• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제16권9호
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• pp.1392-1398
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• 2006

We investigated a possible coordination between the biosyntheses of two polyketides in the cereal head blight fungus Gibberella zeae, zearalenone (ZEA) and aurofusarin (AUR), which are catalyzed by the polyketide synthases (PKS) PKS4/PKS13 and PKS12, respectively. To determine if the production of one polyketide influences that of the other, we used four different transgenic strains of G zeae; three were deficient for either ZEA or AUR or both, and one was an AUR-overproducing strain. The mycelia of both the wild-type and ${\Delta}PKS4$ strain deficient for ZEA produced AUR normally, whereas the mycelia of both the ${\Delta}PKS12$ and ${\Delta}PKS4::{\Delta}PKS12$ strain showed no AUR accumulation. All the examined deletion strains caused necrotic spots on the surface of com kernels and were found to produce the nonpolyketide mycotoxins trichothecenes to the same amount as the wild-type strain. In contrast, the AUR-deficient ${\Delta}PKS12$ strains produced greater quantities of ZEA and its derivatives than the wild-type progenitor on both a rice substrate and a liquid medium; the AUR-overproducing strain did not produce ZEA on either medium. Furthermore, the expression of both PKS4 and PKS13 was induced earlier in the ${\Delta}PKS12$ strains than in the wild-type strain, and there was no difference in the transcription of PKS12 between the two strains. Therefore, these results indicate that the ZEA biosynthetic pathway is negatively regulated by the accumulation of another polyketide (AUR) in G zeae.

• 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
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• 한국균학회 2016년도 춘계학술대회 및 임시총회
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• pp.33-33
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• 2016

Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by fungi. They can be present in where agricultural-based commodities are contaminated with toxigenic fungi. These mycotoxins cause various toxicoses in human and livestock when consumed. Small grains including corn, barley, rice or wheat are frequently contaminated with mycotoxins due to infection mainly by toxigenic Fusarium species and/or under environment favorable to fungal growth. One of the most well-known Fusarium toxin groups in cereals is trichothecenes consisting of many toxic compounds. Deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV), T-2 toxin, and various derivatives belong to this group. Zearalenone and fumonisin (FB) are also frequently produced by many species of the same genus. In order to monitor Korean cereals for contamination with Fusarium and other mycotoxigenic fungal species as well, barley, corn, maize, rice grains, and soybean were collected from fields at harvest or during storage for several years. The fungal colonies outgrown from the grain samples were identified based on morphological and molecular characteristics. Trichothecene chemotypes of Fusarium species or presence of FB biosynthetic gene were determined using respective diagnostic PCR to predict possible toxin production. Heavy grain contamination with fungi was detected in barley, rice and wheat. Predominant fungal genus of barley and wheat was Alternaria (up to 90%) while that of rice was Fusarium (~40%). Epicoccum also appeared frequently in barley, rice and wheat. While frequency of Fusarium species in barley and wheat was less than 20%, the genus mainly consisted of Fusarium graminearum species complex (FGSC) which known to be head blight pathogen and mycotoxin producer. Fusarium composition of rice was more diverse as FGSC, Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti species complex (FIESC), and Fusarium fujikuroi species complex (FFSC) appeared all at considerable frequencies. Prevalent fungal species of corn was FFSC (~50%), followed by FGSC (<30%). Most of FFSC isolates of corn tested appeared to be FB producer. In corn, Fusarium graminearum and DON chemotype dominate within FGSC, which was different from other cereals. Soybeans were contaminated with fungi less than other crops and Cercospora, Cladosporium, Alternaria, Fusarium etc. were detected at low frequencies (up to 14%). Other toxigenic species such as Aspergillus and Penicillium were irregularly detected at very low frequencies. Multi-year survey of small grains revealed dominant fungal species of Korea (barley, rice and wheat) is Fusarium asiaticum having NIV chemotype.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.912-933
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• 2024

The objective of this study was to isolate, identify, and evaluate novel Korean starter cultures for use in fermented sausages. A total of 72 strains were isolated from various indigenous sources, including Nuruk, Jeotgal, and mudflats on the west coast of South Korea. Two strains were identified as Penicillium nalgiovense (SD01 and SJ02), a traditional starter used in the production of fermented sausages. A comparative analysis was performed between SD01 and SJ02 using the commercial starter culture (M600). Strain SJ02 exhibited superior lipolytic and proteolytic activities, as well as an enhanced growth rate at the optimal salinity level of 2% NaCl compared to M600. No significant differences were observed in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances values, sausage colors, and texture properties between SJ02 and M600 fermented sausages, except for adhesiveness. Profiles of mycotoxin-related genes were similar for both strains. Electronic nose analysis revealed distinct aroma profiles between SJ02 and M600 fermented sausages, with a relatively higher levels of propan-2-one and butyl butanoate in SJ02, and a higher level of ethanol and propanal in M600. In electronic tongue analysis, there was no significant differences in taste characteristics between SJ02 and M600. These results indicate that P. nalgiovense SJ02 is a potential starter culture to produce dry fermented sausages, enhancing Korean style cured meat processing industry.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.315-320
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• 2002

전통메주의 과다건조로 인한 품질저하 및 유해 곰팡이 오염으로 인한 위생적 문제를 개선하기 위하여 백국균(Roligosporus)을 종국 제조에 이용하여 "캡슐형 메주"를 착안하고 그 품질특성을 조사하였다. R oligosporus을 0.5, 1, 2% (w/w) 비율로 첨가하여 캡슐형 메주와 종국을 넣지 않고 성형한 대조구 I,II형을 10~15$^{\circ}C$에서 3일간의 자연 건조하였다. 27일간 실외에서 발효한 대조구 I형이라 하고, 대조구 II형과 캡슐 타입 메주는 $25^{\circ}C$에서 7일간의 1차 발효(습도 80%)와 20일간의 실외 2차 발효(2.7$^{\circ}C$, 12월)를 실시하여 제조하여 이들의 품질특성을 상호, 비교하였다. 수분함량은 대조구 메주보다 캡슐형 메주에서 2.88~7.55%까지 높은 함량 차이를 보였다. pH값과 적정산도는 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 아미노태 질소는 대조구 I형(347.2 mg%)보다 캡슐형 메주군(800.80, 816.0, 901.60 mg%)은 대조구 I형보다 2.2~2.6배의 높은 발효율을 보였다. 환원당 함량은 캡슐형 메주군이 2.78~3.13%로 대조구 I형은 2.10%, 대조구 II형은 2.31%에 유사한 값을 나타냈다. 대조구 I형의 색차계 색도의 명도(L)값은 대조구 II형 및 캡슐형 메주보다 높았다. 메주보다 높았다.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.361-366
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• 2003

필발 열매로부터 추출 및 분리한 piperlongurnine (1-[3-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)acryloyl]-5,6-dihydro-1H-pyridin-2-one)이 aflatoxin $B_1\;(AFB_1)$ 생성억제에 있어서 탁월한 효과가 입증되어 3,4,5-trimethoxycinnamic acid (TMCA)를 모체로 하여 1-piperidin-1-yl-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)propenone (1), 1-morpholin-4-yl-3-(3,4,5-trimetholfrphenyl)propenone (2), 1- (3,5-dimethylpiperidin-1-yl)-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)propenone (3), 1-(2-methylperidin-1-yl)-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)propenone (4), 1- (3-hydroxypiperidin-1-yl)-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)propenone (5), 1-[3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)acryloyl]piperidin-2-one (6) 및 ethyl 1-[3-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)acryloyl]piperidin-4-carboxylate (7)의 유도체를 합성하여 구조를 확인하고, 이 화합물들을 이용하여 $AFB_1$ 생성저해 효과를 측정하였다. Aspergillus flavus NRRL 2061로부터 생성되는 $AFB_1$ 생성저해에 대한 실험한 결과 모든 유도체 화합물에서 활성을 나타내었으며, 특히 화합물 (3)이 1000, 500, 250, 100및 $50\;{\mu}g/ml$에서 100, 95, 90, 53 및 10%의 생성저해를 나타냈다. 이러한 연구 결과 유도체 화합물 (3)은 항진균 독소제 개발을 위한 선도화합물로 이용하여 새로운 농약으로 개발이 가능할 것이라고 판단된다.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.339-346
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• 2003

전통메주의 표면에서 발생하는 야생곰팡이 착생, 유해곰팡이에 대한 mycotoxin 생성 및 메주 표면의 과도한 건조 등을 해결하기 위하여 메주 외층에 Aspergillus oryzae로 만든 쌀 종국(0.3%, w/w)을 혼합시킨 증자 검정콩으로 얇게 코팅한 후, $25^{\circ}C$, 상대습도 80%에서 14일간 발효시킨 캡슐형 메주를 개발하였다. 캡슐형 메주의 표면에서 야생곰팡이의 오염은 발견되지 않았으나, 대조구 메주는 12일 이후에 푸른곰팡이가 많이 관찰되었다. 메주의 수분 함량은 평균 32.7%로서 34.7～29.4%의 범위를 나타내었다. 적정산도는 캡슐형 메주가 대조구 메주보다 높게 나타났으며, 대두 캡슐형 메주와 검정콩 캡슐형 메주는 비슷하게 나타났다. 유리당의 함량은 검정콩 캡슐형 메주가 123.98 mg%로 대조구 메주 15.02 mg%와 대두 캡슐형 메주 59.85 mg%보다 각각 10배, 2.1배 높게 나타났다. 아미노산성 질소의 함량은 대조구 메주에서 147.00 mg%였으며, 검정콩 캡슐형 메주는 255.50 mg%로서 대두 캡슐형 메주 187.25 mg%보다 약 1.37배 높은 함량을 나타내었다. 총 유기산의 함량은 캡슐형 메주(대두 119.98 mg%, 검정콩 95.94 mg%)가 대조구 메주 (26.44 mg%)보다 함량이 높게 나타났으며, 캡슐화에 따라 lactic acid와 malic acid가 가장 큰 변화를 나타내었다. 색차계 색도는 검정콩 캡슐형 메주가 대두 캡슐형 메주보다 명도값(L)이 크게 나타났으며, 지방산 조성은 메주의 종류에 따라 큰 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 총 유리 아미노산의 함량은 검정콩 캡슐형 메주(1039.70 mg%)가 대두 캡슐형 메주(556.07 mg%)와 대조구 메주(236.45 mg%)에 비하여 각각 2.4배, 4.4배 높았다.후부터 유의한 감소를 보였다(0.33$\pm$0.08 to 0.32$\pm$0.08, 0.31$\pm$0.07, and 0.27$\pm$0.05＊, p<0.01:술 전과 비교). 결론: 심실중격결손증 수술 후 심실의 수축기 시간 간격은 술 후 1년 후까지도 지속적으로 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 따라서 이 기간동안에는 추적관찰이 필요한 것으로 생각된다.경미하게 나타났으며, 이는 2% 흥국 첨가식이의 섭취로 인한 bromobenzene 대사 및 유해산소 해독의 촉진에 기인되기 때문일 것으로 생각된다.다.과 및 지질과산화억제효과의 순과 일치하였다. 총 flavonoid 함량은 DPPH 라디칼 제거효과에 대한 $IC_{50}$/ 값과 높은 상관관계(r=-0.9924, p<0.01)를 나타내었다.이 우수한 심근보호 효과를 나타내나, 허혈시간이 2시간을 초과하면 심근의 혈역학적 기능과 미세구조의 변화는 중등도의 저온(22∼24$^{\circ}C$)에서 유의하게 악화되었다. 이 같은 결과로 볼 때 심근 허혈시간이 2시간을 초과한다면 심근 온도를 낮추어야 할 것으로 판단된다. 7.2, with 64.0% of office workers having an average level between 6- and 9. The degree of stress was higher for females than males, for unmarried salaried and hot-tempered persons. Those not doing exercise were subject to the highest levels of stress, and those a having sufficient sleep were found to be subject

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.111-118
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• 2016

본 연구에서는 곰팡이 독소에 대한 노출을 확인하기 위한 목적으로 닭의 간, 신장 조직에서 곰팡이 독소 분석법을 확립하였다. 곰팡이 독소의 경우 닭에서 독성이 강하며, 본 실험에서는 가축의 사료에서 주로 확인되는 곰팡이 독소 6종(아플라톡신 $B_1{\cdot}M_1$, 오크라톡신 A, 푸모니신 $B_1$, 데옥시니발레놀, 제랄레논)을 선별하여 추출, 정제조건을 확립하고 LC-MS/MS를 이용하여 분석하였다. 확립된 분석조건에서 검량선은 $R^2$값이 0.99 이상으로 우수한 직선성을 나타내었다. QUECHERS법을 응용하여 닭 간, 신장 시료에서 곰팡이 독소를 추출, 정제하여 분석하였을 때 곰팡이 독소 4종(아플라톡신 $B_1$, 오크라톡신 A, 데옥시니발레놀, 제랄레논)의 평균 회수율은 80.94~98.10%이고, 상대표준편차도 14% 미만으로 조사되어 높은 정확도와 정밀도를 확인할 수 있었다. 검량선에 근거하였을 때 곰팡이 독소 6종에 대하여 닭 간 시료의 경우 검출한계는 $7.6{\sim}145.79{\mu}g/kg$, 정량한계는 $23.04{\sim}441.78{\mu}g/kg$이었다. 닭 신장의 경우 검출한계는 $6.07{\sim}197.20{\mu}g/kg$, 정량한계는 $18.40{\sim}597.59{\mu}g/kg$으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과 LC-MS/MS를 이용하여 닭의 간, 신장에서 곰팡이 독소 6종 동시 분석법을 확립하였으며, 이는 생체시료에서 효율적인 곰팡이 독소 동시 분석법으로 활용이 가능할 것으로 기대된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.674-680
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• 2016

This study investigated the effects of feeds naturally contaminated with mycotoxins on growth performance, serum biochemical parameters, carcass traits, and splenic heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) mRNA expression levels in broiler chickens. The efficacy of yeast cell wall (YCW) adsorbent in preventing mycotoxicosis was also evaluated. Three hundred 1-d-old Arbor Acres broiler chicks were randomly allotted to 3 treatments in completely randomized design for 42 d. Each treatment group had 5 replicate pens with 20 birds. The treatments were as follows: i) basal diet (control), ii) naturally contaminated diet (NCD), and iii) NCD+0.2% YCW adsorbent (NCDD). The NCD decreased average daily gain (ADG) (p<0.01) of 0 to 21 d, 22 to 42 d, and 0 to 42 d, and increased feed conversion ratio (p<0.01) of 22 to 42 d and 0 to 42 d. Both the breast meat percentage and thigh meat percentage of the NCD group were significantly higher (p<0.01) than that of the control group on d 21. The NCD group showed significantly increased levels of triglycerides (p<0.05) and cholesterol (p<0.05) on both d 21 and d 42 compared to the control group. However, the NCD significantly reduced (p<0.01) the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) on d 42 compared to controls. Compared with the NCD, supplementation with YCW significantly improved (p<0.01) the ADG of 0 to 21 d and 0 to 42 d, and increased (p<0.01) concentrations of HDL on d 42, and on d 21, and triglycerides (p<0.05) on d 21 and d 42. Supplementation with YCW reduced (p<0.01) the breast meat percentage, the thigh meat percentage, the concentrations of cholesterol (p<0.01) and the low-density lipoprotein (p<0.05) on d 21, and improved (p<0.01) the splenic Hsp70 mRNA expression levels compared with the NCD group. The results of this study indicated that feeding NCD for 42 d had adverse effects on broiler chickens, and that YCW might be beneficial in counteracting the effects of mycotoxins.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.41-46
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• 1978

진균류인 Aspergilus flavus의 대사생성물인 aflatoxin이 발암성물질이카는 것이 알려진 이래 비병원성 미생물이라고 ale어왔던 여러가지 미생물의 독성물질 생성여부에 관한 연구가 많이 이루어져 우리 식생활에 미생물독 즉 mycotoxin에 대한 문제는 더욱 중요하게 되였다. 본 실험에서는 토양에서 분리한 방선균속 균주가 생성하는 살어성물질의 기본적인 성질은 pH 3～7사이는 안정하였으나 PH 8이상에서는 매우 불안정하였으며 열에 대해서도 비교적 불안정한 물질이었으며 어종과 어체중에 따른 독성의 비교는 체중이 증가함에 따라 생존시간이 길었지만 버들붕어와 미꾸라지가 타어종에 비해서 본 독성물질에 대한 저항성이 매우 켰다. 일반적으로 미생물독의 생물에 대한 작용$^{(24~26)}$은 hemolytic necrotizing, proteolytic, neurotoxic, cardiotoxic, hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic 등을 들 수 있으나 대부분의 독성물질은 상기 독작용 가운데 한 두 가지로서 그 주인이 된다. 본 물질의 잉어에 대한 각 조직의 succinic dehydrogenase 활성에 대한 조해작용을 조사한 결과 근육, 심장, 뇌 조직에 강한 조해현상을 나타내었다. 본 독성물질생성에 대한 금속 ion의 영향을 조사한 결과 $Cu^{2＋}$, $Pb^{2＋}$의 첨가가 크게 관계한다는 것을 알았으며 기타 본물질성장에 carbohydrate, amino acid, vitamin이 미치는 영향을 조사해 보고자 하며 어류이외의 타 온혈동물의 조직에 본독성물질을 작용시켜 그 결과를 알고자 한다. 한편 본 물질이 잉어의 각 조직에 대한 succinic dehydrogenase 활성에 미치는 정도 및 본 물질생성에 미치는 금속염의 영향을 볼 때 송$^{19~22}$ 등이 분이한 물질과는 차이가 있음을 알았다.소되었다. Alkaline protease는 배양 24시간에서 48시간까지는 0.1%구와 0.5%구가 대조구보다 효소력이 높았고 그 이상의 인삼엑기스가 첨가된 처리구보다 효소력이 낮았다. 그러나 48시간 이후부터는 효소력은 인삼엑기스 첨가량 순으로 감소를 나타내었다. period of May 13th-June 4th 1976. The study data was collected by the direct interview method based on the questionnaire which the investigator made out. The study result was analyzed by percentage, t - test. The findings can be summarized as follows: 1. General characteristics of nurses doing duty on puerperal ward: a. Nurses′average age was 24.8 years old. b. 84.6% had educational background of 4 years of college. c. 69.2% had a religion. d. 53.8% were married. e. 53.8% had clinical experience of 1 year -3 years. f, 61.5% did duty on puerperal ward during 1 year -3 years. g. 46.2% desired to do duty on obstetric ? gynecologic ward. 2. General characteristics of the women who were studied during their puerperal period: a. Women′s average age was 26.4 years old. b. 79.5% had educational background above high school.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.595-606
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• 2018

Objective: The Fusarium mycotoxins of deoxynivalenol (DON) and zerolenone (ZEN) cause health hazards for both humans and farm animals. Therefore, the main intention of this study was to reveal DON and ZEN effects on the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and other immune related genes in the liver of piglets. Methods: In the present study, 15 six-week-old piglets were randomly assigned to the following three different dietary treatments for 4 weeks: control diet, diet containing 8 mg DON/kg feed, and diet containing 0.8 mg ZEN/kg feed. After 4 weeks, liver samples were collected and sequenced using RNA-Seq to investigate the effects of the mycotoxins on genes and gene networks associated with the immune systems of the piglets. Results: Our analysis identified a total of 249 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), which included 99 upregulated and 150 downregulated genes in both the DON and ZEN dietary treatment groups. After biological pathway analysis, the DEGs were determined to be significantly enriched in gene ontology terms associated with many biological pathways, including immune response and cellular and metabolic processes. Consistent with inflammatory stimulation due to the mycotoxin-contaminated diet, the following Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes pathways, which were related to disease and immune responses, were found to be enriched in the DEGs: allograft rejection pathway, cell adhesion molecules, graft-versus-host disease, autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD), type I diabetes mellitus, human T-cell leukemia lymphoma virus infection, and viral carcinogenesis. Genome-wide expression analysis revealed that DON and ZEN treatments downregulated the expression of the majority of the DEGs that were associated with inflammatory cytokines (interleukin 10 receptor, beta, chemokine [C-X-C motif] ligand 9), proliferation (insulin-like growth factor 1, major facilitator superfamily domain containing 2A, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2, lipase G, and salt inducible kinase 1), and other immune response networks (paired immunoglobulin-like type 2 receptor beta, Src-like-adaptor-1 [SLA1], SLA3, SLA5, SLA7, claudin 4, nicotinamide N-methyltransferase, thyrotropin-releasing hormone degrading enzyme, ubiquitin D, histone $H_2B$ type 1, and serum amyloid A). Conclusion: In summary, our results demonstrated that high concentrations DON and ZEN disrupt immune-related processes in the liver.