• Korean Journal of Mathematics
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2020

A partition X describes that there exists α_i kinds of alleles occurring i loci for each i. All genes have multiple alleles, i.e., they exist in more than two allelic forms, although any one diploid organism can carry no more than two alleles. The number of possible genotypes in a multiple allel series depends on the number of alleles. We will deal with an n locus model in which mutation and gene conversion are taken into consideration. In this paper, we firstly find the probability p_n(x) of genotype $$p_{n+1}(x)=p_n(x){\sum\limits_{k=1}^{r}}q_{kx}p_n(k)$$ with the rates of mutation and gene conversion. Also we find the probability of genotype without the rates of mutation and gene conversion and we apply this probability to two examples.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.85-105
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• 2002

To explore the relationships among frequencies for sets of alleles, within or between loci, is one of the first analyses in population genetic study. The general question is whether the frequency of a set of alleles is the same as the product of each of the separate allele frequencies. For two alleles of a single locus, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is tested and for an allele from each of two loci, linkage disequilibrium is tested. However, it is more useful if we can quantify and graphically represent this information. In this study, we suggest graphical methods to find associations between alleles. We also analyze the STR data of Korean population as an illustration.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.413-419
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• 2015

The present study determined and compared the genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum strains infecting children living in 2 areas from Gabon with different malaria endemicity. Blood samples were collected from febrile children from 2008 to 2009 in 2 health centres from rural (Oyem) and urban (Owendo) areas. Genetic diversity was determined in P. falciparum isolates by analyzing the merozoite surface protein-1 (msp1) gene polymorphism using nested-PCR. Overall, 168 children with mild falciparum malaria were included. K1, Ro33, and Mad20 alleles were found in 110 (65.5%), 94 (55.9%), and 35 (20.8%) isolates, respectively, without difference according to the site (P>0.05). Allelic families' frequencies were comparable between children less than 5 years old from the 2 sites; while among the older children the proportions of Ro33 and Mad20 alleles were 1.7 to 2.0 fold higher at Oyem. Thirty-three different alleles were detected, 16 (48.5%) were common to both sites, and 10 out of the 17 specific alleles were found at Oyem. Furthermore, multiple infection carriers were frequent at Oyem (57.7% vs 42.2% at Owendo; P=0.04) where the complexity of infection was of 1.88 (${\pm}0.95$) higher compared to that found at Owendo ($1.55{\pm}0.75$). Extended genetic diversity of P. falciparum strains infecting Gabonese symptomatic children and high multiplicity of infections were observed in rural area. Alleles common to the 2 sites were frequent; the site-specific alleles predominated in the rural area. Such distribution of the alleles should be taken into accounts when designing MSP1 or MSP2 malaria vaccine.

• Proceedings of the Botanical Society of Korea Conference
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• 2001.04a
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• pp.13-13
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• 2001

• Proceedings of the National Institute of Ecology of the Republic of Korea
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.191-198
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• 2022

Natural habitats of the Korean long-tailed goral (Naemorhedus caudatus) have been fragmented by anthropogenic activities in South Korea in the last decades. Here, the individual identity, genetic variation, and population differentiation of the endangered species were examined via the multiple-tube approach using a non-invasive genotyping method. The average number of alleles was 3.16 alleles/locus for the total population. The Yanggu population (1.66) showed relatively lower average number of alleles than the Inje population (3.67). Of the total 19 alleles, only seven (36.8%) alleles were shared by the two populations. Using five polymorphic out of six loci, four and six different goral individuals from the captive Yanggu (n=24) and the wild Inje (n=28) population were identified, respectively. The allele distribution was not identical between the two populations (Fisher's exact test: P<0.01). A considerably low migration rate was detected between the two populations (no. of migrants after correction for size=0.294). Additionally, the F statistics results indicated significant population differentiation between them, however, quite low (F_ST=0.327, P<0.01). The posterior probabilities indicated that the two populations originated from a single panmictic population (P=0.959) and the assignment test results designated all individuals to both populations with nearly equal likelihood. These could be resulted from moderate population differentiation between the populations. No significant evidence supported recent population bottleneck in the total Korean goral population. This study could provide us with useful population genetic information for conservation and management of the endangered species.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.141-149
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• 1994

Levels of genetic diversity, population genetic structure, and gene flow in Hosta yingeri, a herbaceous perennial endemic to Taehuksan, Sohuksan, and Hong Islands, were investigated. Starch gel electrophoresis was conducted on leaves for 101 plants collected from three populations. Although the distribution of thespecies is restricted in the islands, it maintains high levels of genetic variatin; 64% of polymorphic loci in at least one population (Ps), the mean number of alleles per locus (Ap) of 1.92, and the mean effective number of alleles per locus (Aep) of 1.52. Overall, mean genetic diversity (Hep=0.250) was substantially higher than mean estimate for species with very similarlife history traits (0.102). Large populaton size, the persistence of multiple generations within populations, high fecundity, predominantly outcrossing breeding system, large size of pollinator visitation areas may be explanatory factors contributing the higher level of genetic diversity maintained within populations. Analysis of fixation indices showed an overall slight excess of heterozygotes (mean FIS=-0.066) relative to Hardy-Weinberg expectations, which may in part be due to the near self-incompatible breeding system in the species. Significant differences in allele frequencies among populaitns were found for 14 out of 16 polymorphic loci (P<0.05). Slightly more than 80% of the total variation in the species was common to all populations (GST=0.198). As expected, indirect estimate of the number of migrants per generation (Nm=0.45, calculated from mean GST) and nine private alleles found in the three populations indicate that gene movement among three isolated island populations was low.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.45 no.1 s.141
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• pp.59-63
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• 2007

Merozoite surface protein-1(MSP-1) and merozoite surface protein-2(MSP-2) were used to develop vaccines and to investigate the genetic diversity in Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Iran. Nested polymerase chain reaction amplification was used to determine polymorph isms of block 2 of the MSP-1 and the central domain of MSP-2 genes. A total of 67 microscopically positive P. falciparum infected individuals from a major endemic region, southeast Iran, were included in this trial. Nine alleles of MSP-1 and 11 alleles of MSP-2 were identified. The results showed that amplified product from these surface antigen genes varied in size and there was specific pattern for each isolate. Besides, regarding this pattern, 23 multiple infections with at least 2 alleles were observed. While the endemic regions of malaria in Iran is classified in low to moderate group, but extensive polymorphism was observed for each marker and the MSP-2 central repeat was the most diverse that could be considered in designing malaria vaccine.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.27-32
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• 2015

In this study, we used two breeds of chicken to identify genomic regions corresponding to necrotic enteritis (NE) resistance. We scanned the genomes of a resistant and susceptible line of Fayoumi and White Leghorn chickens (20 birds/line) using a chicken 60 K Illumina SNP panel. A total of 235 loci with divergently fixed alleles were identified across the genome in both breeds; particularly, several clusters of multiple loci with fixed alleles were found in five narrow regions. Moreover, consensus 15-SNP haplotypes that were shared by the resistant lines of both breeds were identified on chromosomes 3, 7 and 9. Genes responsible for NE resistance were identified in chicken lines selected for resistance and susceptibility. Annotation of the regions spanning clustered divergently fixed regions revealed a set of interesting candidate genes such as phosphoinositide-3-kinase, regulatory subunit 5, p101 (PIK3R5) and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor 1 (ITPR1), which participate in immune response. Consensus haplotypes were found in regions containing possibly relevant genes, such as myostatin and myosin, which play important roles in muscle development. Thus, genome scans of divergent selection in multiple chicken lines and breeds can be used to identify genomic regions associated with NE resistance.

• BMB Reports
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.18-20
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• 1997

Lycopersicon peruvianum shows a gametophytic self-incompatibility (GSI). GSI is controlled by a single locus (S locus) with multiple alleles. S ribonucleases encoded in S alleles cosegregate with their phenotypes of GSI in genetic cross. To understand the genetic role of S allele in L peruvianum, two large genomic fragments isolated previously were analyzed with total genomic DNAs from several tomato lines generated by cross-pollination. Southern blot analysis with the S allele fragments as probes revealed that the flanking region of S allele contained the highly homologous regions. It is speculated that they may play an important role to prevent genetic cross by self-pollination.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.78 no.2
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• pp.242-247
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• 1989

This study was conducted to estimate the inheritance of allozyme variants in IDH, ME and PGI, using megagametophyte tissue of seeds of Pinus densiflora and Pinus thunbergii in Kyungpook province. Two alleles at a single locus were detected for MH in Pinus densiflora, but Pinus thunbergii showed no varition, showing only one band. Four alleles at one locus were determined for ME in Pinus densiflora and Pinus thunbergii. Two loci were found for PGI and no variation seemed to occurred in A-locus as the presence of one single band. Five alleles were presented in B-locus in Pinus densiflora, but two alleles $B_1$ and $B_2$ in Pinus thunbergii. In PGI, an allozyme composed of multiple bands is observed from haploid megagamtophyte tissues. The isozyme variants of IDH, ME and PGI were appeared to segregate into 1 : 1 ratio for all zones.