• Mycobiology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.115-118
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• 2004

A composting technique was assessed to enhance efficiency in oyster mushroom substrate. Poplar sawdusts and by-product of winter mushroom added by 10% of rice bran were composted outdoors at $20^{\circ}C$ to $28^{\circ}C$ for 12 days. The duration of fermentation was shortened 3 days in fermented sawdust plot. The yield obtained from waste cotton substrate with fermented poplar sawdust was 742 g, whereas the yield from control 663 g. In addition, the substrate with by-product of winter mushroom was the most effective to composting. It was useful to apply the fermented sawdust and by-product to waste cotton for compost and sporophore production of oyster mushroom.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.237-243
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• 2016

Spent mushroom substrate (SMS) has generally been used for the manufacture of animal feed and production of bio fuel. Limited research has been conducted in the utilization of SMS as a co-material for composting. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of composting vegetable waste mixed with various ratios of SMS (30, 40, and 50%). The results showed that the C/N ratio decreased when both sawdust (from 22.0~28.8 to 17.7~20.4) and SMS (from 18.5~19.5 to 12.7~16.8) were applied for composing, owing to increased contents of nitrogen. A maturity test conducted using mechanical (Solvita) and germination tests revealed that both sawdust (92.0~101.9%) and SMS (87.8~89.2%) satisfied a criteria of maturity standard (70%). A correlation analysis between compost maturity and its chemical properties revealed that the C/N ratio and pH were the most dominant parameters for compost maturity. Overall, SMS could be utilized as a compost material and especially, vegetable waste mixed with SMS could provide sufficient nutrients for crop growth.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.70-73
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• 2018

To determine the optimum amount of spent oyster mushroom substrate (SOMS) for use in cultivation of Lentinula edodes, the chemical properties of the substrate and culture conditions of Lentinula edodes were investigated. Replacing 20-50% of a sawdust substrate with SOMS yielded a C/N ratio of 62-76. In case of substrates containing SOMS, the total nitrogen and phenolic contents of were higher, whereas fructose and organic acid contents were lower than those of the control substrate. Cultivation tests showed that the 3-cycle yield of 20% SOMS treatment was 286.7 g, similar to that of the control, while 50% SOMS treatment significantly decreased the yield. In conclusion, development of oak mushroom substrate using SOMS would recycle waste products and decrease material costs.

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.159-171
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• 2009

Required total substrates amounts for mushroom production are 212,186M/T in Korea. 80% of these total substrates amounts, 169,748 M/T is used for main substrates. Also 20%of these total substrates amounts, 42,438 M/T is used for additives. Main substrates 169,748 M/T is composed of sawdust, waste cotton, cotton seed hull, straw and com cob etc.. Additives 42,438 M/T is composed of rice bran, wheat bran and beet pulp etc. In the mushroom management, the cost of substrates purchase is composed for the most of management. Substrates amount is limited to supply, and the demand of mushroom substrates is on the increase continuously. So there is nothing but the cost of substrates are raising. Therefore the most important thing must develop the cheap substrates for the mushroom production.

• 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
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• 2014.10a
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• pp.19-19
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• 2014

Pleurotus ostreatus, P. eryngii, and Flammulina velutipes are major edible mushrooms that account for over 89% of total mushroom production in Korea. Recently, Agrocybe cylindracea, Hypsizygus marmoreus, and Hericium erinaceu are increasingly being cultivated in mushroom farms. In Korea, the production of edible mushrooms was estimated to be 614,224 ton in 2013. Generally, about 5 kg of mushroom substrate is needed to produce 1 kg of mushroom, and consequently about 25 million tons of spent mushroom substrate (SMS) is produced each year in Korea. Because this massive amount of SMC is unsuitable for reuse in mushroom production, it is either used as garden fertilizer or deposited in landfills, which pollutes the environment. It is reasonably assumed that SMS includes different secondary metabolites and extracellular enzymes produced from mycelia on substrate. Three major groups of enzymes such as cellulases, xylanases, and lignin degrading enzymes are involved in breaking down mushroom substrates. Cellulase and xylanase have been used as the industrial enzymes involving the saccharification of biomass to produce biofuel. In addition, lignin degrading enzymes such as laccases have been used to decolorize the industrial synthetic dyes and remove environmental pollutions such as phenolic compounds. Basidiomycetes produce a large number of biologically active compounds that show antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, cytotoxic or hallucinogenic activities. However, most previous researches have focused on therapeutics and less on the control of plant diseases. SMS can be considered as an easily available source of active compounds to protect plants from fungal and bacterial infections, helping alleviate the waste disposal problem in the mushroom industry and creating an environmentally friendly method to reduce plant pathogens. We describe extraction of lignocellulytic enzymes and antimicrobial substance from SMSs of different edible mushrooms and their potential applications.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.21-24
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• 2017

In this study, the effect of different substrates of agricultural by-products on the mycelial growth rate and density of Trametes versicolor (Turkeytail mushroom) was analyzed. We found that pepper stem and rice bran with a mixing ratio of 9:1(v/v) produced the best mycelial growth of 101 mm in 10 days, while a mixing ratio of 8:2 resulted in mycelial growth of 83 mm in 10 days. The control group treated with a 9:1 mixing ratio of oak sawdust and rice bran (v/v) produced mycelial growth of 74 mm in 10 days. The following results are in the order of beanstalk, sesame stem, and perilla stem. After the harvest of the mushrooms, the mycelial growth rate and the density of T. versicolor in each substrate were as follows the group with waste substrate of Pleurotus eryngii and rice bran with a mixing ratio of 9:1(v/v) produced the best result of 76 mm in days, while a mixing ratio of 8:2 produced of 61 mm in 10 days. The control group with a 9:1 ratio of oak sawdust and rice bran produced mycelia of 74 mm in 10 days, while a mixing ratio of 8:2 resulted in mycelia of 59 mm in10 days.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.24 no.2 s.77
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• pp.89-92
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• 1996

This study were carried out to evaluate the effect of quantities of substrate on the yields for 2 years $(1993{\sim}1994)$. The substrates are cotton waste, rice straw and rice hull. It were revealed that cotton waste mixed rice straw was the best yield of fruit body. It gave more increased $(10{\sim}22%)$ than other substrates $(7{\sim}15%)$ when increasing the quantities of substrate. And cotton waste mixed with rice hull was most fast for first pinhead formation.

• Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.50-54
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• 2004

The study aimed to develop a mechanized mushroom growing system for the substrate materials mixing and wetting, materials fermentation and pasteurisation through the design of integrated cultivation machine system for oyster mushroom. The power requirement of the prototype during fermentation operation was measured in the range of 31$\~$33 kg-m and the torque has not so much differ by the kinds and quantity of materials. The work efficiency of conventional method for stacking the heap and turning the heap of cotton waste by tractor rotavator and manual wetting required 78 hours. But the watering, fermentation and sterilisation by the prototype use same operation required 25.5 hours, which can save the operation labour by $67\%$. The machine can be saved the requirement of heating energy by $63\%$, and the machine can also be saved the material cost by $44\%$. It is envisaged that the machine can effectively be used for large mushroom growing farms or joint use mushroom growing group-farmers in a village.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.139-144
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• 2011

This study was carried out to investigated mixing ratio of redginseng marc using organic waste resource for production cost-reduction of oyster mushroom. Redginseng marc were examined as substitute of cottonseed meal which was primary nutritive material of mushroom growing substrate. Total nitrogen and carbon source of redginseng marc was 45% and 2.7%, respectively and C/N ratio was 16.7. Total nitrogen source and pH of substrate mixed with redginseng marc was 4.6~4.9 and 2.5~2.8, respectively. The contents of $P_2O_5$, $K_2O$ and MgO were decreased by increasing redginseng marc, but increased at the 20% redginseng marc. The contents of CaO was increased by increasing redginseng marc, but there was no significant difference in $Na_2O$ content. The more mixing ratio of redginseng marc was increased in column test, the more mycelial growth growed slowly. Yields of fruiting body was no significant difference compared with control group by adding of 10~50% redsingeng marc instead of cottonseed meal, but decreased sharply at only 20% redsingeng marc without cottonseed meal. The L value of pileus by increasing redginseng marc decreased during mushroom harvest, but there was no significant difference in the a-value and the b-value.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.101-105
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• 2006

This was performed to improve the working conditions of oyster mushroom cultivation on bed using rice straw of which binding and cutting procedure need a lot of time. There was a little difference in physiochemical components between rice straw and cotton waste C/N ration of cotten waste was, however, similar to rice straw as 84-85. If is feasible to use as substrate material. The average yield of a net was 1450g in six frustration harvest, when the size of an onion net was $35{\times}30cm$, mixture ratio of rice straw to cotton waste was 40:60(V/V). Cultivation method using an onion net saved 3 days for preparation, 4 hours for inoculation compared to normal bed cultivation. This method was analysed to give 5% economical benefit.