• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.289-296
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• 2017

The three self-compatible, terrestrial orchids Cephalanthera erecta, C. falcata, and C. longibracteata flower synchronously in sympatric populations. Cephalanthera erecta and C. longibracteata, which have white flowers that do not fully open, are predominantly autogamous, whereas the food-deceptive C. falcata, whose bright yellow flowers open completely, is predominantly outcrossing. The formation of hybrids rarely occurs between species owing to strong prepollination barriers (floral isolation). If these three species have evolved toward the prevention of interspecific hybridization, we can expect that the spatial distribution patterns of the three species would be characterized as spatial segregation (i.e., 'spatial repulsion') from each other. To test this prediction, we studied the three Cephalanthera species in sympatric populations showing coincident flowering within Yeonwhasan Provincial Park (YPP, Gyeongsangnam Province, South Korea). We found strong spatial aggregation in each population and spatial independence in the interspecific spatial distribution, differing from previous studies. We further hypothesize that Cephalanthera species in sympatry within YPP are distributed somewhat randomly in space, perhaps due to the sharing of similar mycorrhizal fungi.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.89 no.3
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• pp.389-396
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• 2000

To determine whether the Tricholoma matsutake (pine mushroom, Songyi) is symbiotic or parasitic to Pinus densiflora, structural change in their natural ectomycorrhizas were examined. The mycorrhizal samples were collected at three progressional points in the natural hypogeous colony(shiro) : colony front edge, near the fruiting point and 20cm back. The fine roots in the colonies were typical ectomycorrhizas with fungal mantle and Hartig net. However, the T. matsutake mycorrhizas had unique characteristics compared to other types of ectomycorrhizas. That is, spatially the fungal mantle and Hartig net of the T. matsutake mycorrhizas continued to develop along the growing tip, while temporally those structures declined to shrink changing to black brown in the older part of the roots behind the actively growing tip portion. However, there was no mark that the fungal hyphae penetrated into either the cortical cells, endodermal cell layers or stele. The apical tips of the blackened roots remained alive to form new mycorrhizas with other fungi later. Therefore, we conclude that the mycorrhiza of T. matsutake+P. densiflora is rather a dynamic symbiosis that changes its position spatiotemporally as the root grows than either a simple parasitism or symbiosis.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.40-48
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• 2013

This study evaluated the close crop recycling method by using the extract from defective onions. The mixture of the diluted extract (1/500) and nutrients was applied seven times on the onion leaves without spilling it onto the field. The yield and quality of the onions produced by this method (recycle) were compared to those grown organically (control) and conventionally (normal). The yield from the recycling field was increased significantly by 9% compared to that of the control field, while it was decreased by 11% compared to the normal field (p < 0.05). This lower yield was explained by the differences of the mulching vinyl and the fertilizers between the treatments which effect the onion growth during the winter. The content of quercetin in the onions from the recycling filed was increased significantly by 34% and 44% compared to those of the control and normal field, respectively (p < 0.05). It seemed that minerals and biologically active substances in the defective onion extract were effective in increasing the onion growth. In terms of soil microbial biomass, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi was increased significantly in the recycle field by 40.1% and 30.6% compared to those of the control and normal fields, respectively (p < 0.05). On the other hand, microbial stress (cy19:0/18:1w7c) was decreased in the recycle field by 21.0% and 14.1% compared to those of the control and normal fields, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.82 no.4
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• pp.366-380
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• 1993

Quercus acutissima ectomycorrhizae were classified as apical type, linear type, clavate type, diffuse type, pyramidal type, coralloid type, and nodular type. The surface texture of the fungal mantle at the initial stage of mycorrhizal formation was velvety. The surface texture of Pisolithus tinctorius(Pt) mycorrhizae at 30 September was well-developed felty mantle, Yellowish white. Except Pt all mycorrhizae formed by ectomycorrhizal fungi used to experiment were white with felty mantle. Mycorrhizae at the initial stage of mycorrhizae formation were creamy or creamy brown and swelled with thin mantle. Transverse and longitudinal sections showed radially-elongated cortical cell layers and epidermal cell with Hartig net. The transversal wideth of radially-elongated cortical and epidermal cells in the mycorrhizae with thick mantle on 30 September did not different with the mycorrhizae with thin mantle on the initial stage. Pt #250 formed coralloid mycorrizae but Pt KJ-1 did not although they are same species. On the mean length of linear type ectomycorrhizae of Pt KJ-1(2.21mm) was 1.5 times longer than that of Pt #250(1.32mm). The total dry weight of seedlings inoculated with Pt KJ-1, Pt #250, Lycoperdon pedicellatum, Scleroderma verrucosum were significantly heavier than those of suillus granulatus, Laccaria laccata.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.174-181
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• 1998

In four citrus grow of Satsuma mandarin (rootstock of trifoliate orange) including two grove of organical management and two groves of conventional management, spores of arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM) fungi were identified and seasonal changes in spore density in soils and AM colonization of citrus roots were investigated. AM colonization in weeds found in the groves were also examined. Three species of Glomus (G.deserticola, G. vesiculiferum, G. rubiforme ) and one unknown species of Acaulospora were observed in all of the groves. Annual mean density of AM fungal spores were in the range of 10,000${\sim}$40,000 per 100g soil with more spores in the organically-managed groves. The least spores were observed in December in all groves, and the most spores in April in the organically-managed groves while in February or April in the conventionally- managed. Annual mean AM colonization more 27% of citrus root were observed in the organically-managed with the high peaks in April and October and the minimum in August, while mean colonization less than 15% in the conventionally-managed with the peak in February and the minimum in different times depending on groves and years. AM colonization corresponded to a sigmoidal curve consisting of a laf phase during winter and a subsequent increase in spring, then succeeded by a maximum, and then a decrease at the end of vegetation. Fungal spore density and AM colonization showed a parallel pattern during the sample period. The seasonality appeared to be related more to the phenology of the plant than to the soil factors. Generally more spore density and AM colonization were found in organically managed groves. AM colonization was not correlated with available P and organic matter content in soil in this field investigation. Among sixteen weed species found in the groves, Astrogalus sinicus of Leguminosae, Portulaca oleracea of Portulacaceae showed high colonization in all groves and they can be considered as a source of inoculumn and host plants for propagation of AM fungi.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.22-32
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• 2023

To investigate the effect of thinning intensity on environmental factors and ectomycorrhizal mushroom fruiting in forest ecosystems, we studied canopy closure, throughfall, soil temperature, soil moisture, light response of understory vegetation, and ectomycorrhizal mushroom fruiting in a 10-year-old pine forest after 34%, 45%, and 60% thinning. Canopy closure was significantly higher in the 34% treatment and control plots, ranging from 80-85% in April. However, in November, all thinning treatment plots showed a decrease of approximately 5-10% compared with the control plot. The 60% treatment plot had over 200 mm of additional throughfall compared with the control plot, and monthly throughfall was significantly higher by more than 100 mm in October. The soil temperature in each treatment plot increased significantly by up to 1℃ or more compared with the control plot as the thinning rate increased. The soil moisture increased by more than 5% in the thinning treatment plots during rainfall, particularly in the 34% treatment plot, where the rate of moisture decrease was slower. The photosynthetic rate of major tree species (excluding Pinus densiflora)was highest in Quercus mongolica, with a rate of 7 µmolCO₂·m^-2·s^-1. At a lightintensity of 800 μmol·m^-2·s^-1, Q. mongolica showed the highest photosynthetic level of 6 ± 0.3 μmolCO₂·m^-2·s^-1 in the 45% treatment. The photosynthetic rate of Fraxinus sieboldiana and Styrax japonicus increased as the thinning intensity increased. The Shannon-Wiener index of mycorrhizal mushrooms did not significantly differ among treatments, but the fresh weight of mushrooms was approximately 360-840 g higher in the 34% and 45% treatments than in the control. Additionally, the fresh weight of fungi in the 60% treatment was 860 g less than that in the control. There were more individuals of Amanita citrina in the control than in the thinning treatment, while Suillus bovinus numbers increased by more than 10 times in the 34% thinning treatment compared with the control.