• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.339-343
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• 2020

This study aimed to optimize total nitrogen (TN) content in the medium and the growth temperature to improve the shelf life of Pleurotus eryngii Keneutari No. 2. We investigated the growth characteristics and changes in the O2/CO2 content in polypropylene film and performed sensory evaluations during cold storage under 1.5%, 1.8%, 2.1%, and 2.4% TN and at temperatures of 9℃, 12℃, and 15℃. The diameter and weight of the fruit bodies tended to increase with increasing nitrogen content, regardless of the growth temperature, and the highest weight per bottle (149.5 g) was obtained at 12℃ and 2.4% TN. Regardless of the nitrogen content, leaf color deepened with decreasing temperature. The gas concentration in the film, which changes depending on storage time, was maintained for the longest period at 9℃ and 2.1% TN. The sensory evaluation revealed no difference between the different nitrogen conditions tested, and the odor, discoloration, and decay were similar at 15℃ and 9℃ until day 28 of storage.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.103-114
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• 2016

The global trade partners have been diversified and mixed in agricultural market, which is expended the international agri-food market through the Regional Trade Agreement and World Trade Organization, etc. The aim of this study is to derive influential factors for exports increases of agricultural products targeting to Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN). We set the equation for agricultural products exports referred to panel gravity model considering panel fixed effect for controlling endogeneity within variables. The results of this study are the follows; (1) Social economic distance considering international oil price negatively affects in the mushroom model; (2) Korean GDP affects (-) in a mushroom model and (+) in a vegetable model, however, ASEAN's per capita GDP indicates opposite influence in the same model; (3) Relative exchange rate shows negative impact in a vegetable model; (4) The entry status into WTO and the status in force of FTA have converse effects in mushroom and vegetable model, respectively.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.1-23
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• 2005

World production of mushrooms has been increasing 10-20% every year. Recently, Pleurotus eryngii and P. nebrodensis are very popular as new mushroom species for cultivation. Two kinds of mushrooms, Gumji (Ganoderma) and Soji, were described in old book of Samguksagi (History of the three kingdoms; 1145) in Koryo-dynasty. Many kinds of mushrooms were also described in more than 16 kinds of old books during Chosun-dynasty in Korea. One hundred and sixty commercial strains of 25 species in mushrooms were distributed to cultivators. By the way, only 8 varieties of them have registered variety protection. Mushroom industry as important export products developed from 1960 to 1980. Production of mushrooms as food was 181,828 metric tons valued at 800 billion Korean won in 2003. Isolated and identified substances from mushrooms are promising antifungal, antiinflammatory, antitumor, antiviral (anti-HIV), antibacterial & antiparasitic, antidiabetic, immunomodulating, kidney tonic, hepatoprotective, nerve tonic, and sexual potentiator. These substances can also be used for blood pressure regulation and effective against cardiovascular disorders, hypocholesterolemia & hyperlipidemia, and chronicbronchitis. Mushroom products including pharmaceuticals, tonics, healthy beverages, functional biotransformants, and processed foods have also became available on the markets. Compost and feed can likewise be made from mushroom substrates after harvest. The mushroom industry is already one of the fastest growing investment sectors in Korea. By the way, there is a need to strain improvement for variety protection, advanced cultivation technology at low cost for growers, and control of demand and supply for marketing in order to more upgrade development of mushroom industry in the future.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.119-124
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• 2015

This study was carried out to characterize the chemical components of Flammulina velutipes during storage by different packaging film application for developing export winter mushroom to south east asia area. Changes of weight and growth rate from Flammulina velutipes were the lowest in testing packaging film at $15^{\circ}C$ among the films. The pH changes of Flammulina velutipesg was the highest in imported packaging film at $25^{\circ}C$. The changes of colors was measured by Hunter's color value, L value and yellowness (+b) were slightly decreased during storage. But the L value and yellowness (+b) were not affected by packaging films. Six organic acids were detected such as oxalic acid, lactic acid, malic acid, citric acid, acetic acid and succinic acid. The content of total organic acids were increased by storage period.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.62 no.4
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• pp.333-343
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• 2023

King oyster mushrooms are one of the major fresh agricultural products which their exports are increasing every year in Korea. Lycoriella ingenua, is notorious insect pest in agriculture, especially in mushroom production. Larvae of L. ingenua cause mainly direct crop damage and adults are vectors of several dangerous fungal pathogens. In this study, the effects of electron beam, X-ray, and gamma-ray irradiation on the development and reproduction of L. ingenua were evaluated. In addition, to find the optimal dose to control L. ingenua in a box filled with king oyster mushrooms, an empirical experiment was conducted for each radiation. As a result, the development and reproduction of L. ingenua were inhibited at 50 Gy for all electron beam, X-ray, and gamma-ray irradiation. Additionally, at the top, middle, and bottom of the export box filled with king oyster mushrooms, the development and reproduction of L. ingenua were inhibited by electron beam with 150 Gy, X-ray with 100 Gy, and gamma-ray with 50 Gy. These results can be provided as basic data for establishing an integrated quarantine management system when exporting mushrooms. It will also contribute to the safety of agricultural products and the strengthening of export competitiveness.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.234-245
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• 2021

To extend the shelf life of king oyster mushrooms for export, we investigated the impacts of mushroom quality grade, fruiting body trimming, and packaging method (tray container sealed packaging vs string-tied OPP bag packaging). Quality is divided into two grades: 1^st grade, which is mushrooms adapted by lowering the cultivation temperature to 9~11℃, and 2^nd grade, mushrooms held at 13~15℃ prior to harvest. Using selected 1^st and 2^nd grade mushrooms, 3 treatments were carried out to assess effects of trimming and packaging method. Test groups included 1) trimming plus string-tied OPP bag packaging (Cut & OPP), 2) no trimming plus string-tied OPP bag packaging (Uncut & OPP), and 3) trimming plus tray container sealing packaging (Cut & Tray). Gas composition inside the packaging, changes in quality factors, and sensory evaluation for fresh quality were performed over 42 days of 0℃ storage. Overall freshness was best maintained in the following order: Cut & Tray > Cut & OPP > Uncut & OPP for both 1^st and 2^nd grade mushrooms. The shelf-life of 1st grade mushrooms was about 30 days for Cut & Tray, 28 days for Cut & OPP, and 21 days for Uncut & OPP. The shelf-life of 2^nd grade mushrooms was about 22 days for Cut & Tray, 17 ays for Cut & OPP, and 14 days for Uncut & OPP. Factors affecting fresh mushroom quality included browning of cap and stalk, and mushroom decay index. Browning of the lower part of the stalk, with related color change as noted in a^* and b^* values were the main factors indicating quality deterioration of king oyster mushrooms.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.186-193
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• 2013

Potential of consumer unit packaging was investigated for quality maintenance during export simulation in king oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus eryngii). Mushrooms were harvested in late May, precooled to $4^{\circ}C$ within 6 hours, and then packaged for shipping in two ways: 2 kg bulk packaging in a polyethylene (PE) bag or three types of unit packaging methods such as 400 g in polypropylene film bag (PPB), 200 g on styrofoam tray + PE shrinkage film wrapping (STW), and 200 g in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) containers (PETC). For local distribution of bulk-packaged commodity, mushrooms were sorted again and packaged into 3 consumer units in the same way as for the initial shipping packages. Simulation of refrigerated container shipping was performed in a walk-in type pilot storage at $0.5^{\circ}C$ for 5 weeks, while local marketing simulation was carried out on the shelf at $7^{\circ}C$ for 7 days. During the shipment simulation, creation of modified atmosphere (MA) was substantial in 2 kg bulk packages with low $O_2$ below 2% and high $CO_2$ over 15% whereas, in PPB and PETC unit packages, relatively higher $O_2$ concentrations were observed. On the shelf at $7^{\circ}C$, $CO_2$ concentrations rapidly increased in PPB and PETC packages despite the short marketing period. Overall marketability evaluated by off-flavor, browning, and texture rating was maintained at excellent level when 2 kg bulk packaging in PE or unit packaging in PPB and PETC were used for shipment. In contrast, establishment of MA was very slight in STW packages during shipment and local distribution resulting in poor quality after export simulation. The results suggested that shipment using adequate consumer unit packaging is more practical and economically beneficial than using bulk packaging in the export program consisting of 5-week shipment and 7-day local distribution.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.164-179
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• 1991

Korean agriculture has encountered two problems. One is internal income disparity between rural and urbarn area and the other is external Uruguay Round trade problems as an abolition of direct and indirect import barriers, reduction in export subsidies and to reduce internal price supports. These problems will be brought severe farm problems such as decreasing farm household income and repressing agricultural growth in the near future. Considering the above inevitable facts Korean government has implemented several development projects such as rural industrial area development project, rural special production area development project, leisuresight seeing farm development project, traditional food development project, unskilled labor training project for off-farm employment and so on, to increase farm household income through off-farm income increase. This study was mainly concentrated on the identification of operational problems and post evaluation of the rural special production area development projects which aimed at increasing non-farm incomes and giving employment opportunity for rural farmers in small factories processing regional special farm products and mine products. The main findings and problems to be solved for the successful project implementation are as followed ; 1. Total number of the special production area development projects as of the end of 1991 was amount to 138, and total number of farm household participated were estimated at 2,079, and total amount of off-farm income per farm household was reached to 3,011 thousand won. 2. The total number of processed special products have increased from 21 items in 1981 to 56 items in 1991. On the other hand the total number of farm household participated in the projects have decreased from 2,518 to 2,079 during same period. 3. Total amount of investment for the projects has increased from 1,429 million won in 1981 to 24,760 million won in 1991 but the rate of G'T loan of the total investment has reduced from 24.5% to 5.2% during same period. 4. 138 special production area development project are classified into 6 kinds of commodity groups such as 19 of general industrial good production areas, 52 of folks-industrial art objects production areas, 39 of food processing areas, 9 of fiber and texstile processing areas, 18 of agricultural and fishery inputs processing areas and 1 of stone processing area. 5. The total production value in 1990 was estimated 20,169 million won of which export was amount to 2,627 million won. 6. The finacial rate of return of the UNGOK KUGIJA Tea processing Project operated by UNGOK coops and BAKSAN ginseng tea processing project were estimated at 45.4% (B/C Ratio=1.17, NPV=152.5 million won) and 17.7% (B/C Ratio=1.12, NPV=120.2 million won) respectively. 7. More favorite terms and condition of the loan including collateral problems have to be given to farmers participated. Heavy investment and G'T subsidy policies should be started for the successful project implementation anf farm household income increase. 8. To expand market demand of the rural special goods G'T have to provide special program of TV or other mass media for commodity propaganda and the total cost concerned must be supported by G'T subsidy. 9. The special farm products as GUGUJA,MOSI'Ramie', Ginseng. SOGOKJU,HEMP,Mushroom.DUGYUNJU and Chesnut processing projects have to be propelled and expanded for off-farm income increase in Chung Nam Province. 10. Direct operational pattern of the special production area by coops is more favorable to farmers and recommendable considering with off-farm income increase and market demand creation throughout Korea. 11. In rural area, special organizations for project appraisal are not exist. Accordingly special training program, project appraisal, formulation and preparation for civil servants concerned have to be prepared for project selection and sound implementation under limited budget and financial support.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.630-636
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• 2020

Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes) was responsible for several recall cases owing to its incidence in mushrooms exported from the Republic of Korea. In this study, we investigated the survival of L. monocytogenes in enoki mushroom (Flammulina velutipes) at different temperatures and the antilisterial effect of its organic acids. Enoki mushrooms were innoculated with L. monocytogenes (initial concentration 4.5 log CFU/g) and stored at 1-35℃, No growth of L. monocytogenes in enoki mushrooms was observed at 1℃ for 30 days. 3.0 log CFU/g growth of L. monocytogenes was also achieved after 36 h and 24 h at 30℃ and 35℃, respectively. To evaluate the antilisterial effect of the organic acids (acetic acid, lactic acid, malic acid), enoki mushrooms were treated with 1-3% of each acid for 10-30 min. The efficacy of malic acid and lactic acid was significantly higher than that of acetic acid. Over 3.0 log reductions were observed when L. monocytogenes in enoki mushrooms was immersed in 3% lactic acid and malic acid over 10 minutes or more. Therefore, it is necessary to keep enoki mushrooms at 1℃ during the export process and treat them with 3% lactic acid and malic acid for 10 min prior to consumption.