• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.21-31
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• 2015

This thesis proposes the emotions acquired after listening to the music as an emotion model composed of 8 types of emotions, based on the emotion model studied previously. The 5 musical factors selected, that affect the emotion, are tempo, dynamics, amplitude change, brightness, and noise. According to the emotion model composed of 8 types of emotions, 160 songs categorized into the 8 types of emotions were selected, and the actual data was extracted and analyzed. Through the analysis of actual data, an emotion equation made of weighted value of 5 factors was derived, and an algorithm that can predict the emotion by mapping on the 2-dimensional emotion coordinate system through the emotion equation was designed. Also, a way of controlling emotion by moving the coordinates on the 2-dimensional emotion coordinate system was suggested.

• Journal of Korean Clinical Nursing Research
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.75-84
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• 2009

Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine the effects of a music-based group reminiscence program on interpersonal relationships, self-esteem and depression in elderly people who are hospitalized. Methods: A quasi-experimental research was implemented, and a nonequivalent control group pre-posttest design was used. The participants were 52 elders who met the selection criteria and were assigned to the experimental group (26) and the control group (26). Both groups took the pre and posttest at the same time, and both groups received regular hospital care with the experimental group participating in the program for 12 sessions over six weeks. The instruments used in the study were, for interpersonal relationships, the Interpersonal Change Scale by Schlein and Guerney (1971), for self-esteem, the Self-Esteem Scale by Rosenberg (1965) and for depression, the Depression Inventory by Zung (1965). The collected data were analyzed with the SPSS 15.0 program. Results: Compared to the control group, the experimental group had significantly better interpersonal relationships and significantly higher self-esteem and less depression. Conclusion: The findings of the study suggest that a music-based group reminiscence program is effective in improving the interpersonal relationships, self-esteem and depression of hospitalized elders.

• Journal of Music and Human Behavior
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.67-90
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• 2008

This case used MI techniques that give an imagery experience to depressed client's mental resource, and that makes in to verbalism. Also those images are supportive level therapy examples that apply to positive variation. MI is simple word of 'Music and Imagery' with one of psychology cure called GIM(Guided Imagery and Music). It makes client can through to the inner world and search, confront, discern and solve with suitable music. Supportive Level MI is only used from safety level music. Introduction of private session can associate specification feeling, subject, word or image. And those images are guide to positive experience. The First session step of MI program is a prelude that makes concrete goal like first interview. The Second step is a transition that can concretely express about client's story. The third step is induction and music listening. And it helps to associate imagery more easily by used tension relaxation. Also it can search and associate about various imagery from the music. The last step is process that process drawing imagery, talking about personal imagery experience in common with therapist that bring the power by expansion the positive experience. Client A case targets rapport forming(empathy, understanding and support), searching positive recourse(child hood, family), client's emotion and positive support. Music must be used simple tone, repetition melody, steady rhythm and organized by harmony music of what therapist and client's preference. The client used defense mechanism and couldn't control emotion by depression in 1 & 2 sessions. But the result was client A could experience about support and understanding after 3 sessions. After session 4 the client had stable, changed to positive emotion from the negative emotion and found her spontaneous. Therefore, at the session 6, the client recognized that she will have step of positive time at the future. About client B, she established rapport forming(empathy, understanding and support) and searching issues and positive recognition(child hood, family), expression and insight(present, future). The music was comfortable, organizational at the session 1 & 2, but after session 3, its development was getting bigger and the main melody changed variation with high and low of tune. Also it used the classic and romantic music. The client avoids bad personal relations to religious relationship. But at the session 1 & 2, client had supportive experience and empathy because of her favorite, supportive music. After session 3, client B recognized and face to face the present issue. But she had avoidance and face to face of ambivalence. The client B had a experience about emotion change according depression and face to face client's issues After session 4. At the session 5 & 6, client tried to have will power of healthy life and fairly attitude, train mental power and solution attitude in the future. On this wise, MI program had actuality and clients' issues solution more than GIM program. MI can solute the issue by client's based issue without approach to unconsciousness like GIM. Especially it can use variety music and listening time is shorter than GIM and structuralize. Also can express client's emotion very well. So it can use corrective and complement MI program to children, adolescent and adult.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.12 no.12
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• pp.5477-5485
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• 2011

This study comparatively analyzed the instrumentation and the voicing structure, which were shown in the film music titled "Star Wars-Main Title" by John Williams(1932~), with analytical technique that the writer mapped out, and aimed to discover the progression principle in orchestration based on the results. Also, it applied a functional part-division method that was classified and distributed into 3 functional parts according to auditory cognitive level as for each of functional elements such as the musical element. And, it made it pattern for the vertical structure and the voicing structure in musical instruments, which were distributed to each functional part based on this, and comparatively analyzed the standard point in a change which were shown according to progression of music, namely, the operating technique. As for the results of this study, first, each theme has specific instrumentation pattern. Unity was emphasized by consistently organizing those things in exposition, reprise, and recapitulation of each theme. To reinforce diversity, an attempt was made such as adding and reducing auxiliary instruments in the middle part and the rear part. Second, even in a change of instrumentation pattern by passage in accordance with a change in theme amid each part, the same instrumental group was organized in the middle part, thereby having maintained unity. Third, to strengthen diversity by clause, which is forming each theme, a continuous change in voicing pattern was created by adding or omitting a part. Fourth, the voicing concentration was maintained the structure of "thinness-thickness" in the whole musical piece. However, in part 2 that is repeated theme 3, diversity was pursued with a unique change of "thickness-thickness." Fifth, in part 4 that is indicated theme 4, the other diversity was intensified with the inverted range in the front part and the middle part. Accordingly, based on the conclusions that were indicated in this work, it is desired to be conducive to understanding the horizontal consideration and the progression principle of orchestration.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.416-429
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• 2011

Most of precedent studies related to hip hop culture and fashion, which have been conducted till now were progressed under only theoretical background of hiphop, not the changed status of hiphop currently. Practical studies explaining the status of hip hop in popular culture, especially, the area of popular fashion are insufficient. Therefore, this study was conducted by focusing on cultural characteristics and musical characteristics by the stream of period, for which concept hip hop is accepted to people currently and which effect it makes on the area of fashion. Especially, the study was progressed by dividing periodical background into before and after the 2000s because there was the most noticeable change for the genre of hip hop in that period. Because of the appearance of 'Alternative hip hop' which is a sub-genre of hip hop music, hip hop music was changed to be more popular. Also, hip hop fashion also showed big changes. Hip hop fashion before 2000s had showed poor conditions, resistance, complex and alienation of them by their fashion. On the other hand, hip hop fashion after 2000s also showed popular characteristics because of high-level environment and social status. This study intended to understand and grasp hip hop as a kind of cultural situation coexisted by many-sided characteristics as well as redefine the changed concept and contents of new hip hop currently.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.147-156
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• 2008

Objectives : Oriental Medicine Music Therapy is a new way of treating and preventing various diseases and promoting health by means of music specially picked and designed to produce Qi(氣) fitting to an individual person in the areas of the structure of human body, physiological function, pathological change, diagnosis and treatment. Therefore, it can facilitate the efficiency of the treatment much better and faster than only with herb or acupuncture. Equilibrium between body and mind is its originality. Methods : A 38-year old man came to hospital suffering from left side weakness, dysarthria because of cerebral infarction. After one week's medication in the part of neurology, he was sent to the oriental medicine music therapy center, and he took ten times' medical treatments once a day. Before and after the treatments, implementing 'Ink foot print analysis', as for the movement capacity and walking of left side weakness, these results are acquired. Results and Conclusions : 1. Before the oriental medicine music therapy, except the acceleration and deceleration section, within three meters, a right foot's step was measured 30.55 cm and a left foot was measured 15.2 cm, and the step distance was 15.2 cm. After the 10 times treatments, the right foot's step was 112.6 cm, the left foot's step was 113 cm, and the step distance improved to 51.8 cm. 2. The normal person's average step is about 38 cm, and it could be decreased owing to a decreptitude, pain, fatigue, and the weakness of the legs. In spite of all, from the increased 50 cm step measurement with the patient's body condition, it means that his movement capacity is recovered. 3. In the measurement of walking time, before 10 times treatments, it took 46.35 seconds within 6M, but after the treatments, it increased to 7.47 seconds as same as a normal person's walking speed. 4. In insomnia, and the abnormality of a facial muscle, it shows lots of improvement, and even the accuracy of a pronunciation, but despite of the 10 times treatments, the 'ㄹ(r)' sound placed under a vowel is unclear. 5. Before the 10 times' treatments, he can move the left side shoulder with pain and cannot move below the left elbow. After the treatments, the pain was disappeared, and he was able to move over 60 cm without pain. And improving of the movement of fingers, he can beat over 8 times with a drumstick.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.377-388
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of music therapy on changes in the vital signs of patients about to undergo an operation. The patients listened to the music at a time when they were feeling preoperative anxiety up until the preanesthesia was given in the operating room. The subjects for this study were selected from sixty patients to undergo operations, who were hospitalized at Dong Eui hospital in Pusan city. They were assigned to two groups, thirty to the experimental group and thirty to the control group. The subjects were from 20 years old to 69 years old, and had no other problem except the one requiring the operation, and no premedication. The data were collected during the period from July 1 to September 30, 1993. The method used in this study was to measure state-anxiety on the ward in the morning of the operation, and vital signs immediately before leaving for the operating room. Vital signs were measured immediately before the anesthesia was given and after the experimental group had listened to the music during the ten minutes needed to prepare the operation setting. The control group just waited during ten mimutes. Vital signs were check again before the anesthesia was given. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, mean±SD, p-value, and t-test using the SPSS progrom. The results of this study are : 1. Systolic blood pressure taken in the operating room was elevated, over the level measured on the ward, by 5.00 ± 15.26㎜Hg in experimental group and 18.67±14.56㎜Hg in control group. (t=-3.5496, p=.0008) 2. Diastolic blood pressure was elevated by 6.67±12.95㎜Hg in experimental group and 18.67±12. 79㎜Hg in control group. (t=-3.6100, p=.0006) 3. Pulse was elevated by 2.931±9.44 / min in experimental group and 8.03±8.37 /min in control group. (t=-2.2144, p=.0307) 4. Respiration was elevated by 0.60±1.35 /min in experimental group and 1.57±1.48 /min in control group. (t=-2.6409, p=.0106) 5. Body temperature was down by 0.13±1.91'c in experimental group and elevated by 1.13±1.11'c in control group. (t=-3.1471, p=.0026) Thus, in this study there was a statistically significant difference in the change in the vital signs between the experimental group treated with music therapy and the control group which received no treatment. Because music therapy is valuable to decrease the anxiety of patients facing operations, the result of this study support its effect in relieving anxiety as a valuable nursing intervention. From this study, the following recommendations can be made : First, it is necessary to further study music therapy to develope a better system and determine optimal time. Second, it is necessary that more detailed re-search on measurement of changes in vital signs be done to determine changes over time intervals.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.4040-4047
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to analyze a change in Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) level and the continuity of the effects in music therapy by applying short-term music therapy program in fire fighters with Post-traumatic Stress (PTS). Forty two fire fighters in 3 districts were randomly assigned to experimental group (21 subjects) and control group (21 subjects). Music therapy was applied in totally 10 sessions by two sessions (120 minutes) a day for 5 days. PTS level was measured immediately after the end of program, after 4 weeks, and after 12 weeks. As a result, PTS level has significantly decreased into $8.90{\pm}4.55$ from $26.52{\pm}2.32$ right after the music therapy program(p<0.05). And the effect was shown to be continued significantly up to after 4 weeks($11.95{\pm}4.57$) and after 12 weeks($13.76{\pm}5.62$)(p<0.05). As a result of research, it is considered that the music therapy is effective approach for reduction in PTS as for fire fighters who belong to the group with high risk of PTSD. Accordingly, the application of regular program for managing fire fighters' mental health is understood to likely to contribute to enhancing the field service competence.

• Journal of Positioning, Navigation, and Timing
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.367-378
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• 2020

This paper introduces the development of the iterative multiple signal classification (MUSIC)-based direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation system using a rotator that can control the direction of antenna for the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) interference. The system calculates the spatial spectrum according to the noise eigenvector of all dimensions to measure the number of signals (NOS). Also, to detect the false peak, the system adjusts the array antenna's direction and checks the change's peak angles. The phase delay and gain correction values for system calibration are calculated in consideration of the chamber's structure and the characteristics of radio waves. The developed system estimated DOAs of interferences located about 1km away. The field test results show that the developed system can estimate the DOA without NOS information and detect the false peak even though the inter-element spacing is longer than the half-wavelength of the interference.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.14 no.2 s.49
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• pp.29-36
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• 2005

There have been a little attempts to draw analogy between architecture and music. There are many objective and subjective factors for this to be true. If, however, the two arts are out of much the same social conditions, they show a degree of conformity in design and general organization. Our study shows the interrelationship between Otto Wagner and Gustav Mahler in Belle Epoque. In order to clarify the interrelationship between architecture and music, this study examines works of Otto Wagner on the basis of the characteristic of Gustav Mahler. This comparison between Otto Wagner and Gustav Mahler follows : in Belle Epoque, they have the same tendency to 1) the disintegration of historicism, 2) the style of description, 3) the reversion, 4) the giganticness, 5) the change of materials and 6) the proportion.