• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.16 no.11
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• pp.767-775
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• 2016

Mumps is an acute viral disease that affects the entire body, including inflammation of the salivary glands. Mumps is accompanied by unilateral or bilateral parotid gland swelling and pain. Mumps virus is spread to others by air, saliva, direct contact, and urine, and occurs in high-density population places such as schools, army, etc. Bilateral testicular involvement is seen in 10-60% of cases. If mumps orchitis affect post-pubertal men, approximately 50% of the infected people are said to experience severe testicular atrophy within 1-2 months as a complication. Mumps orchitis can alter the count, morphology, and motility of sperm and result in oligozoospermia and infertility caused by a rare azoospermia. When suspected of mumps orchitis, active initial symptomatic treatment can prevent infertility due to azoospermia in future adults. A case of mumps orchitis report two cases with references to the ultrasonnography and semen.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.53 no.5
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• pp.623-628
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• 2010

The mumps virus is a single-stranded, non-segmented, negative-sense RNA virus belonging to the $Paramyxoviridae$ family. Mumps is characterized by bilateral or unilateral swelling of the parotid gland. Aseptic meningitis is a common complication, and orchitis is also common in adolescents and adult men. Diagnosis is based on clinical findings, but because of high vaccination coverage, clinical findings alone are not sufficient for diagnosis, and laboratory confirmation is needed. Mumps is preventable by vaccination, but despite high vaccination coverage, epidemics occur in several countries, including Korea. Many hypotheses are suggested for these phenomena. In this review, we investigate the reason for the epidemics, optimal methods of diagnosis, and surveillance of immunization status for the prevention of future epidemics.

• The Journal of Korean Society of Virology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.113-124
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• 2000

We had isolated 8 viruses from 91 specimen collected at southwest Cheju Province during early spring 1998 and 2 viruses from 9 specimen collected at Chung Nam Province during early spring 1999. To perform cross-reactivity among 4 mumps vaccine strains and 10 wild-type mumps viruse isolates, we immunized mice and took antisera against each virus. There were no antibody titer differences by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA), but most isolated mumps viruses showed a little cross-reactivities with Jeryl Lynn and Rubini strains. It has shown similar result by haemagglutination-inhibition (HAI) test. These results show that 4 mumps strains used as vaccine have the protection ability against endemic wild-type mumps viruses. Also the SH gene analysis was performed to identify genotypes. Most isolated mumps viruses belonged to genotype D. These results indicate that endemic mumps viruses in Korea are different to ones isolated in Japan and China.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.115-122
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• 2013

Reemerging infectious diseases are infections that had decreased in incidence in the global population and were brought under control through effective health care policy such as vaccination, but more recently, began to resurge as a health problem due to many reasons. Measles, rubella, mumps and pertussis are the examples. Immunization with MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) and pertussis vaccine has contributed to marked decrease in measles, mumps, rubella and pertussis incidence worldwide. In Korea, measles and rubella almost disappeared after the introduction of 2 doses of MMR immunization schedule. Recently, these infections have been reemerging in many countries with low vaccination rates and can be introduced again in Korea. However mumps and pertussis outbreaks are reported among fully vaccinated populations. Declining vaccine effectiveness, an increased awareness and surveillance of the disease or improved laboratory diagnostic tools had been suggested as possible causes. For the clinicians, it is difficult to diagnose these reemerging infectious diseases partly because of few experience of typical cases of measles and rubella or partly because of modification of clinical symptoms and signs of infectious diseases in immunized population. In this article, the diagnosis of measles, mumps, rubella and pertussis will be reviewed in the aspects of clinical characteristics, serologic methods, virus isolation, and polymerase chain reaction.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.284-288
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• 2001

Respiratory viruses are one of the most infectious agent in human. Six different respiratory tract viruses were detected from Busan while working on the preventive surveillance in 1997-2000. The isolation rate from suspected specimens were 8.4%. Influenza virus A, B type, parainfluenza virus, adenovirus, mumps virus, and measles virus were examined from throat swabs, serum, and secretions of patients. Influenza A/Sydney/05/97(H3N2)-like, A/Johanesburg/33/94(H3N2)-like, A/Beijing/262/95(H1N1)-like and Influenza B/Beijing/262/95-like, B/Harbin/07/94-like, B/Guangdong/08/93-like were found. Adenovirus serotype 1, 2, 3 and 5 were detected, antibody of mumps both IgM and IgG were shown and outbreaks of measles were confirmed. Different antigenic types of influenza virus were detected every year, one outbreak of parainfluenza in 1999, mumps outbreak in 1999 and 2000, and incidence of measles in 2000 were noticeable. Monthly outbreaks were November through following March with influenza virus, January through June with adenovirus, February through May and December with mumps, April through August and November, December with measles, respectively. The size of isolated viruses were 130 nm with influenza virus B type, non-enveloped, icosahedron with 70 nm with adenovirus, 170 nm with mumps virus and 180 nm with parainfluenza virus in diameter, respectively.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.111-116
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• 1999

Postpubertal mumps may result in ochitis and permanent testicular atrophy may develop following infection. This present study was initiated to evaluate the preventive effect of interferon-${\alpha}2B$ on infertilty after mumps orchitis. There were 21 patients with mumps orchitis between May 1990 and June 1997. Patients were randomly distributed into 2 groups: group 1 patients (n=13) maintained therapy with interferon-${\alpha}2B$ ($3{\times}10^6$ IU per day) and group 2 were managed by conservatively. All of the patients were evaluated with testis size measurement, mumps virus titer, hormone level, and if possible semen analysis. For group 1 patients symptoms disappeared within 2 to 3 days and the volume of testis returned to normal within 11 days and testis atrophy was not observed in all patients in follow up. But asthenospermia was continued in 4 patients (unilateral 2, bilateral 2). For group 2 patients symptoms disappeared within 5 to 6 days and the volume of testis returned to normal within 10 days and testis atrophy was observed in 3 patients (unilateral 2, bilateral 1) in floow up. Asthenospermia was continued in 4 patients (unilateral 2, bilateral 2). Sperm count and morphology were recovered all the recover in group 1, 4 patients had persistent reduced sperm count and morphology in group 2, respectively. These observations suggest that systemic interferon-${\alpha}2B$ treatment is highly effective in preventing infertilty as well as testicular atrophy after mumps orchitis.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.117-124
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• 2005

Before twentieth centuries and during early twentieth centuries, communicable diseases were the major cause of morbidity and mortality in Korea. But reliable data are not available. After 1975, the overall morbidity and mortality from communicable diseases, rapidly declined. Recently many new pathogenic microbes were recognized: L. monocytogenes, Hantaan virus, Y. pseudotuberculosis, P. multocida, L. pneumophilia, Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), G. seoi, H. capsulatum, C. burnetii, V. cholerae O139, C. parvum, F. tularensis, E. coli O157:H7, B. burgdorferi, S. Typhimurium DT104, Rotavirus, hepatitis C virus and so on. Since the first HIV infection recognized in 1985, the reported cases of infection and deaths from HIV/AIDS have been steady increased each year. Legionnaire's disease, E. coli O157:H7 colitis, listeriosis and crytosporidiasis have been occurring just sporadically among immunocompromized cases. Many re-emerging communicable diseases were occurred in Korea: leptospirosis, malaria, endemic typhus, cholera, tsutsugamushi disease, salmonellosis, hepatitis A, shigellosis, mumps, measles, acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis, brucellosis and so on. Leptospirosis and tsutsugamushi diseases have been noticed as major public health problems since 1980s. The malaria that had been virtually disappeared for a decade has reappeared from 1993 with striking increase of patients in recent 3-4 years. The distributions of salmonella and shigella serotypes have been changed a lot in recent few decades. Furthermore rapid emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains induces more difficult and complex problems in control of communicable diseases. We must recognize on the importance of environment and ecosystem conservation and careful prescription of anti-microbial agent in order to prevent communicable diseases.

• The Microorganisms and Industry
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.2-6
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• 1978

백신이란 학문의 원조는 고금 동서를 불문하고 영국의 Jenner라는 것은 우리가 잘아는 사실이다. 이것은 약 200년전의 일이며 그후 각종 전염병예방 백신이 개발되어 오늘날 우리인간은 예전ㅇ 비해 각종 전염병에 대해 큰 은혜를 받고 있는 셈이다.특히 1949년 미국의 Enders박사 일맥의 조직 배양의 개량법에 의한 바이러스의 대량 배양과 정제및 농축이 용이하게 된것은 백신생산 개발문제뿐만아니라 바이러스학과 전염병 예방학의 발전의 일대혁신을 가져왔으며 세균학에 있어서 Koch의 고형배제를 사용하여 많은 병원성세균의 발견을 하게된 것과 비슷한 느낌을 준다. Enders의 조직배양의 modern technique는 아직까지 원인불명인 여러 종류의 바이러스 전염병 병원체가 구명되었으며 지금도 계속 새로운 바이러스가 발견되고 있는 중이다. 그 대표적인 예를 들면 폴리오(Polio)를 중심으로 Coxsackie virus의 A및 B군과 ECHO virus등 장관계바이러스들의 발견과 그 체계적정비 그리고 Adeno virus를 위시한 호흡기계 바이러스들의 계속적인 발견과 그 실험실진단법의 확립등을 들수 있다. 한편 백신개발에 대한 확립 등을 들수있다. 한편 백신개발에 대한 발자취를 보면 폴리오를 위시하여 홍역(Measles)백신, 멈프스(Mumps)및 풍진 (Rubella virus) 백신등의 개발은 근래 선,후진국을 막론하고 이러한 전염병의 예방효과가 눈에 띠게 덕을 보고있는 것이다. 지금 세계적으로 많은 전염병의 병원체가 바이러스라는 것이 알려져 있고 또한 이에 대한 백신의 개발연구가 활발하게 진행되고 있다. 이번 기회에 바이러스백신의 전망이라는 제목을 가지고 논하게 된것을 기쁘게 생가하며 동시에 어려운 과제라고도 생각된다. 왜냐하면 아직 우리나라에서는 생산을 못하고 있는것이 많은데 그 전망을 말하기가 어려운 까닭이며 또한 제한된 지면에서 충분히 고찰하기는 어렵다. 우리나라에서 자주 거론되는 백신 및 종류에 국한하여 그 문제점과 앞으로의 전망을 고찰해 보기로 한다.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.374-380
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• 2008

Rapid detection of enterovirus (EVs) is important in the management of aseptic meningitis. We examined the relative efficiency and specificity of the real-time nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA) comparing with the established reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and viral culture method which were used for the detection of enterovirus RNA in clinical specimens. Of the total 292 samples, 145 were found to be positive to enterovirus RNA by real-time NASBA, 101 were positive by viral culture, and 86 were positive by RT-PCR. 147 samples and 46 samples were determined to be negative and positive by all methods respectively, but 4 samples were positive only by real-time NASBA. To compare the specificity of each method, various clinical samples which were diagnosed for herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1, HSV-2, adenovirus, mumps, and rhinovirus were applied. Except one rhinovirus sample which was false positive to enterovirus RNA by RT-PCR, the other different samples were negative to all three methods. The real-time NASBA procedure can be completed within 5 hours in contrast with 9 hours for the RT-PCR and 3-14 days for the viral culture. From this study, it was suggested that the real-time NASBA assay could be a standardized, rapid, specific, and sensitive procedure for the detection of enterovirus RNA.