• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.41-58
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• 2009

Objective : The purpose of this study is to identify actual operations and issues of wireless paging system operation for the aged living alone as the end users of wireless paging system primarily in Gwangyang city, and thereby to explore possible advanced and integrated ways to promote social safety network for the aged. Methods : The survey tool used in this study was a structured questionnaire form consisting of question items. The researcher hereof conducted this survey by means of direct visit and interview during two seasons, i.e. from February to August, 2008 and from December 2008 to March 2009, respectively. Results : 1) For general demographic characteristics, it was found that 90.9% of all respondents were women and 61.2% of all respondents were at age 75 to 84. for health conditions, it was found that more than 90% of all respondents often took medicines due to their unhealthy body, and most of respondents suffered from musculoskeletal diseases 79.3% and circulatory diseases 61.6%. for walking capacity, it was found that 45.5% of all respondents used walking aids, and disable respondents (11.5% of all respondents) were represented primarily by those with physical disability (52.6% of disable respondents). for actual use of medical institutions, it was found 47.3% of all respondents relied on local clinics, since they preferred neighborhood hospitals or clinics they can trust for medical care. for social activities and supports, it was found that 43.6% respondents had 'needs for assistance at times' and 33.9% respondents have 'no need for assistance'. And it was found that the major difficulties in living alone at old age were represented primarily by health problems 37.8% and economic difficulties 33.5%. 2) For characteristics related to wireless paging system, it was found that 90.3% respondents used wireless paging system recommended by firemen, and 28.5% respondents used this system. and it was found that 59.6% respondents used this system once, and 85.2% respondents used it because of acute or chronic diseases. more than 90% respondents thought that they knew about wireless paging system and considered themselves safe, but 83.6% respondents didn't attach a remote control on their upper clothes, and even 49.1% respondents turned off the power of wireless paging system due to their concern about electricity bill and noise. 3) It was found that 83.6% respondents felt it necessary to use wireless paging system, and wireless paging users felt more satisfied with using the system than non-users, and 50.7% showed high satisfaction at certain psychological benefits like 'confidence in coping with critical situations' and 'a sense of relief'. In addition, it was found that some respondents who answered that 'they didn't turn off the paging system as they knew how it works' and those who answered that they knew 'how to use it' showed relatively high satisfaction. And some respondents who kept it well and felt it necessary also showed high satisfaction. 4) It was found that the level of satisfaction our respondents felt with using wireless paging system varied significantly availability($x^{2}$ = 12.759, p = .002), psychological advantages($x^{2}$ = 12.174, p = .002), knowledge about how to use system($x^{2}$ = 7.021, p = .016), power on/off($x^{2}$ = 13.221, p = .001), level of knowledge about system($x^{2}$ = 21.002, p = .000), maintenance($x^{2}$ = 9.871, p = .007) and level of necessity($x^{2}$ = 34.939, p = .000) on the statistical basis.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.42-54
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• 2017

Objectives: The present study was conducted to investigate farm work environments among farmers and examine the level of management of safety and health, and to subsequently produce study result to serve as foundational data for the development of guidelines on safety and health as part of the improvement of farming work environments among farmers raising Korean native cattle. Methods: The present study conducted a survey on farm work environments and the management of safety and health with 407 farmers engaged in Korean native cattle farming in selected regions in eight provinces. It also visited 10 farmers to verify the current status of farm work. Results: The survey results showed that 16.4% of the respondents experienced safety-related accidents due to farm work. The locations of the accidents were inside the cattle shed (71.4%) and facilities outside the cattle shed (19.6%). The types of accident showed collision with animals (35.7%), collision or contact with obstacles (27.1%), and musculoskeletal accidents due to heavy object handling (12.9%). The causes of the accidents were cattle (38.3%), cultivators and tractors (25.4%), facility tools in cattle sheds (9.0%), and slippery floors (6.0%). The damaged areas were hand (21.0%), spine (19.8%), lower limb (18.5%), and foot (17.3%). A self-diagnostic survey on respiratory diseases showed that 11.5% of the respondents experienced respiratory-related symptoms. The survey on safety and health during farm work showed that wearing personal protective equipment and response to emergency situations, which were needed to prevent safety-related accidents, were relatively low compared to the level of recognition of the need and awareness of safety issues. Furthermore, the field survey identified the current status of safety and health issues such as prevention management of collision accidents with cattle, how to handle heavy objects, and wearing of personal protective equipment. Conclusions: The present study identified safety-related accidents and problems in the management of safety and health among Korean native cattle farmers. In order to address the problem, it is necessary to not only provide guidelines on safety and health management which are appropriate to the characteristics of Korean native cattle farming work, but also to study the development of personal protective equipment.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.151-157
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• 1996

This study was analyze through the reports which published on the subject matter of Su Dong-Myun from year of 1972-1993, and analysis of data in 1994 was performed with medical records on the health subcenter by PC-SAS program. The result are as follows: The number of population in Su-Dong Myun(study area) was 5,707 in 1995, 4,641 in 1985 and 5,424 in 1975. In the composition rate of population "0-14" of age group only showed markedly decreasing tendancy from 42.8% in 1975 to 19.1% in 1995. However, "65 and over" showed markedly increasing tendancy from 5.7% in 1975 to 9.8% in 1995. Annual utilization rate showed rapidly increasing tendency from year of 1972 to 1978, such as 314 per showed rapidly decreasing tendency, such as 708 in 1981, 485 in 1984, 272 in 1987, 309 in 190 and in 1993. In the annual age-specific utilization rate, the age group of "0-14" showed the highest rate of 621 per thousand population in 1975, 1159 in 1980, 1021 in 1985 and 538 in 1990. However the age group of "65 and over" showed the highest rate of 481 in 1994. Age specific annual utilization rate showed markedly decreasing tendency in the age group of "0-14" and "15-44", however showed slightly decreasing tendency or same level in the group of "45-64" and "65 and over" from year of 1980 to 1994. In the age specific utilization rate, the lower down the age was, the higher tendency the rate showed, such as 621 per 1,000 population in "0-14" of the age group, 543 in "15-44", 406 in "45-64" and 294 in "65 and over" in 1975. However, the higher up the age was, the higher tendency the rate showed in 1980, 1985 and 1994, except "0-14" of age group. The 5 major diseases were disease of Respiratory system, Gastrointestinal system, Skin and Subcutaneous tissue, Accidents, Poisoning and Violence and Nervous system and Sense organ, in 1975, 1980 and 1985. However, in 1990 and 1994, the 5 major disease were disease of Respiratory system, Gastrointestinal system. Skin and Subcutaneous tissue, Musculoskeletal system and, Connective tissue and Circulatory system. In Composition rate of patient in Su Dong-Myun Health Subcenter by Charged Medical Fee, medical insurance showed almost all the highest rate of 93.9% in year of 1994 and C.H.D.A. of 100% in 1975. Proportion of insurance showed increasing tendency such as 6.6% in 1980, 21.3% in 1985, 69.0% in 1990 and relatively C.H.D.A. showed decreasing tendency.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.165-176
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• 2007

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the needs of home care nursing services in relation to the patients in hospital. Method: Subjects were 129 patients who admitted hospital and were selected through convenience sampling. Data were collected using the Home Health Care Need Assessment Questionnaire constructed by the Korea Health Industry Development Institute. Data were analyzed using SAS 8.12 program by applying percentage. Results: 1. According to the diagnosis of the subjects, the majority had cancer (25.0%), followed by musculoskeletal disease (15,6%), neuro/cerebral vascular disease (14.1%), digestive (10.9%) and respiratory disease (10.9%). 2. With regard to fundamental nursing service, subjects wanted to receive home care services for the following reasons: Problem identification and diagnosis (77.5%), vital sign check (49.6%); and intake and output measure (20.9%). 3. With regard to clinical laboratory tests, 62.8% wanted to receive blood tests, and followed by urine tests 26.4%, and wound drainage 26.4%. 4. With regard to medication and treatment service, 40.3% of the subjects wanted to receive intravenous fluid therapy, 26.4% intravenous antibiotics, and 26.4% the monitoring of fluid therapy. 5. With regard to therapeutic nursing service, 33.3% wanted to receive wound care, 26.4% ROM exercise, and 27.9% foley catheter change and care. 6. With regard to educational needs, 42.6% wanted education on infection monitoring, 41.4% on medication, and 34.9% on diet. 7. With regard to counseling needs, 65.9% wanted to receive telephone counseling about patient condition, 52.7% counseling about re-admission and 51.9% direct counseling about patient condition. In the group of injury and toxicity, and cardiovascular/circulatory diseases, 100% wanted telephone and direct counseling about the patient condition. Conclusion: Therefore, in order to improve the quality of hospital based home health care services, various factors that affect to the need of home health care should be analyzed and specified nursing care should be looked into.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.161-168
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• 2016

Purpose: Patients who suffer from rheumatic arthritis, fibromyalgia, other various inflammatory diseases and musculoskeletal disorders, which are all similar to temporomandibular disorders (TMD), have been complaining about changes in the level and type of pain in response to changes in weather conditions for a long time. Through an investigation about pain perception in TMD patients in response to weather conditions, our primary objective was to develop base materials for future studies on change in pain in response to meteorological factors. Methods: Among patients who presented with TMD to Department of Oral Medicine, Pusan National University Dental Hospital from August to October 2016, one hundred consecutive TMD patients diagnosed with TMDs according to Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD) were recruited for the study and 28 patients were excluded according to exclusion criteria. Survey was done with the questionnaire and investigated whether there was any difference in incidence and level of pain in TMD patients between non-rainy and rainy days. Results: Among a total of 72 samples, 4 patients reported change in pain on rainy days rather than non-rainy days. Two patients from chronic group (joint and complex subgroup) reported increased pain on rainy days rather than non-rainy days but it was not statistically significant (p>0.05). One patient from chronic/muscle group reported the change in pain characteristics while pain intensity remained unchanged. One patient from acute/complex group reported decreased pain intensity. In comparison of the patients who reported increased pain on rainy days between acute and chronic groups, there were two reported cases and were both from chronic group only. There was a significantly higher chance of reporting increased pain on rainy days in chronic group than acute group (p<0.001). Conclusions: It is considered that TMD patients couldn't perceive the change in pain well in response to weather change on rainy days but some chronic patients could perceive the increase in pain in rainy days.

• The Journal of Churna Manual Medicine for Spine and Nerves
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.1-33
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• 2020

연구 목적 : 본 연구는 근골격계 질환에 대한 수기치료가 갖는 경제적 효과를 체계적으로 평가해 보기 위해 시행되었다. 연구 방법 : 2017년 2월 2일까지 국내외 관련 문헌을 체계적으로 검색 하였으며, 연관된 체계적 고찰 논문의 참고문헌을 조사하였다. 두 명의 연구자가 독립적으로 문헌을 선택하고, 비뚤림 위험 평가 및 경제성 평가 질 평가, 자료 추출을 시행하였다. 연구 결과 : 총 3,327개의 논문을 검토하여 최종적으로 18개의 무작위 대조 연구가 포함되었다. 경제성 평가는 수기요법과 다른 치료방법간의 유효성 비교를 통해 시행되었다. 요부 통증, 견관절 통증 및 외측 상과염 치료에 있어 침치료, 견인치료, 주사치료, 일반의 치료, 척추 안정화 기법 및 통증관리 치료보다 비용 효과적인 것으로 나타났다. 또한 또한, 수기치료는 경항통, 흉통, 고관절염 혹은 슬관절염, 경추신경병증 및 수부손상 치료에 있어 일반적 치료, 물리치료, 자가 치료 프로그램, 견인 치료에 비하여 효과적인 치료인 것으로 확인되었다. 결론 : 18개의 논문 중 10개의 논문에서 근골격계 질환 치료에 있어 수기치료가 경제적으로 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 다른 치료방법에 비해 수기요법이 근골격계 질환에 있어서 경제적 가치가 있음을 시사하는 내용이다. 하지만, 근골격계 질환 수기치료의 경제성 평가에 대한 선행 연구는 전반적으로 부족한 실정으로, 보다 정확한 결과를 제시하고 정책결정을 위한 효과적인 제안을 위해서는 체계적인 추가 연구가 필요하다 사료되는 바이다.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.277-293
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• 1997

This study was conducted to provide basic materials required to enforce and develop welfare policies, as well as the health system, for the aged, by surveying the status of health care utilized by the daily increasing old population and the importance of receiving physical therapy. Data that need in this research was gathered from over ages of 65, during the period from Jan 4, 1996 to Jan 31, using the inquiries previously made by geriatric researchers and through literatures investigator by this writer. The data were analyzed by $X^2$, Z-test, Likert scale. The findings were as follows : 1) General characteristics of subjects. People in the age group between 65 and 69 were 55.6% and the highest number, while male were 37% and female 63%. Analysis of income group disclosed 60.6% whose monthly income, including the pocket money given by children, was less than 200,000 won. 91.1% of the elderly people surveyed owned houses; only 36.4% live with spouses; while 15.6% live alone. 2) Characteristics with respect to utilization of health care institution. 56% of the total medical institutions used by the elderly people were clinics and the rates of chronic disease and musculoskeletal disease were 73.2%. 3) Characteristics with respect to approach of health care institution. 45.1% of the respondent stated it took 20 minutes to arrive at hospital, and bus accounted for 48.6% of all transportation means used to go to hospital. 4) Degree of cognition with respect to the rights of geriatric patients. (1) There is no financial support from the government for geriatric patients(71.4%). (2) Government financial support is needed for geriatric patients(95.3%). (3) Have never been regionally surveyed or called upon for interviews with respect to treatment desire and problems relating to geriatric patients(87.2%). (4) Health and medical policies for geriatric patients must be established rapidly(98.4). (5) Expansion and construction of specialized medical facilities for geriatric patients such as elderly hospital and medical center are needed(90.2%). (6) Government's welfare policies for the elderly people is insufficient(82.0%) 5) Degree of cognition on importance of physical therapy with respect to geriatric patient. (1) Physical therapy is considered most effective in treating geriatric patients(82.9%). (2) Physical therapists specializing in only elderly people must be need of separately(76.2%). (3) It is desirable for medical specialists to visit geriatric patients at home to provide physical therapy(82.9%). (4) Hospitals specializing in physical therapy for geriatric patient are required(85.6%). Based on the result for this research, the following suggestions are presented to facilitate the utilization of health care institution for the welfare of geriatric patients. Medical facilities such as elderly hospital and geriatric patient's medical center specializing in elderly people must be constructed as early as possible; and home-visiting physical therapist system must be important to treat chronic geriatric patients; our government must establish policies to provide the old ages with means for the health care and curing chronic diseases, and carry out the plans of reasonable distribution and effective untilization of medical resources.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.129-144
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• 2016

Objectives : This study aims to review the actual use of acupuncture manipulation in clinical trials and to discuss the directions of studies, to be conducted in the future. Methods : Through five search engines, clinical trial papers were collected, which had involved the use of acupuncture treatment since 2001 when STRICTA was published. The selected papers were classified based on whether acupuncture manipulation and De-Qi were stated. The comparison status of domestic and foreign, status by year, target diseases, and therapeutic interventions were also investigated. Results : 54 % domestic and 69 % foreign papers mentioned acupuncture manipulation or De-Qi. Among them, acupuncture manipulation was used in 40 % domestic and 53 % foreign papers. There was no significant difference around 2010 when the revised edition of STRICTA was published. The use of acupuncture manipulation was the highest in studies that targeted musculoskeletal disorders. Besides that, the use of acupuncture manipulation was higher in cases where acupuncture was used for therapeutic interventions than it was for basic manipulation or combination therapy. Conclusion : Compared to the importance of acupuncture manipulation and De-Qi, there was actually a smaller number of papers that clearly suggested information on acupuncture manipulation and De-Qi. The reason is considered to be a lack of studies to establish the mechanism and effectiveness of each acupuncture manipulation method and studies that objectified the amount of stimulation incurred by the acupuncture manipulation methods. It is necessary to properly utilize acupuncture manipulation by actively conducting these studies.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.90-110
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• 2011

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to examine the parental recognition and utilizing patterns of oriental medical care in children who live in Seong-Dong district. Methods 802 day-care center children's parents participated in the survey on recognition and utilizing patterns of oriental medical care, and 702 of the surveys were analyzed. Results: 1. 38.33% has received previous oriental medical treatments and most were received at the children's age under 12-24 months. Majority of the treatments took place in the clinical settings. By recommendation, some also received their treatment at the medical centers. One of the reasons why they receive oriental medical treatments was that they prefer to balance their treatment with the orental medical treatments along with the western's. 2. 53.85% of those who received oriental medical treatments were satisfied with their treatments. The effective treatment results were the major reason for the satisfaction. 3. 49.56% of those who had oriental medical treatments chose specific oriental medical facilities for the children's ailment. Most specific oriental medical facilities were local oriental medical clinics. Reputation fame were the main reason in choosing the clinics. 4. In 2009, 55.26% had received care in the specific oriental medical clinics for the diseases, such as respiratory symptoms, systemic symptoms, gastrointestinal symptoms, skin problems, neurological and psychiatric disease for infants, and respiratory symptoms, gastrointestinal symptoms, systemic symptoms, skin problems, neurological and psychiatric symptoms, urinary symptoms and musculoskeletal symptoms for toddlers. 5. The average duration of herbal treatment were 7-14 days, preferably 4-6 days, and preferred number of medical visits were once a week on Saturdays and preferred day for night cares were on Friday nights. Average treatment fee per treatment was less than 10,000 won which coincided with the preferred treatment fee per visit. 6. The very first medical institutions chosen by parents once their children are ill are the following; Western medical institutions, western medical clinics, pharmacies, oriental medical clinics, health centers, and lastly, oriental medical institutions. The major concerns in receiving oriental medical cares include pesticides in herbs and hazardous substances in heavy metals. Preferred form of oriental medicine was decoction, the negative feedback of oriental medicine was mostly due to the bitter taste of the oriental herbal decoctions. Preferred frequency of intake was twice a day with less than 10cc~20cc per single intake. Conclusions: Taken all together, we conclude that the growing recognition of Oriental Pediatric medicine is needed among parents.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.381-389
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• 2004

Objective : To compare the efficacy between SKI306X and Diclofenac by using generalized estimating equations (GEE) methodology in the analysis of correlated bivariate binary outcome data in Osteoarthritis (OA) diseases. Methods : A randomized, double-blind, active comparator-controlled, non-inferiority clinical trial was conducted at 5 institutions in Korea with the random assignment of 248 patients aged 35 to 75 years old with OA of the knee and clinical evidence of OA. Patients were enrolled in this study if they had at least moderate pain in the affected knee joint and a score larger than 35mm as assessed by VAS (Visual Analog Scale). The main exposure variable was treatment (SKI 306X vs. Diclofenac) and other covariates were age, sex, BMI, baseline VAS, center, operation history (Yes/No), NSAIDS (Y/N), acupuncture (Y/N), herbal medicine (Y/N), past history of musculoskeletal disease (Y/N), and previous therapy related with OA (Y/N). The main study outcome was the change of VAS pain scores from baseline to the 2nd and 4th weeks after treatment. Pain scores were obtained as baseline, 2nd and 4th weeks after treatment. We applied GEE approach with empirical covariance matrix and independent(or exchangeable) working correlation matrix to evaluate the relation of several risk factors to the change of VAS pain scores with correlated binary bivariate outcomes. Results : While baseline VAS, age, and acupuncture variables had protective effects for reducing the OA pain, its treatment (Joins/Diclofenac) was not statistically significant through GEE methodology (ITT:aOR=1.37, 95% CI=(0.8200, 2.26), PP:aOR=1.47, 95% CI=(0.73, 2.95)). The goodness-of-fit statistic for GEE (6.55, p=0.68) was computed to assess the adequacy of the fitted final model. Conclusions : Both ANCOVA and GEE methods yielded non statistical significance in the evaluation of non-inferiority of the efficacy between SKI306X and Diclofenac. While VAS outcome for each visit was applied in GEE, only VAS outcome for the fourth visit was applied in ANCOVA. So the GEE methodology is more accurate for the analysis of correlated outcomes.