• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.65-74
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• 2008

In this study, the composition and physico-chemical characteristics of municipal solid waste (MWS) which was treated in four different area were investigated. It is necessary to measure the characteristics of MSW to build a waste treatment and Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) facility, the data-base and total managing of the landfill. It was found that the average density of solid wastes is in the range of $78.15-199.8kg/m^3$. This MSW was composed of 8.87% of food wastes, 38.8% of papers, 34.12% of plastics & vinyls, 7.16% of textiles, 0.96% of wood, 1.3% of rubber & leathers and others, respectively. Most of MSW are composed of food, paper and plastic waste and more than 94% was combustible waste. For three components, moisture is 17.38%, combustible component is 69.03% and ash is 6.24%. The chemical element has the high order of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen on the dry basis of wastes. And the low heating value of the MSW which is measured by calorimeter is calculated as 2973.8 kcal/kg and high heating value of the MSW is calculated as 5209.94 kcal/kg.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2018

This study is to evaluate the per capita accessibility to child care facilities using road map in rural village unit considering the supply and demand of child care facilities in municipal (Si-Gun) units. Using these estimated accessibility, the most accessible regions to child care facilities was identifies using Moran's index. Assuming establish a new child care facility in the most accessible region, the sensitivity of child care environment was analyzed. The number of regions are 71 si-gun-gu where supply of child care facilities is insufficient. The average accessibility per capita is 1.09 km to child care facilities and the average accessibility in Myeon unit is approximately 2.2 times higher than accessibility in Eup unit (Eup unit 0.54 km, Myeon unit 1.21 km). Approach tendency from village to child care facilities has positive relationship as 0.451 global Moran's index. The high-high (H-H) accessibility regions are wide as Gangwon-do, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Gyeongsangnam-do, Jeollanam-do and Chungcheongbuk-do. Assumed to be established the new child care facilities in Yangyang-gun (Ganwon-do), accessibility changes of child care environment are up to 2.7 times greater and the recipient population is 77% of Yangyang-gun.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.9-20
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• 2007

The incineration process has commonly used for wastes amount reduction and thermal treatments of pollutants as the technologies accumulated. However, the process is getting negative public images owing to matter of hazardous pollutants emission. Specially dioxins became a main issue and were mostly emitted from municipal solid wastes incineration. In this reason, pyrolysis/gasification/melting process is presented as an alternative of incineration process. The pyrolysis/gasification/melting process, a novel technology, is middle of verification of commercial plant and development of technologies in Korea. But the survey about the pollutant emission from the process, and background data in these facilities is necessary. So in this survey, t is investigated that the behavior of chlorobenzenes and chlorophenols in plasma type pyrolysis/gasification/melting plant of pilot scale. We investigated discharging behavior of each phase of chlorobenzene through each process in the plsasma type pyrolysis/gasification/melting process. From this result, it was found that about 99 percent of particle-phase chlorobenzene was removed, but on the other hand gas-phase chlorobenzene was increased by about 600 percent through heat exchanger, flue gas cooling, system and semi dry absorption bag filter(SDA/BF). Also, this investigation presented that di-chlorobenzene(DCB) tri-chlorobenzene(TCB), tetra-chlorobenzene(TeCB), penta-chlorobenzene (PCB), except mono-chlorobenzene(MCB) and hexa-chlorobenzene(HCB) were increased through the flue gas cooling system and the semi dry absorption bag filter(SDA/BF). It was investigated that concentration of particle-phase chlorophenol was decreased by about 66 percent, but on the other hand, concentration of gas-phase chlorophenol was increased by about 170 percent through heat exchanger, flue gas cooling system, and semi dry absorption bag filter(SDA/BF). Also, it was found that di-chlorophenol(DCP), tri-chlorophenol(TCP), and penta-chlorophenol(PCP) were increased through the flue gas cooling system, and the semi dry absorption bag filter(SDA/BF). It can be considered that small-scale pilot facility and short investigation period might cause the concentration increase through the flue gas cooling system and the semi dry absorption bag filter(SDA/BF). A further study on real-scale pilot facility and accurate investigation may be required.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.22 no.1 s.63
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• pp.1-16
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• 2007

The incineration process has commonly used for wastes amount reduction and thermal treatments of pollutants as the technologies accumulated. However, the process is getting negative public images owing to matter of hazardous pollutants emission. Specially dioxins became a main issue and is mostly emitted from municipal solid wastes incineration. In this reason, pyrolysis/gasfication/melting process is presented as a alternative of incineration process. The pyrolysis/gasfication/melting process, a novel technology, is middle of verification of commercial plant and development of technologies in Korea. But the survey about the pollutant emission from the process, and background data in these facilities is necessary. So in this survey, it Is investigated that the behavior of dioxins in three pyrolysis/gasfication/melting plant (S, T, P) of pilot scale. In case of S plant, concentration of dioxins shows high at latter part of cogenerated boiler and stack which are operate on low temperature conditions than a latter parts of pyrolysis and melting furnace which are operate on high temperature condition. Concentration of gas phage dioxins had increased after combusted gas passed cogenerated boiler and this is attributed to react of precursor materials such as chlorobenzene and chlorophenol. Concentration of dioxins in T plant showed lower levels at latter part of cooling equipment which are operate with water spray type on low temperature conditions than a latter parts of gasfied melting furnace which are operate on high temperature condition. Removal efficiency of dioxins at gas treatment equipment was 78.8 %. Concentration of dioxins in P plant was low at latter part of SDA/BF which is operate at low temperature conditions than a latter parts of pyrolysis gasfied chamber which are operate at high temperature condition. Removal efficiency of dioxins of SDA/BF was 85.9 % and therefore, it showed high efficiency at those of stoker type incineration facility. However, concentration of dioxins which emitted at high temperature condition were low in three facilities and satisfied present standard emission level of dioxins. To consider the distribution ratio of dioxins, Particulate phase dioxins at S and P plants showed similar ratio with which shows in current stoker type for middle scale domestic waste incineration facility. It is necessary to continuos monitoring the ratio of distribution of dioxins in T plant in because ratio of gas phage dioxins showed high.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.97-105
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• 2012

This study examined for possibility of the food wastewater incineration treatment method as one of overland treatment method by incineration through liquefied spray of food wastewater when incinerating domestic wastes under operation and for the relationship, etc of air discharge material discharged in incineration, and the results of study are as follow: The food wastewater as one of overland treatment method was analysed 94-96% of moisture contents. Temperature of incinerator outduct during mixed incineration of food wastewater with MSW was average $897^{\circ}C$ and incineration of only MSW was $925^{\circ}C$. Temperature of the mixed incineration of food wastewater was dropped about $28^{\circ}C$ by incineration of only MSW. Concentration of nitrogen oxides(NOx) among air discharge gases was studied by 50ppm, 46ppm when inputting $200{\ell}/hr$, $300{\ell}/hr$ into the incinerator as the quantity of food wastewater. In the mixed incineration of food wastewater, generation speed of scales in the inside of a tubular exhaust gas boiler became rapid and the scale generation quantity became large but the exhaust gas boiler normally operated since scales were removed in cleaning of the tube with a compressive air cleaning facility and there was no opening clogging phenomena in a filter cloth of the filtering dust collector. The overland treatment method, not ocean dumping of food wastewater can be proposed as a technology since mixed incineration of food wastewater with MSW in the existing domestic waste incineration plant is possible, and operation costs of the incineration facility were reduced since use of chemicals such as ammonia and urinary hydrogen ion excretion, etc used in incineration facilities for removing nitrogen oxides(NOx).

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.115-123
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• 2013

Stoker type incinerator is one of the most popular one used as municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration because, in general, it is quite suitable for large capacity and need no preprocessing facility. Nowadays, however, since the combustible portion of incoming MSW increases together with the decrease of the moisture content due to prohibition of directly burying food waste in landfill, the heating value of waste is remarkably increasing in comparison with the early stage of incinerator installation. Consequently, the increased heating value in incinerator operation causes a number of serious problems such as reduction of waste amount to be burned due to the boiler heat capacity together with the significant NO generation in high temperature environment. Therefore, in this study, a series of numerical simulation have been made as parameters of waste amount and the fraction of moisture in air stream in order to investigate optimal operating condition for the resolution of the problems associated with the high heating value of waste mentioned above. In specific, a detailed turbulent reaction flow field calculation with NO model was made for the full scale incinerator of D city. To this end, the injection method of moisturized air as oxidizer was intensively reviewed by the addition of moisture water amount from 10% and 20%. The calculation result, in general, showed that the reduction of maximum flame temperature appears consistently due to the combined effects of the increased specific heat of combustion air and vaporization heat by the addition of water moisture. As a consequence, the generation of NOx concentration was substantially reduced. Further, for the case of 20% moisture amount stream, the afterburner region is quite appropriate in temperature range for the operation of SNCR. This suggests the SNCR facility can be considered for reoperation. which is not in service at all due to the increased heating value of MSW.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.278-285
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• 2008

This research was performed to evaluate the landfilling method of organic sludge from mix of pre-treated organic sludge (OS) and municipal solid waste(MSW). Organic sludges were dried, composted, and solidified as pre-treatment and the OS and MSW were mixed in ratios of 2 to 8 and 4 to 6. Approximately 1,800$\sim$2,500 L of landfill gas(LFG) was generated in the lysimeter with solidified-OS, which was higher than 1,150$\sim$1,650 L of the dried- and composted- ones. Maximum H$_2$S concentration was found in the following order : Composted-20(80 ppmv) > Composted-40(55 ppmv) > Dried-20(30 ppmv) > Dried-40 $\fallingdotseq$ Solidified-20 $\fallingdotseq$ Solidified-40 (20 ppmv). BOD$_5$ at initial leachate generation period was 38,000 mg/L for Composted-40, 28,000 mg/L for Dried-40, 26,000 mg/L for Dried-20, 21,000 mg/L for Composted-20 and Solidified-40, and Solidified-20 for 17,000 mg/L. In the final period of experiment, BOD$_5$ was low as 300$\sim$500 mg/L in the lysimeter with solidified-OS and MSW and showed 2,000$\sim$3,500 mg/L in dried- and composted- ones. As the results, landfilling by mix of solidified-OS and MSW was evaluated as the most appropriate method for biodegradable organics. Direct landfilling of OS is permitted for landfill site with CDM facility. Therefore, mixed landfilling of solidified-OS and MSW should be considered for much more LFG generation as methane.

• Spatial Information Research
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.25-34
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• 2012

Air quality in Daegu area is lower compared to many other cities, since Daegu is a basin surrounded by mountains. Accordingly, the present study investigated the location of carbon monoxide(CO) monitoring stations for systematic CO pollution management on the basis of the CO emission distribution in Daegu area. In order to achieve this purpose, the location of CO monitoring stations, which can be used for the establishment of CO management, were assessed. Emission map in Daegu area was prepared using numerical map and Clean Air Policy Support System(CAPSS) data supplied by the M inistry of Environment. Average emissions were estimated by dividing emission sources into four subgroups(roadway, apartment, industry, and municipal incineration facility) according to legal division. The CO emission intensities were subdivided into 10, which a high number represents a high emission intensity, and the current monitoring stations were evaluated for the determination of their steps in CO emission intensities. As a result, additional installation of monitoring stations were suggested for the high CO emission areas rather than the low CO emission areas. A systematic CO management strategy would be established by the supplying various principle CO data when the CO monitoring stations are additionally installed at Kukwudong and other six sites on the basis of analyses of data obtained from 1999 to 2007.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.42 no.10
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• pp.825-843
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• 2009

To prepare for agricultural droughts, the potential discharge to the water supply of irrigation facilities during drought periods is important. Using the MODSIM (Modified SIMYLD) model, water balance networks that consider irrigation facilities were designed for the Geum River Basin, and the potential discharge to the agricultural water supply of irrigation facilities were evaluated by running the model using data for 36 years (1967-2002). It was found that agricultural water deficiencies occurred during the drought years more than in the other years. The agricultural water deficiencies in 1994, 1995, and 2001, the representative drought years, were 745.8 million m$^3$, 661.1 million m$^3$, and 696.8 million m$^3$, respectively. The average potential discharge to the water supply of the sub-basin was 99.1 % in the cases of municipal and industrial water, and 84.4 % in the case of agricultural water. The potential discharge to the water supply in 1994, 1995, and 2001 were 74.8 %, 79.2 %, and 77.9 %, respectively, which are lower than those of the other years' sub-basin average. In the analysis of the contribution of each irrigation facility, the contributions of pumping stations and diversions were calculated as 32.5 %, and of culverts and wells, 4.0 %. During the drought periods, the pumping stations and diversions contributed to a certain level.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.21-25
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• 2001

The Keum river has been utilized for drinking water supply of several city including Kunsan city and is deepening pollution state due to numerous municipal and industrial discharges. The concentration BOD in river is affected by the organic loading from a tributary and the algae biomass that largely happen to under eutrophication state. In the eutrophic water mass such as the Keum river, the autochthonous BOD was very important part for making a decision of water quality management, because it was accounted for majority of the total BOD. The predict of water quality has important meaning for management of water quality pollution of the Keum river. The purpose of this study will manage and predict water quality of the Keum river using QUAL-2E model considering the autochthonous BOD. The estimation of autochthonous BOD represented that the relationship between BOD and chlorophyll a. The regression equation was shown to be autochthonous BOD=$\beta$(sub)5$\times$chlorophyll a. The results of this study may be summarized as followed; The QUAL-2E model was calibrated with the data surveyed in the field of the study area in June, 1998. The calculated value by QUAL-2E model are in good agree to measured value within relative error of 7.80~20.33%. Especially, in the case of the considering autochthonous BOD, the calculated value of BOD were fairly good coincided with the observed values within relative error of 15%. But the case of not considering autochthonous BOD, relative error of BOD was shown to be 43.2%. In order to attain II grade of water quality standard in Puyo station which has a intake facility of water supply, we reduced to the pollutants loading of tributaries. In the case of removed 100% BOD of tributaries, the BOD of Puyo station was 4.07mg/$\ell$, belong to III grade of water quality standard. But in the case of removed 88% nutrient of tributaries, it was satisfied to II grade of water quality standard as below 3mg/$\ell$ of BOD. For estimation of autochthonous BOD in Keum river, we are performed simulating in accordance with reduction of nutrient load(50~100%) under conditions removal 90% organic load. Occupancy of autochthonous BOD according to nutrient loading reductions were varied from 25.97~79.51%. Occupancy of autochthonous BOD was shown to be a tendency to increasing in accordance with reduction of nutrient loading. Showing the above results, the nutrient that one of the growing factor of algae was important role in decision of BOD in the Keum river. For the water quality management of the Keum river, therefore, it is necessary to considering autochthonous BOD and to construction of advanced sewage treatment plant for nutrient removal.