• 환경위생공학
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.61-71
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• 1997

This study was conducted to examine the adsorption capacity of $NH_{3}-N$ by natural zeolite for the purpose of investigating the possibility for $NH_{3}-N$ eliminator of korea natural zeolite. The dominant clay minerals of zeolite was clinoptiloite. The amount of $NH_{3}-N$ adsorption by zeplite was not significantly affected by the particle size of zeolite and increased with increasing the ratio of zeolite to the volume of solution. Removal ratio of 100% of NH$_{3}$-N by non, 1st, 2nd regenerated cloumn was continued separately during 4.5, 18, 30hr and this amount was each 0.081, 0.324, 0.540g $NH_{3}-N/zero$.100g. The eluenting amount of K, Ca, Mg was increased on the zeolite cloumn according to that of Na decreased. The amount of 74% of $NH_{3}-N$ was desorved on the zeolite cloumn for regenerating treatment during 8hr. The perfect removal amount was $0.216gNH_{3}-N/zero$.100g on the zeolite cloumn with field sample.

• 한국양식학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.47-56
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• 1999

순환여과식 어류 양식 시설에서 호기성 미생물의 질산화 작용에 의하여 암모니아는 질산염으로 산화되어 축적되며 이를 제거하기 위하여 협기성 미생물을 이용한 탈질산화 과정을 많이 이용하고 있다. 이 과정에서 혐기성 미생물에 의한 탈질산화 효율은 외부 탄소원의 종류, 수리학적 체류시간(hydraulic retention time, HRT) 및 외부 탄소원 농도에 대한 수중 질산염의 농도비율 ($COD/NO_3^-N$, C;N)에 따라 달라진다. 따라서 우리 나라 순환여과식 양식장에서 일반적으로 이용되고 있는 선라이트 골판을 여과 재료로 한 침지식 여과조를 탈질 여과조로 이용하여 적정 유기 탄소원 제거 조건을 구명하기 위해 질산염의 농도를 순환여과식 양어장의 일반적인 농도인 $20.0mg/\ell$로 고정하고 외부 탄소원으로 메탄올과 글루코스를 사용하여 HRT와 C:N 비율 변화에 따른 적정 제거 조건을 알아보았다. 외부 탄소원의 종류에 따른 질산성질소의 제거 효율은 어떤 실험 조건에서도 메탄올이 글루코스보다 높게 나왔으며 HRT의 경우 글루코스와 메탄올 어느 쪽도 HRT 4시간 보다 8시간에서 효율이 좋았다. (P<0.05). HRT 8시간에서 C:N의 비율 3,4,5,6 중에서 5까지는 효율이 증가하여 글루코스의 경우 최대 제거 효율은 76.5%였고 일간 제거속도는 $223.5 g/m^2/day$였다. 그러나 외부 탄소원으로 메탄올을 사용할 경우 C:N 비율이 6으로 증가하면 효율이 감소되었다. HRT가 4시간일 경우 일간제거속도는 C:N 비율 5의 조건에서 메탄올이 $355.6g/m^2/day$로 가장 높았으나 배출수에 포함된 유기물 농도가 $40.9 mg/\ell$로 양어 용수에는 부적당하였다. 적정 제거 조건으로 생각되어지는 HRT 8시간, C:N 비율 5, 유기탄소원으로 메탄올을 사용하여 유입수의 질산성질소 농도를 $40.9 mg/\ell$ 로 높일 때 일간 제거속도는 질산성질소 농도가 20.6 mg/\ell$일 때 보다 2.2배가 증가하였다. 또한 배출수의 질산성질소 농도도 $5.6 mg/\ell$로 나타나 질산성질소의 일간제거속도는 높아졌으나 C:N 비율 5를 맞추기 위한 메탄올의 농도 증가로 인하여 배출수의 메탄올 농도가 $71.3 mg/\ell$로 증가하여 양식 dydt로는 부적당하였다. 따라서 선라이트 골판을 이용한 침지식 탈질조의 최적 운전 조건은 HRT 8시간, C:N 비율 5및 외부 탄소원으로 메탄올을 이용하는 것이 가장 좋은 결과를 나타내었다. 유입수의 질선성질소 농도가 증가하면서 질산성질소의 일간제거속도도 함께 증가하였고 이에 따라 수중 pH도 8.0에서 8.8까지 점차적으로 증가하는 결과를 나타내었다.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.27-32
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• 2010

저농도 유기물, 질소, 인 제거를 위하여 독립영양 미생물인 광합성 박테리아를 이용한 회분식 실험 결과 초기값 $COD_{Cr}$ 37.3 mg/L, $NH_3$-N 4.0 mg/L, $PO_4^{3-}$-P 1.0 mg/L (C:N:P=100:10:1) 일 때 각각 87.4%, 46.3%, 79.7% 제거효율을 보였다. 혼합 광합성 박테리아, 세라믹 담체 및 담체 KSP01을 적용한 폭기식 반응기 실험 결과, 평균 유기물 72.7%, 암모니아성 질소 79.2%를 제거하였으며, pH 조절로 인산염 인을 최대 92.6%까지 제거할 수 있었다. 반응기 내 다양한 폭기 조건에서 암모니아성질소 제거를 확인한 결과, 1, 2 반응조에 10.2 L/min로 공기를 주입하였을 때 98.5%로 높은 제거효율을 보여주었다. 또한 하천수 적용시 암모니아성 질소 82.8%의 높은 제거효율을 확인하였다. 본 연구를 통하여 개발된 정화 시스템의 현장 적용시 저농도 질소, 인의 높은 제거를 보일 것으로 사료된다.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.83-91
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• 1996

It is not too much to say that the territorial inhabitants' concerns are wholly c concentrated on the environmental preservation-problem and development-problem in Korea given effect to the local self-government system. At a time like this I was studied the effect on nutrients removal through lighting period in aerobic high rate pond and we know that waste stabilization pond method is the most economical and energy saving wastewater treatment technology than others. At the results which was studied through operating the reactor-l artifically main-tained at a temperature, $25^{\circ}C$, a light intensity, 3000lux, and a lighting period, 24hrs and the reactor-2 artifically maintained at a tern야rature, $25^{\circ}C$ and a light intensity 3000lux, and a lighting period period, 12hrs, It has appeared for 24hrs.-lighting period -reactor-1 to be prior to the reactor-2. The attained results are that 1. reactor-1 is prior to reactor-2 on oxygen-generation 2. reactor-1 is prior to reactor-2 on algal production 3. COD removal efficiency, 90.76%, T-N removal efficiency, 80%, T-P removal e efficiency, 74.47 % in reactor-2, in reactor-1 COD removal efficiency, 94.85 %, T-N removal efficiency, 98.07%, T-P removal efficiency, 72.13% are, so the treatment efficiency of reactor-1 is more excellent than things of reactor-2 4. it appeared that the detention time is 8, 9days.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.173-180
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• 2006

Autotrophic nitrogen removal and its microbial community from a laboratory scale upflow anaerobic sludge bed reactor were characterized with dynamic behavior of nitrogen removal and sequencing result of molecular technique (DNA extraction, PCR and amplification of 16S rDNA), respectively. In the experiment treating inorganic wastewater, the anaerobic granular sludge from a full-scale UASB reactor treating industrial wastewater was inoculated as seed biomass. The operating results revealed that an addition of hydroxylamine would result in lithoautotrophic ammonium oxidation to nitrite/nitrate, and also hydrazine would play an important role for the success of sustainable nitrogen removal process. Total N and ammonium removal of 48% and 92% was observed, corresponding to nitrogen conversion of 0.023 g N/L-d. The reddish brown-colored granular sludge with a diameter of $1{\sim}2\;mm$ was observed at the lower part of sludge bed. The microbial characterization suggests that an anoxic ammonium oxidizer and an anoxic denitrifying autotrophic nitrifier contribute mainly to the nitrogen removal in the reactor. The results revealed the feasibility on development of high performance lithoautotrophic nitrogen removal process with its microbial granulation.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.133-140
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• 2012

The overall performance of BNR-MBR, so-called Anoxic-Anaerobic-Aerobic Membrane Bioreactor ($A^3$-MBR), developed for nutrient removal was studied to determine the efficiencies and mechanisms under different solid retention time (SRT). The reactor was fed by synthetic high-rise building wastewater with a COD:N:P ratio of 100:10:2.5. The results showed that TKN, TN and phosphorus removal by the system was higher than 95%, 93% and 80%, respectively. Nitrogen removal in the system was related to the simultaneous nitrification-denitrification (SND) reaction which removed all nitrogen forms in aerobic condition. SND reaction in the system occurred because of the large floc size formation. Phosphorus removal in the system related to the high phosphorus content in bacterial cells and the little effects of nitrate nitrogen on phosphorus release in the anaerobic condition. Therefore, high quality of treated effluent could be achieved with the $A^3$-MBR system for various water reuse purposes.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2024

Biological nutrient removal is gaining increasing attention in wastewater treatment plants; however, it is adversely affected by low temperatures. This study examined temperature effects on nutrient removal and morphological stability of the granular and denitrifying phosphorus accumulating organisms (PAO and DPAO, respectively) using sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) at 5, 10, and 20 ℃. Lab-scale SBRs were continuously operated using anaerobic-anoxic and anaerobic-oxic cycles to develop the PAO and DPAO granules for 230 d. Sludge granulation in the two SBRs was observed after approximately 200 d. The average removal efficiency of soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) and PO₄^3--P remained >90% throughout, even when the temperature dropped to 5 ℃. The average removal efficiency of NO₃^--N remained >80% consistently in DPAO SBR. However, nitrification drastically decreased at 10 ℃. Hence, the removal efficiency of NH₄⁺-N was decreased from 99.1% to 54.5% in PAO SBR. Owing to the increased oxygen penetration depth at low temperatures, the influence on nitrification rates was limited. The granule in DPAO and PAO SBR was observed to be unstable and disintegrated at 10 ℃. In conclusion, morphological characteristics showed that changed conversion rates at low temperatures in aerobic granular sludge altered both nutrient removal efficiencies and granule formation.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.117-126
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• 2015

Reductive degradation of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) by nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) was investigated to evaluate the feasibility of using it for in-situ groundwater remediation. Batch experiments were conducted to quantify the kinetics and efficiency of RDX removal by nZVI, and to determine the effects of pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), and ionic strength on this process. Experimental results showed that the reduction of RDX by nZVI followed pseudo-first order kinetics with the observed rate constant (k_obs) in the range of 0.0056-0.0192 min⁻¹. Column tests were conducted to quantify the removal of RDX by nZVI under real groundwater conditions and evaluate the potential efficacy of nZVI for this purpose in real conditions. In column experiment, RDX removal capacity of nZVI was determined to be 82,500 mg/kg nZVI. pH, oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), and DO concentration varied significantly during the column experiments; the occurrence of these changes suggests that monitoring these quantities may be useful in evaluation of the reactivity of nZVI, because the most critical mechanisms for RDX removal are based on the chemical reduction reactions. These results revealed that nZVI can significantly degrade RDX and that use of nZVI could be an effective method for in-situ remediation of RDX-contaminated groundwater.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.455-461
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• 2000

Abstract Spirulina platensis was grown in SWlUe waste to reduce inorganic compowlds and simultaneously produce feed resources. Spirulina platensis prefers nitrogenous compounds in Ibe order: $NH_4^{+}-N>NO_3^{-}-N>simple-N$ such as urea and simple amino acids. It even consumes $NH_4^{+}-N$ first when urea or nitrate are present. Therefore, the content of residual $NH_4^{+}-N$ in Spimlina platensis cultures can be determined by the relative extent of the following processes: (i) algal uptake and assimilation; (ii) ammonia stripping; and (iii) decomposition of urea to NH;-N by urease-positive bacteria. The removal rates of total nitrogen ffild total phosphorus were estimated as an indicator of the treatment effIciency. It was found that Spirulina platensis was able to reduce 70-93% of $P_4^{3-}-P$, 67-93% of inorganic nitrogen, 80-90% of COD, and 37-56% of organic nitrogen in various concentrations of swine waste over 12 days of batch cultivation. The removal of inorganic compounds from swine waste was mainly used for cell growth, however, the organic nitrogen removal was not related to cell growlb. A maximum cell density of 1.52 dry-g/l was maintained with a dilution rate of 0.2l/day in continuous cultivation by adding 30% swine waste. The nitrogen and phosphorus removal rates were correlated to the dilution rates. Based on the amino acid profile, the quality of the proteins in the Spirulina platensis grown in the waste was the same as that in a clean culture.ulture.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.720-727
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• 2005

This study was performed to advance nitrogen removal efficiency by employing an single biofilter packed with granular sulfur, which consists of nitrification occurring at upper part and denitrification at lower part of the reactor. Continuos nitrification/denitrification was carried out with different alkalinity sources, which were $NaHCO_3$ and $CaCO_3$(limestone). In the downflow nitrification/denitrification biofilter packed with granular sulfur, first, terms for nitrogen removal was decided. As results, nitrification and denitrification rate with NaHCO3 at 0.85 kg $NH_4^+-N/m^3{\cdot}d$ were accomplished $0.80kg\;N/m_3{\cdot}d$, $0.43kg\;N/m^3{\cdot}d$, respectively. In the sulfur/limestone packed downflow nitrification/denitrification biofilter, sulfur and limestone were mixed packed, preliminary test showed sulfur/limestone mixing ratio was 3:1 and that was ideal. In the result, nitrification and denitrification rate at $0.7kg\;NH_4^+-N/m^3{\cdot}d$ were accomplished$0.65kg\;N/m^3{\cdot}d$, $0.34kg\;N/m^3{\cdot}d$, respectively. In general, employing granular sulfur can be implemented for only denitrification, but this system can accomplish nitrification as well as denitrification in a single reactor even though low carbon concentration was present in influent limiting to nutrient removal process. This biofilter system of limestone and granular sulfur packed together can successfully apply for nutrient removal effectively.