• Molecules and Cells
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• 제46권10호
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• pp.627-636
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• 2023

Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory disease that leads to the gradual destruction of the supporting structures of the teeth including gums, periodontal ligaments, alveolar bone, and root cementum. Recently, interests in alleviating symptoms of periodontitis (PD) using natural compounds is increasing. Avenanthramide-C (Avn-C) is a polyphenol found only in oats. It is known to exhibit various biological properties. To date, the effect of Avn-C on PD pathogenesis has not been confirmed. Therefore, this study aimed to verify the protective effects of Avn-C on periodontal inflammation and subsequent alveolar bone erosion in vitro and in vivo. Upregulated expression of catabolic factors, such as matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP1), MMP3, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and COX2 induced by lipopolysaccharide and proinflammatory cytokines, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), was dramatically decreased by Avn-C treatment in human gingival fibroblasts and periodontal ligament cells. Moreover, alveolar bone erosion in the ligature-induced PD mouse model was ameliorated by intra-gingival injection of Avn-C. Molecular mechanism studies revealed that the inhibitory effects of Avn-C on the upregulation of catabolic factors were mediated via ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) and NF-κB pathway that was activated by IL-1β or p38 MAPK and JNK signaling that was activated by TNF-α, respectively. Based on this study, we recommend that Avn-C may be a new natural compound that can be applied to PD treatment.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제44권9호
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• pp.1256-1263
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• 2015

본 연구에서는 유자가 선천성 면역력에 미치는 효과를 알아보기 위하여 유자 30% 주정추출물(CJE)을 사용하였으며 선천성 면역에 중요한 역할을 하는 대식세포를 이용해 실험하였다. CJE는 마우스 대식세포인 RAW264.7에서 $1,000{\mu}g/mL$의 최고 농도까지 세포독성을 보이지 않았고, 전사인자 $NF-{\kappa}B$와 염증성 매개물질인 COX-2, PGE2의 활성 및 발 현 증강에 영향을 미치며, 특히 $300{\mu}g/mL$의 농도에서부터 유의적 차이를 보이는 것으로 확인되었다. 산화질소 생성능과 대식세포에서 분비되는 사이토카인인 $TNF-{\alpha}$, $IL-1{\beta}$의 발현을 대조군에 비해 농도 의존적으로 증가시킨다는 결과를 얻었으나, IL-6에서는 통계적으로 약간의 유의성이 있는 증가를 보였고 IL-10은 정상대조군에 비해 거의 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. CJE는 또한 NK 세포의 활성을 농도 의존적으로 증가시키고 비장세포의 증식능도 농도 의존적으로 증가시킨다는 것을 확인하였다. 이러한 결과로 미루어 보아 CJE는 인체의 대식세포 활성의 증가를 통해 선천성 면역력을 증가시킬 것으로 판단된다.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.131-149
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• 2007

Objectives : The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the effects of herbal acupuncture (HA) with Moxi-tar for the treatment to intestinal disease in mice with 2, 4, 6 - trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) induced colitis. Methods : Mice were administered with 5% TNBS at day 1 and day 7. To investigate effects of HA with Moxi-tar at LI11, treatments were carried out at day -1, day 1, day 3, day 5, and day 7. It was checked on the weight and width of colon, diarrhea, edema, survival rate, changes of body weight, and myeloperoxygenase (MPO) activity. Furthermore, we carried out immunohistochemical staining and Western blot and analyzed mRNA expression by RT-PCR. Results : HA of Moxi-tar at LI11 in preventive mode suppressed macroscopic damages and damages of intestinal epithelial cells and infiltration of immune cells in the colon by TNBS. HA in early and preventive mode ameliorated various symptoms by TNBS. TNBS injection increased MPO activity in colon while HA in preventive mode suppressed increase of MPO activity. HA down-regulated NF-kB activity and reduced expression of TNF-a, IL-1b, and ICAM-1 in colon of TNBS treated mice. Similar to experiment at colon, HA down-regulated NF-kB activity and reduced expression of TNF-a, IL-1b, and ICAM-1 by TNBS in mesenteric lymph node. HA in therapeutic mode suppressed errosion and shortening of colon and MPO activity by TNBS and suppressed mRNA expression of TNF-a, IL-1b, and ICAM-1 in the colon. Conclusions : This study demonstrates that HA with Moxi-tar at LI11 represents a potential therapeutic method of inflammatory bowel diseases.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제47권1호
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• pp.83-93
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• 2020

Lactoferrin (LF) is an iron-binding glycoprotein that is present in colostrum, milk, and other body secretions. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of lactoferrin hydrolysates (LHs) on the production of immunomodulatory factors, including inflammatory related cytokines. The nuclear factor (NF)-κB reporter assay using human embryonic kidney 293 cells (HEK-293) revealed that NF-κB activity was significantly decreased by 1, 50, and 100 ㎍/mL of LH and the fractions above and below the 10 kDa LH. The mRNA expression of interferon (IFN)-γ in rat basophilic leukemia mast cells (RBL-2H3) treated with the fraction above the 10 kDa LH decreased in a dose-dependent manner, but the cells treated with LH and the fraction below the 10 kDa LH showed an increased expression of IFN-γ in a dose-dependent manner. The level of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression decreased dose-dependently in RBL-2H3 cells treated with LH and the fraction above the 10 kDa LH, but the cells treated with the fraction below the 10 kDa LH showed an increased COX-2 expression in a dose-dependent manner. The mRNA expression of interleukin (IL)-4) was dose-dependently decreased by the fraction below the 10 kDa LH in human mast cells (HMC-1). The mRNA expressions of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IL-6 were significantly dose-dependently decreased by the fractions above and below the 10 kDa LH, but was dose-dependently increased by LH. The production of IL-4 was a little increased by the fraction above the 10 kDa LH compared to the positive control, but was decreased with LH and the fraction below the 10 kDa LH in HMC-1 cells. It was concluded that LF hydrolysates had an immunomodulating effect on anti-, pro-inflammatory and anti-allergic reactions.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제30권11호
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• pp.1614-1625
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• 2020

A number of species of the genus Trichilia (Meliaceae) exhibit anti-inflammatory effects. However, the effect of Trichilia martiana C. DC. (TM) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation has not, to the best of our knowledge, yet been determined. Therefore, in the present study, the antiinflammatory effect of TM on LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages was evaluated. The ethanol extract of TM (TMEE) significantly inhibited LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin 2 (PGE₂), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). TMEE also reduced the levels of inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6. The upregulation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and NF-κB activation was revealed to be downregulated following TMEE pretreatment. Furthermore, TMEE was indicated to lead to the nucleus translocation of nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). In H292 airway epithelial cells, the pretreatment of TMEE significantly downregulated the production of LPS-stimulated IL-1β, and TMEE was indicated to increase the expression of HO-1. In animal models exhibiting LPS-induced acute lung injury (ALI), treatment with TMEE reduced the levels of macrophages influx and TNF-α production in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of ALI mice. Additionally, TMEE significantly downregulated the activation of ERK, JNK and IκB, and upregulated the expression of HO-1 in the lungs of ALI mice. In conclusion, the results of the current study demonstrated that TMEE could exert a regulatory role in the prevention or treatment of the endotoxin-mediated inflammatory response.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제35권5호
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• pp.565-573
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• 2022

치주조직에 존재하는 주요한 세포의 한 형태인 인체 치은섬유아세포는 다양한 구강유해세균으로부터 염증이 유발되어지며, 그중 대표적으로 치주염 원인균인 P. gingivalis의 내독소인 LPS-PG로부터 염증성 자극에 반응하여 다양한 염증매개 물질을 분비한다. 본 연구에서는 치주염을 일으키는 주요한 원인균 중 하나인 P. gingivalis로 부터 분리한 LPS-PG를 이용하여 인체 치은섬유아세포주인 HGF-1 세포에 염증을 유도한 후 LRE에 대한 항염증 및 항산화 효과를 분석하였다. 실험 결과, LRE는 LPS-PG 유도에 따라 iNOS에 의한 NO 생성과 COX-2에 의한 PGE₂와 같은 염증 매개 인자의 발현 및 생성 억제와 함께 염증성 싸이토카인(TNF-α, IL-1β및 IL-6)의 생성 또한 억제하였다. 신호전달계에서 염증성 전사인자의 발현 경로를 확인하기 위하여 TLR4/Myd88/NF-κB의 활성을 확인한 결과, LRE 처리에 따라 농도 의존적으로 억제되는 것을 확인하였다. 또한 산화 환원 효소로 항염증효과를 나타내는 것으로 알려진2상 효소 중 하나인 NQO-1과 이의 전사인자인 Nrf2를 분석 한 결과 LRE 처리에 의해 효소의 활성이 높아지는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 결론적으로 LRE는 TLR4/Myd88/NF-κB 신호전달 경로를 억제하고 NQO1/Nrf2 활성을 유도함으로써 HGF-1 세포에서 LPS-PG에 의해 유도된 염증을 억제하는 것으로 사료되며, 향후 LRE는 식·의약품 소재 개발에서 치주질환 개선의 가능성이 있는 후보물질이 될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.823-834
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• 1998

연구배경: 유리규산(silica) 자극에 의해 폐장내 대식세포에서 형성되는 proinflammatory cytokines인 IL-1$\beta$, IL-6, TNF-$\alpha$와 fibrogenic cytokine인 TGF-$\beta$, PDGF는 섬유화 과정에 매우 중요한 역할을 한다. 그러나 이러한 cytokine 의 역할과 상호관련성에 대해서는 아직 확실히 밝혀진 바없다. 본 연구는 Balb/C mouse의 폐장단구세포를 silica로 자극시 형성되는 IL-6, TNF-$\alpha$ 폐섬유화의 발생과 유지에 중요한 역할을 할 것으로 기대되는 TGF-$\beta$ 의 생성을 관찰하고 TGF-$\beta$의 생성에 proinflammatory cytokine이 미치는 영향에 대해서 알아보고자 하였다. 방 법: Balb/C 의 폐장대식세포를 silica로 자극한 후 IL-6, TNF-$\alpha$ TGF-$\beta$의 양을 bioassay로 측정하였고 mRNA의 발현을 in situ hybridization을 통해 관찰하였으며, 대식세포의 TGF-$\beta$ 생성에 대한 IL-1$\beta$, IL-6, TNF-$\alpha$의 영향을 알기 위하여 L-1, IL-6, TNF-$\alpha$에 대한 중화항체를 이용하여 대식세포의 TGF-$\beta$의 생성 억제 유, 무를 관찰하였다. 결 과: Silica로 대식세포자극시 TNF-$\alpha$는 초기 4 시간째 최고의 생성능을 보였으며, IL-6 는 silica 0.2 ${\mu}g/ml$의 농도에서 배양 8 시간째 생성능이 가장 높았고 배양 12 시간째는 다시 감소하였다가 24시간째 증가하는 biphasic한 소견을 보여 주었다. TGF-$\beta$는 silica의 양과 관계없이 배양 24시간째 자연생성능뿐 아니라, silica로 자극시에도 증가되었다. Silica와 TNF-$\alpha$ 50ng/ml을 함께 자극시 TGF-$\beta$의 생성은 현저히 증가되었으며, TNF-$\alpha$ 50 ng/ml과 IL-6 50 ng/ml으로 동시 자극시에는 TNF-$\alpha$에 의한 TGF-$\beta$의 형성이 증가하는 경향을 보였다. TNF-$\alpha$의 중화항체를 전처치 후 silica 자극시 TGF-$\beta$의 생성능을 억제시킴을 관찰할 수 있었다. Anti-IL-$\beta$, anti-IL-6, anti-TNF-$\alpha$ antibody 모두를 통시에 투여하였을 때도 silica에 의한 TGF-$\beta$의 생성능을 억제시킴을 관찰할 수 있었다. Silica 자극 후 대식세포의 in situ hybridization에서 TNF-$\alpha$ mRNA는 2시간째부터 발현되었고 IL-6 mRNA는 4 시간째부터 발현된 후 8 시간째 소실되었고 TGF-mRNA는 12 시간째 가장 강한 발현을 보였다. 결 론: Silica 자극에 의해 폐장대식세포는 자극 초기에는 TNF-$\alpha$가 가장먼저 형성되고 후기에 TGF-$\beta$가 형성되며 TNF-$\alpha$가 TGF-$\beta$ 형성에 중요한 역할을 할 것으로 사료되었다.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제41권11호
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• pp.1566-1573
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• 2016

본 논문은 무인기(UAV) 기반 공중 네트워크 시스템을 위한 polyphase In-phase/Quadrature-phase(I/Q) 네트워크 기반 빔-포밍 수신부를 제안한다. 제안하는 polyphase I/Q 네트워크는 낮은 Q-factor와 높은 임피던스를 갖기 때문에 작은 손실로 벡터 변조기를 구동할 수 있다. 벡터 변조기는 가변 이득 증폭기(VGA)로 구성되며, In-phase 및 Quadrature-phase 위상 신호의 진폭 제어 및 벡터 합을 통해 위상을 가변한다. 제안하는 빔-포밍 수신부는 TSMC $0.18{\mu}m$ CMOS 공정을 통해 구현하였다. 프로토타입은 5-6GHz 주파수 대역(-40dB 입력)에서 검증하였다. 6bit 벡터 변조기 제어를 통해 $5.6^{\circ}$ LSB (least significant bit)로 $360^{\circ}$ 위상 가변이 가능하다. 위상 오차는 평균 $1.6^{\circ}$이며, 진폭 오차는 평균 0.3dB이다.

• 혜화의학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.141-160
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• 2006

The obtained results are summarized as follows 1. New findings are reporting year by year as for the study related to Anti-inflammatory mechanism of Bee Venom therapy. 2. The Anti-inflammatory effect of Bee Venom therapy is achieved through counterirritation, stimulations to adrenal cortex, immuno-regulation, antioxidation, removal of free radicals, modulation of AGP gene induction. 3. The chief components of Bee Venom related to Anti-inflammatory effect are Melittin, MCD peptide, Apamin, Adolapin etc. 4. Melittin binds to secretory phospholipase A2 and inhibits its enzymatic activity. 5. Melittin blocks neutophil O2-production. 6. MCD peptide(Peptide 401) stimulates the mast cell secrets histamine, Anti-inflammatory effect caused by this is 'conterirritation'. 7. Melittin & Apamin have an anti-inflammatory effect by inducing cortisone secretion. 8. MCD peptide & Apamin increase immunologic fuction by stimulating hypophysis & adrenal cortex and have an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting synthesis of prostaglandin from arachidonic acid. 9. Adolapin have an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting COX. 10. Bee Venom have an anti-inflammatory effect by suppressing AGP($\alpha$-acid glycoprotein). 11. Bee Venom have an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting NO, iNOS, PLA2, COX-2, TNF-$\alpha$, IL-1, NF-${\kappa}B$, MAP kinase.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제27권10호
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• pp.1827-1836
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• 2017

The world dairy industry has long been challenged by bovine mastitis, an inflammatory disease, which causes economic loss due to decreased milk production and quality. Attempts have been made to prevent or treat this disease with multiple approaches, primarily through increased abuse of antibiotics, but effective natural solutions remain elusive. Bee venom (BV) contains a variety of peptides (e.g., melittin) and shows multiple bioactivities, including prevention of inflammation. Thus, in the current study, it was hypothesized that BV can reduce inflammation in bovine mammary epithelial cells (MAC-T). To examine the hypothesis, cells were treated with LPS ($1{\mu}g/ml$) to induce an inflammatory response and the anti-inflammatory effects of BV (2.5 and $5{\mu}g/ml$) were investigated. The cellular mechanisms of BV against LPS-induced inflammation were also investigated. Results showed that BV can attenuate expression of an inflammatory protein, COX2, and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and TNF-${\alpha}$. Activation of NF-${\kappa}B$, an inflammatory transcription factor, was significantly downregulated by BV in cells treated with LPS, through dephosphorylation of ERK1/2. Moreover, pretreatment of cells with BV attenuated LPS-induced production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (e.g., superoxide anion). These results support our hypothesis that BV can decrease LPS-induced inflammatory responses in bovine mammary epithelial cells through inhibition of oxidative stress, NF-${\kappa}B$, ERK1/2, and COX-2 signaling.