpha 2 (GSTA2) were examined. RESULTS: Plasma glucose level, plasma insulin level, and HOMA-IR in black garlic supplemented groups were significantly (P < 0.05) lower than those in the HF group without dose-dependent effect. Plasma TBARS concentration and TAC in the HF+BGE 1.5 group were significantly decreased compared to those of the HF group. The activities of catalase and glutathione peroxidase were significantly (P < 0.05) increased in the HF+BGE 1.0 and HF+BGE 1.5 groups compared to those of the HF group. The mRNA expression levels of hepatic Nrf2, NQO1, HO-1, and GSTA2 were significantly (P < 0.05) increased in the HF with BGE groups compared to those in the HF group. CONCLUSIONS: The improvements of blood glucose homeostasis and antioxidant systems in rats fed with black garlic extract were related to mRNA expression levels of Nrf2 related genes.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
• /
• v.35 no.3
• /
• pp.1-23
• /
• 2022

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to evaluate anti-breast cancer and anti-inflammatory effects of Chungganhaewool-tang and Shipyeukmiyeugi-eum. Methods: MDA-MB-231 cells were used to measure cytotoxicity, Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, protein expression amounts of Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), B-cell lymphoma-extra large (Bcl-xl), Cytochrome C Caspase-3, Caspase-7, Caspase-9, Poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP), Nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and NAD (P) H Quinone Oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) to evaluate the anti-breast cancer effects of Chungganhaewool-tang (CHT) and Shipyeukmiyeugi-eum (SYE), and THP-1 cells, differentiated into macrophage and induced inflammation with Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), were used to measure production amounts of ROS, Nitric oxide (NO), and protein expression amounts of Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), Cyclooxygenase (COX-2), Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of CHT and SYE. Results: CHT and SYE reduced MDA-MB-231 cell counts, increased protein expression of Bax and Cytochrome C, and decreased protein expression of Bcl-2, Bcl-xl. The protein expression amounts of Caspase-3, 7, and 9 decreased, but amounts of the active form, cleaved Caspase-3, 7, and 9, increased. In addition, PARP protein expression decreased, the amount of PARP protein in the cleaved form increased, and the amount of protein expressions of Nrf2 and HO-1 decreased, but NQO1 showed no significant difference. In THP-1 cells CHT and SYE reduced ROS and NO, and reduced protein expressions of iNOS, COX-2, IL-1, and TNF-α, but only SYE groups reduced IL-6. Conclusions: This study suggests that CHT and SYE have potential to be used as treatments for breast cancer.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.26 no.2
• /
• pp.277-286
• /
• 2016

Makgeolli lees (ML) has several physiological effects such as antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anticancer properties, but its biological functions have not been determined definitively. Here, we tested whether ML has a cytoprotective effect on paraquat (PQ)-induced oxidative stress in the human lung carcinoma cell line A549. At 0.1 mg/ml ML, viability of PQ-exposed A549 cells was restored by 12.4%, 18.5%, and 48.6% after 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively. ML also reduced production of the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) that were generated by PQ treatment. Further experiments revealed that ML treatment enhanced the expression and nuclear translocation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) as well as ARE-GFP reporter activity. ML treatment also effectively increased the expression of NRF2's target genes NAD(P)H dehydrogenase quinone 1 (NQO1) and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1). Moreover, we found that expression of cytoprotective genes, including glutathione peroxidases (GPXs), superoxide dismutase (SOD1), catalase (CAT), peroxiredoxin 3 (PRDX3), and peroxiredoxin 4 (PRDX4), was greatly enhanced by treatment with ML during PQ exposure. Taken together, the data suggest that treatment of PQ-exposed A549 cells with ML ameliorates cytotoxicity through induction of NRF2 expression and its target genes HO-1, NQO1, and other antioxidant genes. Thus, ML may serve as a functional food applicable to ROS-mediated human diseases.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• v.15 no.6
• /
• pp.2911-2916
• /
• 2014

Oxaliplatin is a first-line therapy for colorectal cancer, but cancer cell resistance to the drug compromises its efficacy. To explore mechanisms of drug resistance, we treated colorectal cancer cells (HCT116 and SW620) long-term with oxaliplatin and established stable oxaliplatin-resistant lines (HCT116-OX and SW620-OX). Compared with parental cell lines, $IC_{50}$s for various chemotherapeutic agents (oxaliplatin, cisplatin and doxorubicin) were increased in oxaliplatin-resistant cell lines and this was accompanied by activation of nuclear factor erythroid-2 p45-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and NADPH quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1). Furthermore, luteolin inhibited the Nrf2 pathway in oxaliplatin-resistant cell lines in a dose-dependent manner. Luteolin also inhibited Nrf2 target gene [NQO1, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and $GST{\alpha}1/2$] expression and decreased reduced glutathione in wild type mouse small intestinal cells. There was no apparent effect in Nrf2-/- mice. Luteolin combined with other chemotherapeutics had greater anti-cancer activity in resistant cell lines (combined index values below 1), indicating a synergistic effect. Therefore, adaptive activation of Nrf2 may contribute to the development of acquired drug-resistance and luteolin could restore sensitivity of oxaliplatin-resistant cell lines to chemotherapeutic drugs. Inhibition of the Nrf2 pathway may be the mechanism for this restored therapeutic response.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
• /
• v.20 no.1
• /
• pp.16-19
• /
• 2012

The desmutagenic activity of the water extract of Areca catechu L. on the mutagenicity induced by aflatoxin $B_1$ ($AFB_1$), N-methyl-N-nitro-N'-nitrosoguani-dine (MNNG), mitomycin C (MMC) and 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4-NQO) was studied by using the SOS Chromotest with Escherichia coli PQ37. The inhibition rates of water extract of Areca catechu L. at concentration of $100{\mu}g/assay$ were 41.0%, 47%, 46%, and 32% against $AFB_1$, MNNG, MMC and 4-NQO, respectively. The water extract of Areca catechu L. was separated into methanol soluble and methanol insoluble parts. The methanol insoluble part exhibited higher inhibition effect than the methanol soluble part against the mutagenic activities of MNNG. Step-wise fractionation of methanol insoluble part was done to obtain methanol, ethyl acetate and water fractions. Among these fractions, water fraction had the strongest inhibitory effect of 45.0% against mutagenicities of MNNG. The inhibition rates of aqueous fraction of methanol-insoluble from water extracted Areca catechu L. at concentrations of 1.61, 16.13, 161.29 and $322.58{\mu}g/mL$ were 12.0%, 24.0%, 47.5% and 62.0%, respectively. The water fraction showed the inhibitory effects with dose response against the mutagenic activity induced by MNNG.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
• /
• v.2 no.3
• /
• pp.232-235
• /
• 1997

This study was investigated to determine antimutagenic effects of enzymatic browning reaction products (PEBRPs) obtained by reaction of polyphenol compouns with oxidase extracted from potato. Catechol (Ca) PEBRPs showed the strongeest inhibitor effects with 90% inhibition on benzo-($\alpha$)-pyrene(B($\alpha$)P) induced mutagenesis in Salmonella typhimurium TA98, but he least with40% inhibition on the 2-aminofluorene (2-AF) induced mutagenesis in TA98. The strong antimutagenic activities with 80% inhibition were observed in the presence of 100$\mu\textrm{g}$/plate of hydroquinone(HQ)-PEBRP on the B($\alpha$)P or 3-amino-1,4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole(Trp-P-1) induced mutagenesis in TA98, whereas HQ-PEBRP showed the least antimutagenic effect on 2-AF-induced mutagenesis. The addition of 100$\mu\textrm{g}$ hydroxyhydroquinone(HHQ)-PEBRP to the plate led to approximately 82% inhibitory effects on 2-AF or Trp-P-1 induced mutagenesis in TA98, whereas the least antimutagenicity was obsrved in the4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide(4-NQO) induced mutagenesis in the presence of 100$\mu\textrm{g}$/plate of HHQ-PEBRP. More than 80% inhibiton were observed in the presence of 200$\mu\textrm{g}$/plate of Pyrogalol(Py)-PEBRP on the B($\alpha$)P or Trp-P-1 induced mutagenesis in TA98, but the least with 38% inhibition on 4-NQO induced mutagenesis in TA98. The results indicate that enzymatic browing reaction products of potato have a strong modulatory effect on mutagen induced mutagenesis in TA98.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
• /
• v.9 no.12
• /
• pp.81-88
• /
• 2018

Human gingival fibroblast (HGF) is the main cell type existed in periodontium and produces a variety of inflammatory mediators by external stimuli. In this study, the anti-inflammatory activity of Porphyra yezoensis ethanol extract (PYEE) on LPS-PG lipopolysaccharide from Porphyromonas gingivalis activated HGF-1 cell. Up-regulated iNOS and COX-2 expressions by LPS-PG were significantly attenuated by PYEE treatment in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, activated nuclear factor $(NF)-{\kappa}B$ was also dose-dependently inhibited by PYEE treatment. Among upstream signaling molecules, PYEE treatment inhibited phosphorylation of c-Jun $NH_2$-terminal kinase (JNK) but did not give any effect on other molecules. On the other hand, one of phase II enzymes, NAD(P)H:quinone dehydrogenase (NQO)-1, was analyzed due to its anti-inflammatory activity, which was upregulated by PYEE treatment. Consequently, PYEE could be candidates for the prevention and treatment of periodontal diseases.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
• /
• v.35 no.5
• /
• pp.565-573
• /
• 2022

Gingival inflammation is one of the main causes that can be related to various periodontal diseases. Human gingival fibroblast (HGF) is the major constituent in periodontal connective tissue and secretes various inflammatory mediators, such as nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂), upon lipopolysaccharide stimulation. This study is aimed at investigating the anti-inflammatory and antioxidative activities of Lotus Root extract (LRE) in Porphyromonas gingivalis derived lipopolysaccharide (LPS-PG)-stimulated HGF-1 cells. The concentration of NO and PGE₂, as well as their responsible enzymes, inducible NO synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), was analyzed by Griess reaction, ELISA, and western blot analysis. LPS-PG sharply elevated the production and protein expression of inflammatory mediators, which were significantly attenuated by LRE treatment in a dose-dependent manner. LRE treatment also suppressed activation of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in LPS-PG-stimulated HGF-1 cells. In addition, one of phase II enzyme, NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase (NQO)-1, and its transcription factor, Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), were significantly induced by LRE treatment. Consequently, these results suggest that LRE ameliorates LPS-PG-induced inflammatory responses by attenuating TLR4/MyD88-mediated NF-κB, and activating NQO-1/Nrf2 antioxidant response element signaling pathways in HGF-1 cells.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
• /
• v.29 no.2
• /
• pp.174-179
• /
• 2015

Transcription factor, Nrf2 was well known to protect cell from oxidative stress by up-regulating it's dependent anti-oxidative genes such as HO-1 and NQO1. Cheongjogupye-tang (CJGPT), a traditional herbal formula was originally recorded in 『EuiMunBeopRyul』, still having been used to treat pulmonary disease such as asthma and pulmonary inflammation, in Eastern Asian countries. However, the underlying therapeutic mechanisms remain elusive. The purpose of this study is to investigate the anti-inflammatory or anti-oxidative effects of CJGPT on the RAW 264.7 cells. To examine the anti-inflammatory or anti-oxidative effects of CJGPT, MTT assay, immunoblotting, RT-PCR and reporter gene assays were performed. Although CJGPT slightly suppressed the nuclear NF-κB expression, it did not decreased the expression of pro-inflammatory genes in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Moreover, it did not increased the transcriptional activity of NF-κB in reporter gene assay. However, CJGPT upregulated the nuclear expression of Nrf2, as well as increased the expression of Nrf2-dependent genes such as HO-1 and NQO1. In addition, CJGPT incresed the transcriptional activity of Nrf2. Taken together, our results showed that CJGPT exerts functions as an anti-oxidant mainly by activating Nrf2.