• The Journal of Korean Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2011

Background: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of massage, stretching exercise, and scapular stabilization exercise in patients with upper trapezius myofascial pain syndrome (MPS). Methods: Twenty-three female patients with upper trapezius MPS were randomly allocated to three groups: massage, stretching exercise, and scapular stability exercise groups. Therapeutic intervention for all groups included general therapy such as hot pack, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and ultrasound. Patients in the massage group (n=8), stretching group (n=7), and stabilization exercise group (n=8) received their respective therapy program after general therapy for 15 minutes. Therapeutic intervention for each group was performed three times per week for six weeks. All groups were tested four times: prior to the test, at three weeks, at six weeks, and at nine weeks. Results: Pain levels decreased significantly in the stretching and stabilization exercise groups over time (p<.05). The rate of change in pain level was significantly different among all groups (p<.01), and the stability exercise group experienced the lowest pain level. Pressure-pain level increased significantly in the stabilization exercise group over time (p<.05). The rate of change in pressure-pain level was significantly different among all groups (p<.01), and the stability exercise group had the highest pressure-pain level. The level of upper-extremity stability increased significantly in the stability exercise group over time (p<.05). The rate of change in the upper-extremity stabilization level was significantly different among all groups (p<.01), and the stability exercise group had the highest upper-extremity stability level. Conclusions: Scapular stabilization exercises proved to be the most effective therapy for MPS patients.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.223-232
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• 2014

Objectives : The objective of this study was to report a effectiveness of meridian tendino-musculature acupuncture on the pelvic pain and dysuria in a patient with chronic prostatitis. Methods : A patient with Pelvic pain and Dysuria was treated with acupuncture and moxibustion. Before and After treatment we measured International Prostate Symptom Score(IPSS), National Institutes of Health-Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index(NIH-CPSI) and Visual Analogue Scale(VAS). Results : International Prostate Symptom Score(IPSS), National Institutes of Health -Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index(NIH-CPSI) and Visual Analogue Scale(VAS) scores were decreased considerably after 14 times treatment. Conclusions : It was suggesting that symptoms(pelvic pain and dysuria) of chronic prostatitis could be improved by acupuncture and moxibustion treatment in the view of the meridian tendino- musculature acupuncture.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.201-204
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• 2001

Objective : This study was to report a clinical trial in which acupuncture treatmnt on 會陰(Huiyin, CV1) was effectively applied to a patient who had suffered from teasing pruritus ani for 38 years. pruritus ani was thought to be initiated by dystonia. Methods : The acupoint, 會陰(Huiyin, CV1) was selected, because needling on perineal muscles was mainly used to alleviate pelvic pain or pruritus ani in the light of MPS(Myofascial Pain Syndrome) theory, on which 會陰(Huiyin, CV1) was located and also had pelvic pain and pruritus ani in its indications. On the acupoint, the following maneuver was used. (1) Make a patient stand and bend forward (2) Insert a needle on 會陰(Huiyin, CV1) (3) Repeat lifting and pushing (4) Draw a needle immediately without retaining needle on the acupoint Results : The patient with Pruritus ani recovered after above treatment two times and had no recurrence up to Feb. 2001. Conclusion : In this study, Needling on 會陰(Huiyin, CV1) proved to be effective in the aspect of MPS and acupuncture treatment as well, but more clinical trials are expected to follow this study.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.897-903
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• 1999

Many out patients of the rehabilitation center complaint a pain caused by suffering of MPS, and it brings many different kind of social and ecinomical problems such as medical expenses and the reduction in work efficiency. Therefore, we conducted a research to present a fast and effective treatment to the MPS patients. this research was conducted from November, 1996 to January 1998 with eighteen outpatients who agreed to be the subjects to our reserach. We applied the electric acupuncture on 28 different trigger point on the patients with mostly muscular-skeletal pain and some tender and radiating pain. After the treatment, VRS, VAS, PRI were used to measure the degree of the pain on the patients third and seventh visits, and following results were found. 1. To apply EAP treatment, we acupunctured 6em-Iong needles on Tps region, then the electrodes of pulse generater pg-306 E.S.T were connected on the top of the needles. the electric acupuncture therapy was conducted for 20 minutes with the intensity of 4hz - 60hz(auto wave). The treated electric intensity was the level at which the patients did not feel discomfort. 2. Thirteen out of the 18 participated patients were in their 30s and 40s(72.2%), showing highest frequency. There were more female than male with the ratio of 1 to 1:2. 3. six out of the participated patients (33.3%) had the pain for less then a week, and the average duration of the pain of the participated patients wear 0.8 years. 4. The pain occured mostly in the upper trapezius by 6 part (21.4%), then in the gluteus medius region by 4 part (14.3%). Many of the patients with the pain in the upper back area accompanied varios kind of the referred pains such as radiculopathy, HIVD and Frozen shoulder. 5. MPS occured more frequently on the right side than left side then left side and it seemed to be due to the frequent use of the right hand. 6. There was almost no difference in the measurement of the intensity of the pain right before and after the EAP treatment. Howerver, there was significant decrease in the numerical values of the VAS, and a little bit of decrease in the numerical values of the PRI after the EAP treatment. 7. Based on the results of this present research, it can be concluded that EAP can be used for the treating the myofascial pain syndrome with promptness and safety in most cases.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.221-227
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• 2015

In this study, Multi-Array Electrodes (MAE) and Programmable Multi-channel Electrical Stimulator (PMES) were implemented for firing Trigger Points (TPs) of the patient with Myofascial Pain Syndrome (MPS). MAE has 25 Ag/AgCl electrodes arranged in the form of array ($5{\times}5$) fabricated with flexible pad, which are applicable to be easy-attached to curved specific region of the human body. PMES consisted of 25 channels. Each channel was to generate various electric stimulus patterns (ESPs) by changing the mono-phasic or bi-phasic of ESP, On/Off duration of ESP, the interval between ESP, and amplitude of ESP. PMES hardware was composed of Host PC, Stimulation Pattern Editing Program (SPEP), and Multi-channel Electrical Stimulator (MES). Experiments were performed using MAE and PMES as the following. First experiment was performed to evaluate the function for each channel of Sub- Micro Controller Unit (SMCU) in MES. Second experiment was conducted on whether ESP applied from each channel of SMCU in PMES was focused to the electrode set to the ground, after applying ESP being output from each channel of SMCU in PMES to MAE.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.69-76
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• 2002

본 연구에서는 상부 승모근의 근막통증(myofascial pain syndrome; MPS)를 대상으로 이완상태에서 근 활성도를 측정해보고, 통증을 감소시키는 데 주로 이용되는 경피신경자극 치료 후 근 활성도에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 알아보기 위해 실시하였다. 본 연구의 대상자는 근막 통증으로 진단을 받은 총 10명을 대상으로 실시하였다. 주관적 시각 척도(visual analogue scale; VAS)와 압통 역치 측정계(pressure threshold meter)를 이용하여 경피신경자극 전, 후 통증의 정도를 평가하였고, 표면 근전도를 이용하여 이완시 근 활성도를 측정하였다. 치료 기구는 경피신경자극기(TENS: HAT-2000)를 이용하였다. 치료 전과 비교하여 VAS는 통증이 심한 쪽과 약한 쪽 모두에서 유의하게 감소하였으며(p<.05), 압통 역치는 통증이 심한 쪽과 약한 쪽 모두에서 유의한 차이가 없었고(p>.05), 근 활성도는 통증이 심한 쪽에서 유의하게 감소하였다(p<.05).

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.85-92
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• 2010

Objectives: The objective of this study was to compare the effects of Sweet Bee Venom(Sweet BV) Therapy between the hand paresthesia patients with Osteoporosis and without Osteoporosis. Methods: This study was carried out to established the clinical criteria of hand parethesia. The patients who had past history of diabeics, neuropathy induced by alcohol or drug and was positive on Myofacial Pain Syndrome Theory were excluded. 32 patients who had hand paresthesia related with unknown-reason was selected by the interview process. And the effects of treatment were analyzed using VAS score before treatment, after treatment, after 1 month and after 3 months. Results and conclusion: After treatment, While Osteoporosis group decrease from $64.81{\pm}7.81$ to $27.21{\pm}7.32$, Non-Osteoporosis group decrease from $58.76{\pm}1.43$ to $24.74{\pm}3.81$ by VAS scores. and After 3 months, While Osteoporosis group increase from $27.21{\pm}7.32$ to $54.96{\pm}9.40$, Non Osteoporosis group increase from $24.74{\pm}3.81$ to $32.43{\pm}5.57$. Non-Osteoporosis group was accordingly more effective than Osteoporosis group after 3 months. So Sweet BV therapy for hand numbness patients without Osteoporosis was e effective than patients with Osteoporosis.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.121-126
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• 2007

Objectives Hand paresthesia is common syndrome and the cause is more unknown than known reason. The Purpose of this study were investigated the effects of Myofacial Pain Syndrome theory to make diagnosis and treatment by Pharmacopuncture for the patients of hand paresthesia. Method This study was carried out to established the clinical criteria of hand parethesia. The patients who had past history of diabeics, neuropathy induced by alcohol or drug were excluded, and 86 patients who had hand paresthesia related with unknown-reason was selected by the interview process. And the effects of Pharmacopuncture theory were analyzed using VAS score before and after treatment. Results and conclusions 56.9% of unknown-reason patients are positive at diagnosis by MPS theory. While positive group decrease from $62.81{\pm}14.27$ to $25.28{\pm}15.97$, negative group decrease from $55.88{\pm}10.92$ to $48.28{\pm}14.01$ by VAS scores. Positive group was accordingly more effective than negative group. So diagnosis and treatment for hand numbness patients by MPS theory was useful in clinical.

• The Journal of Churna Manual Medicine for Spine and Nerves
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.211-223
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• 2009

Objectives : The aim of this research is to analyze the current trend of the studies about eridian muscle and to provide background for further studies. Methods : Reviewing 33 domestic oriental medical studies about meridian muscle, and comparative analysis was made. These studies were classified by method, theme and subtitle. Results : 1. According to the classification by study method, number of literary studies are 22(67%), which is more than half, number of experimental studies are 5(15%) and clinical studies are 6(18%). 2. According to the classification by study theme in literary study, percentage of 'Structure amp; Movement of Meridian Muscle' took 64%, Theory study of Meridian Muscle' took 14%, 'Application of Concept of Meridian Muscle' took 14%, 'Treatment of Meridian Muscle disorder' took 9% arranged in order. 3. In 'Theory study of Meridian Muscle', there were not only literary approaches but also Deficiency-Excessiveness(虛實) and historical approaches. Study about 'Structure & Movement of Meridian Muscle' includes analysis of muscle and Myofascial pain syndrome. On this background, it is necessary to recognize the linkage and motion analysis of Meridian Muscle. Therefore, studies were changed into interpretation about Anatomy trains, analysis of motion. The study about 'Treatment of Meridian Muscle disorder' provided the various treatment method-Acupuncture, Manual therapy, Ashi(阿是)-point therapy, CHUNA therapy etc.- in literary study. The study about the 'Application of Concept of Meridian Muscle' has been performed in relation to Embedding Therapy, Kyungkuen chuna, Ki-gong therapy. 4. Experimental Studies were all Anatomical Studies. Studies were done in trial of discovering the actual existence, but revealed problem in interpretating the meaning of Meridian Muscle. 5. Clinical Studies based on Ashi(阿是)-point therapy CHUNA Muscles Along Meridians Release Therapy etc, were performed. Experimental studies about Meridian Muscle were assessed as low grade according to Jadad Scale. There were no studies which were based on well-organized Meridian Muscle theory. Conclusions : There needs to be more discussion about concept of Meridian Muscle and proceed more reliable experimental studies with organized Meridian Muscle theory. Further objective studies about treatment of Meridian Muscle should be done.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.317-324
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• 2009

This study aimed to assess stiffness and elasticity of the masticatory muscle in the patients with the masticatory muscle pain using a tactile sensor and to investigate whether the masticatory muscle pain affects the facial expression muscles. From those who visited Department of Oral Medicine in Dankook University Dental Hospital, 27 patients presenting with unilateral muscle pain and tenderness in the masseter muscle (Ms) were selected (mean age: $36.4{\pm}13.8$ years). Exclusion criterion was those who also had temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders or any neurological pain. Muscle stiffness and elasticity for the muscles of mastication and facial expression was investigated with the tactile sensor (Venustron, Axiom Co., JAPAN) and the muscles measured were the Ms, anterior temporal muscle (Ta), frontalis (Fr), inferior orbicularis oculi (Ooci), zygomaticus major (Zm), superior and inferior orbicularis oris (Oors, Oori) and mentalis (Mn). t-tests was used to compare side difference in muscle stiffness and elasticity. Side differences were also compared between diagnostic groups (local muscle soreness (LMS) vs myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) and between acute (< 6M) and chronic ($\geq$ 6M) groups. This study showed that Ms and Zm at affected side exhibited significantly increased stiffness and decreased elasticity as compared to the unaffected side.(p<0.05) There was no significant difference between local muscle soreness and myofascial pain syndrome groups and between acute and chronic groups. The results of this study suggests that masticatory muscle pain in Ms can affect muscle stiffness and elasticity not only for Ms but also for Zm, the facial expression muscle.