• 한국지구과학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.93-99
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to develop a new test instrument based on AAAS Benchmarks for Science Literacy, to assess k-12 students' progress in understanding nature of science (NOS). A total of 276 items were developed including 33 items for grade k-2, 36 items for grade 3-5, 78 items for grade 6-8 and 129 items for grade 9-12 and they were reviewed for validity and reliability. Key ideas that were the foundation of test items were extended, sophisticated and enriched according to the grade level. The general score of this test represents a student's cognitive state about an understanding of NOS. The result of this test can be expected to give some useful information for follow-up investigations, improving instructional design, and conducting further studies.

• 한국초등과학교육학회지:초등과학교육
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.701-724
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• 2022

이 연구에서는 과학의 본성(NOS)에 대한 초등학생들의 인식을 구체적으로 드러내기 위해 개방형 질문지 형식의 초등학생용 NOS 검사 도구를 개발하였고, 그 타당도와 효과를 조사하였다. 초등학생용 NOS 검사 도구를 개발하기 위해 기존 NOS 검사 도구를 초등학생들에게 적용할 때 발생할 수 있는 문제점을 분석하였고, 이를 토대로 검사 도구의 개발 방향을 설정하였다. 또한 초등학생의 수준에 적합한 7가지 NOS 유형을 선정한 후, 유형별로 기존의 검사 도구 문항을 수정·보완하거나 새로운 문항을 개발하여 예비 검사 도구를 제작하였으며, 과학교육 전문가 그룹의 내용 타당도 검증을 거쳐 최종적으로 NOS의 각 유형과 관련된 7개 문항에 '과학에 대한 포괄적 인식'을 묻는 1개 문항을 추가하여 총 8개 문항으로 구성된 NOS 검사 도구를 개발하였다. 개발한 검사 도구의 실질적 효과를 검증하기 위해 서울에 있는 두 초등학교에서 6학년 2개 학급 50명의 학생을 대상으로, 한 학급에서는 '기존 검사 도구→개발 검사 도구', 다른 학급에서는 '개발 검사 도구→기존 검사 도구'의 순서로 사전·사후 검사를 실행하였고, 수집된 자료는 요약적 내용분석을 통해 비교 평가하고 Wilcoxon 부호 순위 검정을 실행하여 분석하였다. 기존 NOS 검사 도구와 개발한 NOS 검사 도구에 대해 학생들이 응답한 내용을 비교·분석한 결과, 개발한 검사 도구를 사용할 때 NOS에 대한 학생들의 관점이 더 다양하게 나타났고, 문항의 의도를 잘못 해석하여 발생했던 응답의 오류가 줄어들었다. 또한 개발한 검사 도구를 사용할 때 통계적으로 유의미한 수준에서 과반 정도 학생들의 응답 내용이 더 구체적으로 변화하였다. 이 연구에서는 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 초등학생들에게 적합한 NOS 검사 도구의 개발을 위한 시사점을 논의하였다.

• 한국과학교육학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.428-445
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• 2012

The objective of this study is developing an instrument for investigating views of the respondents on nature of science(NOS) by using experienced scientific knowledge, atomic model. It consists of total six questions and 36 detail items, and each question is reflected the aspects of different NOS which are 'recognition on the model', 'tentativeness of scientific knowledge', 'subjectivity in science', 'use of inference and imagination', 'myths of the scientific method', and 'comparison between science and art'. Particularly, 'comparison between science and art' is addressed almost for the first time in this questionnaire. In the class environment almost not to teach nature of science linking with concrete scientific knowledge, to inquire how the students recognize nature of science, relating to experienced scientific knowledge through this questionnaire will give the data of scientific knowledge based recognition on the nature of science and an important implication for nature of science teaching with concrete scientific knowledge. Developing processes have gone through four steps. In first step, we chose aspects of NOS and developed questions and details. In second step, we tested the draft into fifteen science teachers and, reflecting their opinions, corrected the form and contents of questionnaires. In third step, we tested the questionnaire included writing section for expressing thoughts of the respondents into 55 students in science high school and checked index of coincidence between Likert and open-ended responses which shows 88.2% degree of consensus. Furthermore, to identify the feature of using concrete scientific knowledge we applied this and views on science and education questionnaires together into six university students. We performed final test to 68 university students and measured Cronbach's, and ultimately completed final questionnaire in last step.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.585-601
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of several intracoronal base materials to prevent cervical leakage of a bleaching agent into the dentinal tubules and along the root canal. In this study, thirty-two anterior teeth were used. After lingual access was prepared in each tooth, tooth was instrumented with a step-back technique to a Nos. 40-50 using K-type files. All teeth were obturated with a lateral condensation technique. Excess gutta percha was removed with a warm instrument to the facial level of the CEJ. Teeth were divided into four groups : Teeth in control group were not filled with base material. Teeth in groups 1, 2, and 3 had 2mm of gutta percha removed with a warm instrument, then Dycal, Fuki II LC and Z-100 were filled with palstic instruments on the top of the gutta percha respectively. All teeth were bleached for 7 days, fresh bleach was added for another 7 days, then a 10 % methylene blue dye was placed inside the access preparation. They were stored at $37^{\circ}C$ and $100^{\circ}C$ humidity for 5 days. Each tooth was sectioned perpendicular to the long axis using a diamond disk. Initial cuts were made at the most coronal level of facial and lingual CEJ's, then another cuts continued appically in the levels of 0.5mm, 1.5mm, and 2.0mm respectively. The amount of dye leakage through the dentinal tubules was determined at each cut section. In addition, when the cut specimen was determined to be last penetration of any dye, this level was recorded as depth of apical leakage from the coronal terminus of the gutta percha, Dycal, Fuji II LC and Z-100. The acquired data were analyzed by Tukey's Multiple Range Test adn Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel Test to see if there was any statistically significant difference in dye penetration and linear apical leakage among the groups. The results were as follows : 1. Control group at levels of CEJ and 0.5mm, group 3 at level of 1.5mm, and group 2 AND 3 at level of 2.0mm showed the least dye penetration through the facial or lingual dentinal tubules, but there were no significant difference among three groups. 2. Group 2 at levels of CEJ and 0.5mm, group 3 at level of 1.5mm, and group 2 and 3 at level of 2.0mm showed the least dye penetration through the proximal dentinal tubules, but there were no significant difference among control group, group 2, and group 3. 3. Group 1 showed the greatest dye penetration through the facial or lingual and proximal dentinal tubules at all levels, and there were significant difference with other three groups. 4. Control group and group 1 showed 2mm apical dye leakage at facial or lingual and proximal aspects, group 2 showed 1.5mm, and group 3 showed 0.5mm.