• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.65-71
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• 2005

Powered infant formula and baby food contaminated with Enterobacter sakazakii were reported to cause infection among infants and to be associated with sporadic cases and outbreaks of sepsis, menigitis, cerebritis, and necrotizing enterocolitis. Salmonella contamination of infant formula has also been responsible for multiple outbreaks. Other species of Enterobacteriaceae in powdered infant formula may be causative agents, about which there has been no report. Other pathogenic bacteria have been isolated from powdered infant formula but they were not associated with outbreaks among infant. While Enterobacter sakazakii caused disease in all age groups, premature infants under 28 days old and with birth weight are most sensitive to its infection. Even if low contamination level of the bacteria in powdered infant formula and baby food may not cause infection, the possibility to multiplicate during preparation and storage of reconstituted formula may increase. The etiological factors and pathogenecity of S. sakazakii have not been elucidated. There were wide variability in phenotype and genotype between its strains. S. sakazakii has been isolated from factory facility and surroundings more frequently than Salmonella and thus factory environment should be the source for post-processing contamination of the formula with S. sakazakii. Considering current technology to manufacture power infant formula and baby food it is impossible to sterilize powdered formula but the frequency of outbreak hazard by S. sakazakii can be reduced by pasteurizing the formula base before drying and shortening storage time of the reconstituted formula.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.126-134
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• 2011

Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is gradually widely used in prevention of gene diseases and chromosomal abnormalities. Much improvement has been achieved in biopsy technique and molecular diagnosis. Blastocyst biopsy can increase diagnostic accuracy and reduce allele dropout. It is cost-effective and currently plays an important role. Whole genome amplification permits subsequent individual detection of multiple gene loci and screening all 23 pairs of chromosomes. For PGD of chromosomal translocation, fluorescence $in-situ$ hybridization (FISH) is traditionally used, but with technical difficulty. Array comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) can detect translocation and 23 pairs of chromosomes that may replace FISH. Single nucleotide polymorphisms array with haplotyping can further distinguish between normal chromosomes and balanced translocation. PGD may shorten time to conceive and reduce miscarriage for patients with chromosomal translocation. PGD has a potential value for mitochondrial diseases. Preimplantation genetic haplotyping has been applied for unknown mutation sites of single gene disease. Preimplantation genetic screening (PGS) using limited FISH probes in the cleavage-stage embryo did not increase live birth rates for patients with advanced maternal age, unexplained recurrent abortions, and repeated implantation failure. Polar body and blastocyst biopsy may circumvent the problem of mosaicism. PGS using blastocyst biopsy and array CGH is encouraging and merit further studies. Cryopreservation of biopsied blastocysts instead of fresh transfer permits sufficient time for transportation and genetic analysis. Cryopreservation of embryos may avoid ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome and possible suboptimal endometrium.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.362-371
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to examine the stressors, coping styles, communication with mother, school adaptation and predictors for school adaptation. The subjects of this study consisted of 354 children. They were 6th grade of elementary school in Taegu city. The periods of study was from march 10, to march 18, 2000. Data were analyzed by SAS computer programme. The results of this study were as follows: 1. The mean score for stressor was 39.91 in children(range 24-72). The higher stressor among three subgroups of stressor was mass media stressor. The degree of stressor revealed to be influenced significantly economic status. 2. The most frequently used coping style was problem-oriented coping style(M=18.94) in children. The degree of emotion-oriented coping style revealed to be influenced significantly family's atmosphere 3. The mean score for communication with mother was 72,44 in children(range 20- 100). The degree of communication with mother revealed to be influenced significantly sex, economic status, family' atmosphere. 4. The mean score for school adaptation was 62.48 in children(range 25-100). The higher school adaptation among five subgroup was rule dimension. The degree of school adaptation revealed to be influenced significantly sex, birth, mother's job, economic status, family's atmosphere. 5. School adaptation were positively correlated with communication with mother, problem- oriented coping style(r=0.40 p<0.001) (r=0.30 p<0.001). 6. School adaptation were negatively correlated with emotion-oriented coping style, stressor (r=-0.16 p<0.01)(r=-0.13 p<0.01). 7. Forward multiple regression analysis revealed that the most powerful predictor was the variable communication with mother accounted for 15.25% in school adaptation. All variables accounted for 25.55% in school adaptation. From the above results, it can be concluded that teaching mother about importance of communication, encouraging to use problem-oriented coping style is necessary to improve school adaptation in 6th grade elementary school children

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.247-260
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• 2014

The impact of folate on health and disease, particularly pregnancy complications and congenital malformations, has been extensively studied. Mandatory folic acid fortification therefore has been implemented in multiple countries, resulting in a reduction in the occurrence of neural tube defects. However, emerging evidence suggests increased folate intake may also be associated with unexpected adverse effects. This literature review focuses on contemporary issues of concern, and possible underlying mechanisms as well as giving consideration the future direction of mandatory folic acid fortification. Folate fortification has been associated with the presence of unmetabolized folic acid (PteGlu) in blood, masking of vitamin $B_{12}$ deficiency, increased dosage for anti-cancer medication, photo-catalysis of PteGlu leading to potential genotoxicity, and a role in the pathoaetiology of colorectal cancer. Increased folate intake has also been associated with twin birth and insulin resistance in offspring, and altered epigenetic mechanisms of inheritance. Although limited data exists to elucidate potential mechanisms underlying these issues, elevated blood folate level due to the excess use of PteGlu without consideration of an individual's specific phenotypic traits (e.g. genetic background and undiagnosed disease) may be relevant. Additionally, the accumulation of unmetabolized PteGlu may lead to inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase and other enzymes. Concerns notwithstanding, folic acid fortification has achieved enormous advances in public health. It therefore seems prudent to target and carefully monitor high risk groups, and to conduct well focused further research to better understand and to minimize any risk of mandatory folic acid fortification.

• 식품보건융합연구
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.23-29
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• 2020

Blood transfusion in the neonatal period remains a therapeutic act, that no one dares to consider it as perfectly innocuous and that it is advisable to make rare, considering its risks as well immunological as infectious. The present work is a retrospective study, conducted in neonatal intensive care unit, in the University Hospital MOHAMED VI, Marrakech, during the period from January 1^st to December 31^st, 2019. All newborns were included in this work, who received one or multiple transfusions of red blood cells (RBC). Our study covered 60 neonates with a total of birth: 794 neonates, with a prevalence of 7.55%, hospitalized for various indications (60% of newborns were at term, 31.7% premature and 8, 33% were post-mature. The majority of transfusion procedures were performed during the first week of life. This is explained by the frequency of haemolytic anemias by fœto-maternal incompatibility. The main indications for transfusion were haemolysis, anemic syndrome and haemorrhagic syndrome. The average number of transfusion episodes was 1.95 +/- 1.47 per patient. Newborns were polytransfused in 18.33% of cases. A single transfusion accident was found in our study. However, we did not observe a correlation between the maternal diseases, the state of the newborn, and the transfusional indication.

• 한국가정과학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2003

This study is designed to analyse the difference between consciousness and behaviors for environmental preservation dependant on independent variables and to identify factors that affect the behaviors of environmental preservation. For this study, a questionnaire that included measurements of environmental preservation consciousness and behaviors was produced as a studying tool. Targets were 520 boy and girl students in the second grade of two high schools in Gwangju and three high schools in small districts of Chonnam Province and 482 questionnaires were distributed for the analysis. The data collected was analysed using SAS Program Package to obtain frequency, percentage, standard deviation, and correlation and T-Test One-way ANOVA, Duncan's M411ip1e Range Test, Multiple Regression were performed. The results of the analyses are as follows : 1. Overall, environmental preservation consciousness is higher than preservation behaviors. Interest in air pollution is the highest in both environmental preservation consciousness and behaviors and it is low in recycling. 2. The environmental preservation consciousness has a significant difference dependant on sex, regions, order of birth, educational background of parents and income level. the performing degree of environmental education, consciousness about kinds of environmental preservation, and whether the learning of theory and practice of environmental education is performed. 3. The environmental preservation behaviors has a significant difference dependant on regions, educational background of mother, mother's job, income level, acquiring of information, performing degree of environmental education and consciousness of kinds of environmental education. 4. Variables that affect environmental preservation behavior are environmental preservation consciousness, acquiring information, performing degree of environmental education and awareness of environmental preservation. Their power of explanation is 15%.

• Neonatal Medicine
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.22-28
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• 2021

Purpose: Meconium obstruction of prematurity (MOP) predisposes premature infants to intestinal perforation and prolonged hospitalization if not diagnosed and treated promptly. A standard contrast enema is less effective to treat infants with distal ileal obstructions because the contrast may not reach the obstructed areas. In an effort to avoid risky surgery, we administered oral contrast media to seven clinically diagnosed patients with MOP whose obstructions were not relieved via conventional sonography-guided contrast enema. We retrospectively evaluated whether oral nonionic water-soluble contrast media relieves MOP. Methods: Seven of 67 premature infants with MOP were administered oral contrast media from June 2015 to January 2019. Patients were followed-up radiographically for bowel distention and evacuation of contrast media after oral administration. We recorded radiographic improvements, meconium evacuation, time to first feeding after oral contrast media administration, maternal history, and neonatal clinical factors. Results: We evaluated five male and two female infants. The median gestational ages and body weights at birth were 27⁺⁵ weeks and 890 g, respectively. Radiography in five infants revealed multiple distended intestinal loops without air-fluid interfaces. Two infants had gasless abdomens, in which only stomach gas was visible. Oral contrast media (median, 2.5 mL) were administered at a median age of 7 days; five infants (5/7, 71.4%) responded to this treatment. The remaining two infants, who had ileal stenosis and hypoganglionosis, were surgically managed. Five infants (5/7, 71.4%) had maternal risk factors, and two (28.6%) were small for gestational age. Conclusion: Nonionic oral water-soluble contrast medium can serve as a valuable adjunct treatment in premature infants with meconium obstruction.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제49권1호
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• pp.16-25
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• 2022

In mammalian species, females are born with a number of oocytes exceeding what they release via ovulation. In humans, an average girl is born with over a thousand times more oocytes than she will ovulate in her lifetime. The reason for having such an excessive number of oocytes in a neonatal female ovary is currently unknown. However, it is well established that the oocyte number decreases throughout the entire lifetime until the ovary loses them all. In this review, data published in the past 80 years were used to assess the current knowledge regarding the changing number of oocytes in humans and mice, as well as the reported factors that contribute to the decline of oocyte numbers. Briefly, a collective estimation indicates that an average girl is born with approximately 600,000 oocytes, which is 2,000 times more than the number of oocytes that she will ovulate in her lifetime. The oocyte number begins to decrease immediately after birth and is reduced to half of the initial number by puberty and almost zero by age 50 years. Multiple factors that are either intrinsic or extrinsic to the ovary contribute to the decline of the oocyte number. The inflammation caused by the ovulatory luteinizing hormone surge is discussed as a potential contributing factor to the decline of the oocyte pool during the reproductive lifespan.

• 가정간호학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.202-215
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• 2023

Purpose: This study attempted to determine the factors related to behaviors of reducing exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (BRE to EDCs) in pregnancy, based on the PRECEDE model. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted with participants (N=239) who met the medical records and eligibility criteria from the Women's Hospital and Public Health Center. Data were collected using a specially-designed questionnaire based on the PRECEDE model and included BRE to EDCs predisposing factors, reinforcing factors, and enabling factors. The data were analyzed using the chi-square test, independent t-test, one way ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficients and a hierarchical multiple regression analysis. Results: In Model I it was found that participation in prenatal education influenced the BRE to EDCs significantly; and a regression showed that the determinant variables accounted for 3.4%. In Model II, the predisposing factors of perceived barriers of BRE to EDCs and environmental self-efficacy were added. It was shown that they significantly influenced BRE to EDCs in the order named, and a regression revealed that increases in the determinant variables accounted for 22.5%. In Model III, to which enabling factors were added, the information acquisition experience of BRE to EDCs interacted significantly with BRE to EDCs and a regression showed an increase in the determinant variables accounting for 25.3%. Conclusion: The results of this study, the content of endocrine disruptors must be included in the prenatal care education program for pregnant women, and it should be composed of contents that can reduce the perceived obstacle to BRE to EDCs, enhance the environmental self-efficacy, and provide the information in regard to reducing exposure to EDCs.

• 여성건강간호학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.338-347
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• 2022

Purpose: The incidence of high-risk pregnancies is increasing in Korea as the birth age increases due to late marriage. Maternal-fetal attachment is an important factor that affects children even after childbirth, but it is difficult for high-risk pregnant women to form maternal-fetal attachment. The current study aimed to explore whether taegyo practice (i.e., pregnant women's efforts for fetal good growth and development), self-esteem, and social support influenced the degree of maternal-fetal attachment in women with high-risk pregnancies. Methods: The participants included 226 pregnant Korean women at ≥20 gestational weeks, hospitalized with 15 high-risk pregnancy conditions as defined by the Ministry of Health and Welfare. Recruitment via convenience sampling was done at four sites in Busan, Korea. Surveys were distributed and collected from February 1 to 28, 2022. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics, the t-test, one-factor analysis of variance, Pearson correlation coefficients, and hierarchical multiple regression. Results: On average, participants were 33.97±4.23 years of age and at 31.65±6.23 gestational weeks. Preterm labor (35.4%) and gestational diabetes (21.0%) were the most common high-risk conditions. Maternal-fetal attachment was positively correlated with taegyo practice (r=.70, p<.001), self-esteem (r=.53, p<.001), and social support (r=.53, p<.001), all with statistical significance. Taegyo practice (β=.50, p<.001) and social support (β=.17, p=.030) explained 53% of variance in maternal-fetal attachment in women with high-risk pregnancies. Conclusion: Nurses caring for women with high-risk pregnancies during hospitalization can use these findings by promoting taegyo practice and enhancing social support to increase maternal-fetal attachment.