• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.895-902
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• 2002

Monocytes and macrophages playa major role in defense mechanism of the host response to tumor, in part through the secretion of several potent products and macrophage cytokines. Monocytes and tissue macro phages produce at least two groups of protein mediators of inflammation, interleukin 1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Recent studies emphasizes that TNF and IL-1 modulate the inflammatory function of endothelial cells, leukocytes, and fibroblasts. In this study, our work is directed toward studying the in vitro effects of Korean propolis on the ability to induce cellular and secretory responses in murine macrophage cell line, RAW 264.7. It was found that Water Extract of Korean Propolis (WEP) could activate macro phages by producing cytokines. The production of the macrophage cytokines, IL-1 and TNF-$\alpha$, by RAW 264.7 treated with WEP was examined from 2.5 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml up to 25 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml with dose dependent manner. Nitric oxide (NO) production was also increased when cells were exposed to combination of LPS and WEP from 2.5 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml up to 25 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml. At high dose of WEP (50 to 100 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml) used to prescribe for anti-inflammatory and analgesic medicine showed inhibition of NO production in LPS-stimulated macrophage. Besides cytokine production, NO release, surface molecule expression and cell morphologic antigen expression were increased in response to the stimulation by WEP. These results suggested WEP may function through macrophage activation.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.171-174
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• 2010

The anti-tumorigenic effects of Toxoplasma gondii (RH) antigens were studied in a murine sarcoma-180 tumor model. To determine the anti-tumor effects, the reduction in tumor size and expression of CD31 (an angiogenesis marker in the tumor tissue) were examined after injection of BALB/c mice with T. gondii lysate antigen (TLA) or formalin-fixed, proliferation-inhibited, T. gondii tachyzoites. Tumors were successfully produced by an intradermal injection of sarcoma-180 cells with plain Matrigel in the mid-backs of mice. After injection with TLA or formalin-fixed T. gondii tachyzoites, the increase in tumor size and weight nearly stopped while tumor growth continued in control mice that were injected with PBS. CD31 expression in TLA-treated or formalin-fixed T. gondii-injected mice was lower than the control mice. Accordingly, the present study shows that the treatment of mice with formalin-fixed T. gondii or TLA in the murine sarcoma-180 tumor model results in a decrease of both tumor size and CD31 expression.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.579-582
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• 2001

Twenty one Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats(SHR) that were 4- to 21-month-old were examined histopathologically and serologically during a routine health monitoring of the rat colony. The results of the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) for murine pathogens demonstrated that 14 of 21 SHR rats had antibodies to Mycoplasma pulmonis. Histopathologically, the mycoplasma positive SHR rats were observed to have the typical pulmonary lesions which are characterized by the hyperplasia of the lymphoid tissue around the bronchi, bronchioles and vessels. Based on the histopathological findings and serological results, this case was diagnosed as a murine mycoplasmosis of SHR rats.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.21-30
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• 1996

MAP kinases are a family of serine/threonine specific protein kinases becoming activated in response to different proliferative stimuli by phosphorylation at both threonine and tyrosine residue. Present study shows that MAP kinase was purified from P388 murine leukema cells by SP sephadex C-50, phenyl superose and Mono Q column chromatography and identified with anti-ERKl antibody by western blotting. Immnublotting analysis to the crude extract of P388 cell lysate shows 44 kD and other minor bands but partial purified fraction eluted from phenyl supherose column have 44kD and 66 kD isoform. Subcloned GST-fusion protein from N-terminal of $p56^{kk}$ was tested as a substrate for MAP kinase phosphorylation. It was showed that the wild type and mutant forms(S42A) were fully phosporylated by purified MAP kinase fraction as com-pare with the other mutant form(S59A). This finding suggest that those GST-fusion proteins may be used as substrate for the in vitro test of MAP kinase.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.891-901
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• 2017

Objectives: The aim of the study was to evaluate the anti-asthmatic effect of alismatis rhizoma and alisol acetate B combination therapy in a murine asthma model. Methods: C57BL/6 mice were sensitized to and challenged with a mixture of ragweed, dust mite, and aspergillus to induce an asthma animal model. Alismatis rhizoma extract and alisol acetate B combination therapy was co-administered only in the experimental group. To evaluate the anti-asthmatic effect of the combination therapy, inflammatory cell counts in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid were determined, and tissue was examined histologically with hematoxylin and eosin (H & E) and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) stains, by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of IgE, IL-4, and IL-5, and with reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of IL-5, IL-33, MUC5AC. Results: Alismatis rhizoma and alisol acetate B combination therapy reduced the number of inflammatory cells, alleviated histologic features, and down-regulated all the investigated asthma mediators, IgE, IL-4, IL-5, IL-33, and MUC5AC. Conclusions: According to the above results, alismatis rhizoma and alisol acetate B combination therapy may have therapeutic potential for asthma.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2013

Purpose: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C and its tyrosine kinase receptor, VEGF receptor (VEGFR)-3 are recently known to have lymphangiogenic activities in various tumor types. In this study, we determined whether the expression of lymphangiogenic factors correlate with nodal metastasis or survival in a nude mouse model of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Methods: Three OSCC cells (KB, SCC4, SCC9) were xenografted into the right mandibular gland of athymic nude mice. The mice were followed for tumor development and growth, and the mice were sacrificed when they had lost more than 20% of their initial body weight, or the diameter of the induced tumor exceeds 20 mm. After necropsy, the murine tumors were examined histologically and radiologically (micro-positron emission tomography computed tomography) for regional or distant metastasis. We performed immunohistochemical assays with anti-VEGF-C, VEGFR-3, CD105, and D2-40 antibodies. Immunofluorescence double staining for LYVE-1/CD31 was also performed. To quantify the VEGF-C and VEGFR-3 level in the cancer tissue, Western blotting was performed. Finally, we determined the correlation between the degree of expression of VEGF-C/VEGFR-3 and the mean survival time. Results: OSCC tumor cells into the mandibular gland of the nude mice successfully resulted in the formation of recapitulating orthotopic tumor. Tumor cells of the induced tumor did not express VEGF-C. VEGF-C/VEGFR-3 expression was mainly distributed in the endothelial cells of the stromal area. There were no correlation between the degree of expression of VEGF-C/VEGFR-3 and the mean survival time of mice injected with different OSCC cell lines. Conclusion: An recapitulating orthotopic model of OSCC in nude mice was established, which copies the cervical nodal metastasis of human OSCC. Overexpression of lymphangiogenic factors seems to have no effect on survival of hosts in this in vivo experiment.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.716-721
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• 2005

This experiment was designed to investigate the effect of Farfarae Flos(FF) on immune cells and cytokines in murine asthma model. C57BL/6 mice were sensitized and challenged with OVA(ovalbumin) for 9 weeks(3 times a week). The experimental group was treated with Farfarae Flos extract(FF) for the later 6 weeks(5 times a week). We measured IL-4, 1L-5, 1L-13, IgE, IFN-${\gamma}$ in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of ovalbumin induced asthmatic mouse and observed murine lung tissue. The results were obtained as follows: Total leukocytes and eosinophils in BALF of the mice group treated with FF decreased significantly compared with those of control group. The concentration of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IgE in BALF of the mice group treated with FF decreased significantly compared with those of control group. The concentration of IFN-${\gamma}$ in BALF of the mice group treated with FF increased significantly compared with that of control group. According to the above results, it is suggested that FF extract might be useful applied for prevention and treatment of allergic asthma.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.1 s.37
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• pp.151-160
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• 1999

Nitric oxide(NO) is synthesized via the oxidation of L-arginine by a family of nitric oxide synthases(NOS), which are either constitutive(cNOS) or inducible(iNOS). The induction of iNOS in tissues can lead to the sustained production of high concentrations of NO which may exert pro-inflammatory effects including vasodilation. edema, cyototoxicity, and its activity can be mediated by various pro-inflammatory cytokine, including interferon ${\gamma}(INF-{\gamma})$. tumor necrosis factor, IL- 1 and IL-6. The enzyme, iNOS, became a new target for pharmacologcal research with the aim to find new substances for the treatment of chronic inflammatory disorders. Murine macrophages produce large amounts of NO when activated with $TFN-{\gamma}$ plus LPS. The murine macrophage-like cell line, RAW 264.7, is a suitable cell model on which to perform vitro studies regarding the iNOS system. Semen jugrandis is a fatty walnut seed found in Korea. The walnut have been used in foik medicine to improve virility, to relieved asthma, and to relieve constipation. Sesquiterpenelactones were isolated from this plant. In the course of screening for NO inhibitory activity from medicnial plants, the aqueous extract of this plant was found to have a significant activity. The result are summarized as followings. 1. The viability of cells incubated in the presence of semen jugrandis increased mare than non incubated cells. 2. Semen jugrandis suppressed the production of NO in tissues dependent on density. 3. Semen jugrandis suppressed the induction of iNOS in tissues dependent on density can lead to reduced production of NO. 4. Semen jugrandis suppressed the production of superoxide in tissue depend on density. According to the above mentioned results, semen jugrandis could be applied production of NO and superoxide can lead to reduction of chronic inflammatary. And as a depence matter come into a virus of microbe and tumor cells.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.143-150
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• 1997

Transcription factor CP2 was identified initially to bind the promoter region of the murine a-globin gene and its activity was shown to increase 2 to 3 fold during the induced differentiation of murine erythroleukemia (MEL) cells. To get further insight into the role of CP2 during development and differentiation, steady-state levels of CP2 message were monitored by using reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR and in situ hybridization assays in the cultured MEL cells and differentiating embryonic stem (ES) cells in vitro, and in fetal and adult mouse tissues. The amount of CP2 messages increased 3 to 5 fold during induced differentiation of MEL cells, suggesting that the increment of CP2 activity during induced differentiation of MEL cells is originated from the increase of transcription initiation. On the other hand, CP2 expression is not restricted to the erythroid lineage cells; CP2 expressed ubiquitously from the undifferentiated ES cells to adult tissue cells. CP2 transcript was observed even in the undifferentiated ES cells and the level of expression increased from day 8 of the differentiating embryoid bodies. RT-PCR assay in the total RNAs prepared from several tissues of the adult mouse also showed ubiquitous expression profile, although the levels of expression were variable among tissues. When non-radioactive in situ hybridization assay was performed to the paraffin-sectioned whole body mouse embryos at days 11.5, 13.5, and 16.5 after fertilization, variable amounts of positive signals were also detected in different tissues.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.41.1-41.15
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• 2022

Background: Proliferative enteritis caused by Lawsonia intracellularis undermines the economic stability of the swine industry worldwide. The development of cost-effective animal models to study the pathophysiology of the disease will help develop strategies to counter this bacterium. Objectives: This study focused on establishing a model of gastrointestinal (GI) infection of L. intracellularis in C57BL/6 mice to evaluate the disease progression and lesions of proliferative enteropathy (PE) in murine GI tissue. Methods: We assessed the murine mucosal and cell-mediated immune responses generated in response to inoculation with L. intracellularis. Results: The mice developed characteristic lesions of the disease and shed L. intracellularis in the feces following oral inoculation with 5 × 10⁷ bacteria. An increase in L. intracellularis 16s rRNA and groEL copies in the intestine of infected mice indicated intestinal dissemination of the bacteria. The C57BL/6 mice appeared capable of modulating humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to L. intracellularis infection. Notably, the expression of genes for the vitamin B12 receptor and for secreted and membrane-bound mucins were downregulated in L. intracellularis -infected mice. Furthermore, L. intracellularis colonization of the mouse intestine was confirmed by the immunohistochemistry and western blot analyses. Conclusions: This is the first study demonstrating the contributions of bacterial chaperonin and host nutrient genes to PE using an immunocompetent mouse model. This mouse infection model may serve as a platform from which to study L. intracellularis infection and develop potential vaccination and therapeutic strategies to treat PE.