• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.39-46
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• 2016

While the difficulty of the music can be classified by a variety of standard, conventional methods are classified by the subjective judgment based on the experience of many musicians or conductors. Music score is difficult to evaluate as there is no quantitative criterion to determine the degree of difficulty. In this paper, we propose a new classification method for determining the degree of difficulty of the music. In order to determine the degree of difficulty, we convert the score, which is expressed as a traditional music score, into electronic music sheet. Moreover, we calculate information about the elements needed to play sheet music by distance of notes, tempo, and quantifying the ease of interpretation. Calculating a degree of difficulty of the entire music via the numerical data, we suggest the difficulty evaluation of the score, and show the difficulty of music through experiments.

• 정보관리학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.37-52
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• 1999

이 논문에서는 인터넷에서 악보를 표현하기 위한 효과적인 기법을 제안한다. 인터넷 악보 표현을 위해 이 논문에서는 XML에 기반한 새로운 마크업 언어인 ScoreML(Score Markup Language)을 제안하고, 이것을 정의하는 XML DTD를 설계하였다. ScoreML을 구성하는 XML DTD는 실제 연주에 사용되는 악보를 인터넷 상에서 검색할 수 있도록 악보의 다양한 부분을 표현하는데 중점을 두어 설계되었다. 이러한 ScoreML을 사용하여 작성한 인터넷 악보는 Java applet으로 구현된 ScoreML 브라우저에 의해 인터넷 상에서 곧바로 보여지게 된다.

• International Journal of Contents
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.63-68
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• 2014

In this paper, we propose a smart system that can optically recognize a music score within a document and can play the music after recognition. Many historic handwritten documents have now been digitalized. Converting images of a music score within documents into digital files is particularly difficult and requires considerable resources because a music score consists of a 2D structure with both staff lines and symbols. The proposed system takes an input image using a mobile device equipped with a camera module, and the image is optimized via preprocessing. Binarization, music sheet correction, staff line recognition, vertical line detection, note recognition, and symbol recognition processing are then applied, and a music file is generated in an XML format. The Music XML file is recorded as digital information, and based on that file, we can modify the result, logically correct errors, and finally generate a MIDI file. Our system reduces misrecognition, and a wider range of music score can be recognized because we have implemented distortion correction and vertical line detection. We show that the proposed method is practical, and that is has potential for wide application through an experiment with a variety of music scores.

• 한국멀티미디어학회논문지
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.826-836
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• 2016

Mastering a musical instrument for an unskilled beginning learner is not an easy task. It requires playing every note correctly and maintaining the tempo accurately. Any music comes in two forms, a music score and it rendition into an audio music. The proposed method of assisting beginning music players in both aspects employs two popular pattern recognition methods for audio-visual analysis; they are support vector machine (SVM) for music score recognition and hidden Markov model (HMM) for audio music performance tracking. With proper synchronization of the two results, the proposed music learning assistant system can give useful feedback to self-training beginners.

• 방송공학회논문지
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• 제26권7호
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• pp.838-843
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• 2021

This paper presents an algorithm for effective retrieval of score information to an input score image. The originality of the proposed algorithm is that it is designed to be robust to recognition errors by an OMR (Optical Music Recognition), while existing methods such as pitch histogram requires error induced OMR result be corrected before retrieval process. This approach helps people to retrieve score without training on music score for error correction. OMR takes a score image as input, recognizes musical symbols, and produces structural symbolic notation of the score as output, for example, in MusicXML format. Among the musical symbols on a score, it is observed that filled noteheads are rarely detected with errors with its simple black filled round shape for OMR processing. Barlines that separate measures also strong to OMR errors with its long uniform length vertical line characteristic. The proposed algorithm consists of a descriptor for a score and a similarity measure between a query score and a reference score. The descriptor is based on note-count, the number of filled noteheads in a measure. Each part of a score is represented by a sequence of note-count numbers. The descriptor is an n-gram sequence of the note-count sequence. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm works successfully to a certain degree in score image-based retrieval for an erroneous OMR output.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.77-90
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• 2014

과거 작곡가들은 피아노, 바이올린, 기타, 플롯, 드럼과 같은 고전적 악기나 일반적인 도구들을 이용하여 작곡하였다. 그러나 디지털 기술의 발전으로 많은 소프트웨어 응용 프로그램이 개발되었으며 이제 음악가들은 개인용 컴퓨터를 이용하여 곡들을 제작할 수 있게 되었다. NIFF, SMDL, 그리고 MIDI와 같은 다양한 악보 표현 형식이 제안되었으나 MIDI 형식이 성공적으로 사용되어 왔다. 최근에는 MusicXML 형식이 컴퓨터 음악을 표현하는 사실상 표준으로 부상하였다. 본 논문에서는 MusicXML 형식의 구조에 대한 개요를 기술하고 C# 언어로 MusicXML 기반 악보 편집 소프트웨어를 구현하는 방법을 제안한다. 본 논문에서 제안하는 방법을 이용하여 악보 편집 소프트웨어를를 구현함으로써 구현의 효율성을 보였으며 활용 가능성을 확인하였다.

• 예술인문사회 융합 멀티미디어 논문지
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.31-39
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• 2016

컴퓨터 기술이 발달하면서 악보 편집 작업을 할 수 있는 사보 프로그램도 많이 발전했다. 음표, 코드, 악보 기호 등을 편리하게 넣을 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 미리 들어볼 수 있는 재생기능도 제공하여 현재 만들고 있는 악보를 연주하면 어떤 음악이 나올지 알 수 있다. 현재 상용화 되어 있는 사보 프로그램들은 악보를 보기 좋게 만들어주고 음표 재생도 VSTi(Virtual Studio Technology instrument)를 이용하여 잘 해주지만, 코드(Chord) 반주 기능은 상대적으로 취약하여 표기한 코드가 맞는지 알아보는 것이 힘들다. 따라서 음악 코드를 적절하게 반주해줄 수 있으면 멜로디와 코드 중심으로 이루어진 밴드 음악 악보를 만드는데 좋은 참고가 될 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 기존 사보 프로그램의 코드재생 기능을 강화하기 위하여 피아노 코드 톤을 적절히 선택하는 알고리즘을 제시하고 프로그램으로 구현하였다. 이를 활용하면 코드 연주 기능이 강화되어 밴드 음악 악보를 만드는 악보 편집자들이 더 편하게 악보를 제작할 수 있다.

• 대한전자공학회논문지
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.10-16
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• 1985

본 논문에서는 인쇄 양보 서상을 CCTV 카메라로써 마이크로 컴퓨터에 입력시켜, 이 화상을 인식, 스피커로 노래를 내어주는 컴퓨터 비젼 시스템에 관해 논하고 있다. 이때 내보서조의 특징추출 및 인식에는 가산투영법이 적용되구 그 대상 인식 범위는 내보의 여러 요소 중에서 오연 마디, 음표로 하고 있다. 아울러 분제 내보화징을 취급할 때 반드시 고려되어야 할 전처리 및 잡음 제거 과정을 보였고, 인식된 음표로 화음을 내민주는 간단한 하드웨어 시스템을 구성했다. 그 결과 보호한 인식률로 연주 가능함을 보였다.

• 스마트미디어저널
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.64-71
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• 2019

The performance of an OMR (Optical Music Recognition) system is usually determined by the characterizing features of the input music score images. Low resolution is one of the main factors leading to degraded image quality. In this paper, we handle the low-resolution problem using the super-resolution technique. We propose the use of a deep neural network with instance normalization to improve the quality of music score images. We apply instance normalization which has proven to be beneficial in single image enhancement. It works better than batch normalization, which shows the effectiveness of shifting the mean and variance of deep features at the instance level. The proposed method provides an end-to-end mapping technique between the high and low-resolution images respectively. New images are then created, in which the resolution is four times higher than the resolution of the original images. Our model has been evaluated with the dataset "DeepScores" and shows that it outperforms other existing methods.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.431-452
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• 1993

This study was done to determine the effect of music therapy on stress and quality of life in patients undergoing hemodialysis. The research design was a nonequivalent control group pre -post test design. The subjects consisted of 21 patients who received hemodialysis in two hospitals located in Kwang Ju. The fourteen receiving treatment in one hospital were assigned to the experimental group and the seven in the other hospital to the control group. Data were gathered from December 14, 1992 to January 16, 1993 through questionnaires and physiological measurement. Data were analyzed by the SAS package using frequency, t-test, paired t-test and Pearson Prod uct - Moment Correlation Coefficient. The results of this study are summarized as follows ; 1. There were no significant differences between the two groups on stress scores and quality of life scores before the treatment. 2. The mean score on the psychological stress scale for the patients undergoing hemodialysis was 2.48 out of a maximum mean score of four, the items with high stress scores were “feeling of weakness and annoyed by everything”, “limitation of food”, “limitation of fluid”, “change in skin color” in that order. The psychological category showed the highest stress score followed by developmental, scoioeconomic and physiological stress categories in that order. 3. In the experimental group, post - test diastolic blood pressure decerased significantly(t=3.24, p=0.0064), but in the control group pre and post - test diastolic blood pressure were not different. 4. There was no difference between the two groups on the pre and post -test psychological stress scores or the depression scores. 5. The mean score of quality of life for patients undergoing hemodialysis was 2.75 out of a maxi-mum mean score of five. The category of ‘emtional state’ showed the highest score followed by ‘self - esteem’, ‘physical state and function’, ‘economic life’, ‘relationship with neighbors’ and ‘family relationship’ categories in that order. There was no significant difference in the pre and post - test quality of life scores between the two groups. 6. Hypothesis 1 that patients undergoing hemodialysis who received music therapy would have less stress than patients undergoing hemodialysis who did not receive music therapy is divided into two sub - hypotheses. 1) The first sub-hypothesis that patients undergoing hemodialysis who received music therapy would have less physiological stress than patients undergoing hemodialysis who did not receive music therapy was partly supported. Among three physiological stress indices (pulse, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure), only diastolic blood pressure decreased significantly after the treatment in the experimental group. 2) The second sub-hypothesis that patients undergoing hemodialysis who received music therapy would have less psychological stress than patients undergoing hemodialysis who did not receive music therapy was not supported. Psychological stress score and depression score were not significantly different before and after the treatment. 7. Hypothesis 2 that patients undergoing hemodialysis who received music therapy would have a higher quality of life score than patients undergoing. hemodialysis who did not received music therapy was not supported. There were no significant changes in the quality of life scores before and after the treatment.