• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.44 no.6
• /
• pp.643-652
• /
• 2002

Data were consisted of the ten body measurements (withers height, rump height, body length, chest depth, chest width, rump width, rump length, thurls width, hipbone width and chest girth) of 642 steers (Korean cattle), which was entered in the National Beef Quality Contest hosted by the Korea Animal Improvement Association from 1997 to 2001. A principal components analysis was used to classify the body types of the steers, and estimate the correlations between carcass traits and principal components for the body measurements of the first, second, third and fourth period, respectively. The first principal component of body measurements at the first, second, third and fourth period accounted for 76.0%, 83.0%, 72.7% and 57.4% of the total variance, respectively. The sum of first, second and third principal component at each period accounted for 86.69%, 90.49%, 84.62% and 77.26% of the total variance, respectively. At each period, all the first principal component of the body measurements were positive and it generally showed large framed body shape. The size of body was influenced mostly by chest depth(0.328${\sim}$0.339) and rump length(0.325${\sim}$0.341). The second, third and fourth principal component at the each period were various. There were positive correlations between principal components index of each period and carcass traits such as carcass weight(0.539${\sim}$0.755), average daily gain(0.256${\sim}$0.564), backfat thickness(0.227${\sim}$0.280), and eye muscle area(0.187${\sim}$0.344). The correlation with yield grade index(－0.246${\sim}$－0.110), however, was negative. The correlation with marbling score(0.066${\sim}$0.099) was low or statistically insignificant. According to principal component indexes of the second, third, and fourth components, the correlations with the carcass traits were various. There were no large differences between the correlations of the single body measurement trait with the carcass traits and the correlations of the first principal component indexes with the carcass traits.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.45 no.3
• /
• pp.343-354
• /
• 2003

Simulation studies were carried out to investigate the responses of selection for three carcass traits (longissimus muscle area: EMA, fat thickness: BF, and marbling score: MS) based on either adjusted phenotypes (APH) or estimated breeding values (EBV) in multivariate animal model with different breeding schemes. Selection responses were estimated and compared on six different models with respect to breeding schemes using either carcass measurements or real time ultrasonic (RTU) scans generated by Monte Carlo computer simulation supporting closed breeding population. From the base population with 100 sires and 2000 dams, 20 sires and 1000 dams by each generation were selected by either APH or EBV for 10 generations. Relative economic weights were equal of three traits as EMA(1): BF(－1) : MS(1) for standardized either APH or EBV. For first two models which were similarly designed with current progeny-test program in Korean cattle, three carcass traits with records either only on male progenies (Model 1) or on male and female progenies (Model 2) were used for selecting breeding stocks. Subsequently, generation intervals on males were assumed as 6${\sim}$10 years in these two models. The other two models were designed with tools of selection by RTU rather than carcass measurements with genetic correlations of 0.81${\sim}$0.97 between RTU and corresponding carcass traits in addition to whether with records (Model 4) or without records (Model 3) on female. In these cases, generation intervals on males were assumed as 2${\sim}$4 years. The remaining last two models were designed as similar with Models 3 and 4 except genetic correlations of 0.63${\sim}$0.68 between RTU and corresponding carcass traits with records (Model 6) and without records (Model 5) on females. The results from 10 replicates on each model and selecting methods suggested that responses indirect selection for carcass traits in Model 4 were 1.66${\sim}$2.44 times efficient rather than those in Model 1. Otherwise, in Model 6 with assuming moderate genetic correlations, those efficiencies were 1.18${\sim}$2.08 times with comparing to responses in Model 1. However, selection response for marbling score was the smallest among three carcass traits because of small variation of measurements. From these results, this study suggested that indirect selection using RTU technology for improving high meat qualities in Korean cattle would be valuable with modifying measuring rules of marbling score forward to large variation or modifying relative economic weight for selection.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.49 no.6
• /
• pp.761-772
• /
• 2007

This study was conducted to evaluate effects of dietary pine cone meal on growth performance, blood characteristics, carcass quality and fecal noxious gases compounds in finishing pigs. The total of sixty [(Landrace×Yorkshire)×Duroc] pigs(86.01±0.25kg in average initial body weight) were used in 35 days assay. Dietary treatments included 1) T1(2% cottonwood sawdust), 2) T2(1% cottonwood sawdust+1% pine cone meal) and 3) T3(2% pine cone meal). There were three dietary treatments with five replicate pens per treatment and four pigs per pen. During the overall periods, there were no significant differences in ADG(Average daily gain), ADFI(Average daily feed intake) and gain/feed ratio among treatments (P>0.05). Also, Nutrient digestibilities and blood characteristics were not affected by dietary treatments. At the end of this experiment, a*-value of logissimus dorsi muscle color and sensory evaluation color were higher in T3 treatment than T1 treatment(P<0.05). In fatty acid contents of lean, C18:1 and total MUFA were significantly lower in T1 treatment than other treatments(P<0.05). However, total ω6 and total PUFA were higher in T1 treatment than T2 treatment(P<0.05). In fatty acid contents of fats, total SFA was significantly higher in T2 treatment than T3 treatment(P<0.05). C18:1 was higher in T2 treatment than T1 treatment(P<0.05). There were no significant differences in fecal noxious gas compounds among the treatments. In conclusion, the results of the experiment was affected by dietary supplementation of pine cone meal on meat color and fatty acid composition of pork in finishing pigs.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
• /
• v.24 no.4
• /
• pp.391-397
• /
• 2009

Carnosine is a dipeptide ($\beta$-alanyl-L-histidine) found in mammalian brain, eye, olfactory bulb and skeletal muscle at high concentrations. Its biological functions include antioxidant and anti-glycation activities. The objectives of this study were to investigate anti-diabetic effects of carnosine as determined by blood glucose levels in glucose tolerance test (GTT) and insulin tolerance test (ITT), insulin level and serum biochemical and lipid levels in male C57BL/6J db/db mice. There were five experimental groups including normal (C57BL/6J), control (vehicle), and three groups of carnosine at doses of 6, 30, and 150 mg/kg b.w. Carnosine was orally administered to the diabetic mice everyday for 8 weeks. There was no significant difference in body weight changes in carnosine-treated groups compared to the control. The treatments of carnosine significantly decreased the blood glucose level in the diabetic mice compared with the control (p < 0.05) after 5 weeks. The treatments of carnosine also significantly decreased the blood glucose levels in GTT and ITT and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), compared with the control (p < 0.05). Carnosine at the dose of 6 mg/kg significantly decreased the serum insulin level compared to the control (p < 0.05). Carnosine significantly increased total proteins but significantly decreased lactate dehydrogenase and blood urea nitrogen compared with the control (p < 0.05). Carnosine also significantly decreased glucose, LDL, and triglyceride in the serum of diabetic mice compared to the control (p < 0.05). These results suggest that carnosine has a hypoglycermic effect resulting from reduction of glucose and lipid levels and that high carnosine-containing diets or drugs may give a benefit for controlling diabetes mellitus in humans.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
• /
• v.29 no.2
• /
• pp.168-177
• /
• 2009

This study was conducted to investigate the dietary effects of locally grown herbs (Mentha piperascens, PM; Rubus coreanus, RC; Tagetes patula, MG) on the growth performance and meat quality of broiler chicken. A total of 600 1-d-old Ross male broiler chicks were divided into eight groups and were fed control diets (antibiotics-medicated or non-medicated commercial diets) or experimental diets (non-medicated diets containing 0.3 or 0.5% PM, 0.3 or 0.5% RC, or 0.3 or 0.5% MG) for 5wk. The body weight gains and feed conversion rates (FCRs) in all the groups that were fed diets containing PM, RC, or MG were significantly improved compared to those in the non-medicated control group (p<0.05). The relative weights of various organs, the serum cholesterol levels, and the GOT/GPT activities in all the groups were also not significantly different. The superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activities in the groups that were fed diets containing 0.3% PM or 0.3% MG were significantly increased compared to those in the non-medicated control group (p<0.05). The number of cecal lactic-acid bacteria in the groups that were fed diets containing 0.3% PM or 0.5% RC tended to increase. The malondialdehyde contents in the leg muscles were significantly lowered by feeding with PM or MG (p<0.05). The physicochemical properties of the edible meat, including the shear force, water-holding capacity, heat loss, pH, and muscle color degrees $(CIEL^*.\;a^*.\;b^*)$, were not affected by the dietary treatments. It has been suggested that spontaneous Korean plants promote the growth of broilers and may delay lipid oxidation in edible muscles without any negative effect when added in broiler diets.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.45 no.1
• /
• pp.57-68
• /
• 2003

Effects of supplemental levels of Bomboo vinegar(BV) on growth performance, serum profile and meat quality in 15 Korean native Hanwoo cows was investigated. Concentrate diet was supplemented with Bamboo vinegar with 3% and 6% of the diet. Daily weight gain was increased slightly at 3% BV, but it was decreased in 6% BV. Feed intake was decreased(P<0.05) at 6% BV. Glucose concentration of serum profile was decreased(P<0.05) at 3% and 6% BV. Total protein and cholesterol concentrations were increased(P<0.05) at 3% and 6% BV. BUN concentration was increased(P<0.05) at 3% BV. In carcass characteristics the longissimus muscles of all BV treatments showed no significant(P<0.05) effects, but back fat thickness was decreased significantly(P<0.05) in 6% BV. Marbling score was increased significantly(P<0.05) at 3% BV, thus improving the meat quality. Cut meat production was not difference by treatment. Crude fat content of proximate chemical composition in longissimus muscle was increased(P<0.05) in 3% BV. Shear force and cholesterol contents were decreased(P<0.05) in 3% and 6% BV. The 16:0 of fatty acid composition in longissimus was decreased(P<0.05) whereas 18:1 was increased(P<0.05) at 3% and 6% BV. The composition of saturated fatty acids(SFA) was decreased(P< 0.05), whereas unsaturated fatty acids(USFA) was increased(P<0.05) in 3% BV. Odor and appearance of sensory evaluation were not difference by treatment. Taste was improved significantly (P<0.05) in 3% and 6% BV with the peculiar and savory taste of Hanwoo being more emphasized. The results of this experiment indicated that 3% BV improved the marbling score and crude fat content, decreased the shear force and cholesterol contents, increased the USFA composition, and improved the taste of sensory evaluation in Korean native Hanwoo cows.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.46 no.6
• /
• pp.947-956
• /
• 2004

The primary role of lipoprotein lipase(LPL) is the hydrolysis of triglycerides(TG) from the core of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins such as chylomicrons and very low density lipoproteins in plasma. Fatty acids liberated by LPL on capillary endothelial surfaces are available for tissues as energy sources especially in muscles or for storage in the form of TG in adipose tissues. Therefore, as the candidate gene related to the carcass traits of the beef cattle, we have directly sequenced the exon 5${\sim}$exon 6 region in the bovine LPL gene for discovery of single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP) with 24 unrelated Hanwoo(Korean cattle). Novel eight sequence variants were detected: three loci on exon 5, three on intron 5 and two on exon 6. All SNPs identified were strongly linked each other, and one hundred twenty eight Hanwoo samples were genotyped one SNP on intron 5 using PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism method by digestion with Hae III restriction enzyme. The allele frequency of the polymorphism was 0.76 and 0.24. The effects of this polymorphism on the breeding values of the carcass weight, loin muscle area, back fat thickness and marbling score were analyzed using least square methods of SAS GLM. The marbling score of BB genotype was significantly higher than those of AA and AB genotypes(P<0.05). This result indicates that this polymorphism may be associated with the variation of marbling score. Further study is warranted to investigate the phenotypic association in Hanwoo.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.53 no.4
• /
• pp.325-332
• /
• 2011

This research was conducted to analyze the effects of raising farm on the heritability and breeding values of Hanwoo cows for their carcass traits, including cold carcass weight (CWT), back-fat thickness (BFT), eye-muscle area (EMA) and marbling score (MAR). The carcass data and pedigree data were collected from steers raised on Hanwoo farms in Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do, South Korea. Three analytical models were applied for the estimation of heritabilities and breeding values. The first model (model 1) included slaughter house-year-month combination as fixed effects and age at slaughter was fitted as linear and quadratic covariates. The second model (model 2) was similar to model 1, but raising farm was additionally included as random effect. The third model (model 3) was similar to model 1 but farm effects were additionally included as fixed effect. The comparisons between the model 1 and the models including farm effect (model 2 and model 3) revealed that heritability estimates from model 2 or model 3 were smaller to those from model 1 for all carcass traits. Especially, obvious decrease of heritability was observed in CWT where heritability was 0.23 from model 1, 0.15 from model 2 and 0.18 from model 3. The maximum log likelihood of the model 2 and 3 were higher than those of model 1 for all traits. In model 2 that raising farm was included as a random effect, the ratio of farm variance to the total phenotypic variance were ranged from 4% (EMA) to 18% (CWT). Top 10% and bottom 10% of female cows were selected based on the breeding values from model 1, and the Spearman's rank correlation coefficients among models were estimated for each trait within selected group. The correlation coefficients were ranged from 0.57 to 0.95 in top 10% group and from 0.68 to 0.95 in bottom 10% group. These results show that the discrepancies in the rankings of breeding values can be based on the models applied. In conclusion, the results obtained in this study suggest that the herd effect or farm effect should be included in the analytical model when breeding values are estimated with the purpose of improvement of carcass traits of Hanwoo breeding cows.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.50 no.4
• /
• pp.485-498
• /
• 2008

This study was conducted to evaluate effects of dietary rare earth on growth performance, blood immune- related cell population, meat quality and fecal odor emitting gases in finishing pigs. The total of sixty four (Landrace×Yorkshire×Duroc) pigs(65.42±1.16kg in average initial body weight) were used for feeding trial during 10 weeks of experimental period. Dietary treatments included 1) NC(antibiotic free diet), 2) PC (NC diet+6 weeks 44ppm of tylosin/ 4 weeks 22ppm of tylosin) 3) RE1 (NC diet + 100ppm of RE), 4) RE2 (NC diet+200ppm of RE). There were four dietary treatments with four replicate pens per treatment and four pigs per pen. During the overall periods, there were no significant differences in ADG(Average daily gain), ADFI (Average daily feed intake) and gain/feed ratio among treatments(P>0.05). Dry matter and nitrogen digestibility were higher in RE2 treatment group than other groups(P<0.05). Also, energy digestibility was higher in RE2 treatment group than PC and RE1 treatment groups(P<0.05). At the 6th week WBC(white blood cell) was significantly increased(P<0.05) in RE1 treatment group than NC and RE2 treatment groups. L* value of M. logissimus dorsi muscle color was significantly increased(P<0.05) in rare earth supplemented groups compared to NC treatment group(P<0.05). However, a* value was lower in RE1 treatment group than PC treatment group (P<0.05). In fatty acid composition of Intramuscular fat, total MUFA was significantly higher in RE2 treatment group than other groups(P<0.05). Also, total UFA was significantly increased in RE2 treatment group compared with NC and PC treatment groups(P<0.05). In fatty acid composition of back fats, total SFA of rare earth supplemented groups were lower than in PC treatment group(P<0.05). UFA:SFA ratio was significantly higher in rare earth supplemented groups than PC treatment group(P<0.05). In fecal odor emission, NH3 was significantly decreased(P<0.05) in rare earth supplemented groups compared to NC and PC treatment groups. In conclusion, the results of the experiment was affected by rare earth supplementation on digestibilities, meat quality, fatty acid and fecal odor emission gases in finishing pigs.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
• /
• v.22 no.4
• /
• pp.289-293
• /
• 2002

This study was conducted to investigate changes of pH, meat color, cooking loss, shear force and sensory evaluation on Hanwoo meat fed with supplemental fig fermentation(SFF) during storage period. A total of 10 Hanwoo bulls were subjected to one of two treatment diets (control and 10% SFF) from live weight of 400kg far 6 months. After slaughter, longissimus muscles were removed, zipper-wrapped and stored at 4$\^{C}$ for 21 days. The pH, meat color, cooking loss, shear force and sensory evaluation of the samples were measured at 1, 3, 9, 15, 21 days of storage. There were no differences in pH, meat objective color(Hunter L, a and b) and cooking loss (%) of longissimus muscles between control and SFF treatment during storage. Shear force values of longissimus muscle from SFF treatment showed lower level in 1, 3 and 9 days and tended to decrease during storage. No differences in odor and appearance of sensory evaluation were observed between control and SFF treatment during storage. The taste induced by SFF was increased(f<0.05) at 1, 3 and 9 days of storage. These results indicate that the SFF may improve meat quality of Hanwoo during storage.