• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.16 no.9
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• pp.3138-3151
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• 2022

Traffic safety and congestion are becoming more and more serious, especially the frequent occurrence of traffic accidents, which have caused great casualties and economic losses. Cellular Vehicle to Everything (C-V2X) can assist in safe driving and improve traffic efficiency through real-time information sharing and communication between vehicles. All vehicles communicate directly with Base Stations (BS), which will increase the base station load. And when the communicating vehicles are too far apart, too fast or there are obstacles in the communication path, the communication link can be unstable or even interrupted. Therefore, choosing an effective and reliable multi-hop relay-assisted Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V) communication can not only reduce the base station load and improve the system throughput but also expand the base station coverage and improve the communication quality of edge vehicles. Therefore, a communication area division scheme based on regular hexagon segmentation technology is proposed, a relay-assisted V2V communication mechanism is designed for the divided communication areas, and an efficient communication link is constructed by selecting the best relay node. Simulation results show that the scheme can improve the throughput of the system by nearly 55% and enhance the robustness of the V2V communication link.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.4 no.6
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• pp.1063-1079
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• 2010

Vehicle ad hoc networks (VANET) are one of the most important technologies to provide various ITS services. While VANET requires rapid and reliable transmission, packet transmission in VANET is unstable because of high mobility. Many routing protocols have been proposed and assessed to improve the efficiency of VANET. However, topology-based routing protocols generate heavy overhead and long delay, and position-based routing protocols have frequent packet loss due to inaccurate node position. In this paper, we propose a position-based routing repair algorithm to improve the efficiency of VANET. This algorithm is proposed based on the premise that AODV (-PGB) can be used effectively in VANET, if the discovery, maintenance and repair mechanism of AODV is optimized for the features of VANET. The main focus of this algorithm is that the relay node can determine whether its alternative node exits and judge whether the routing path is disconnected. If the relay node is about to swerve from the routing path in a multi-hop network, the node recognizes the possibility of path loss based on a defined critical domain. The node then transmits a handover packet to the next hop node, alternative nodes and previous node. The next node repairs the alternative path before path loss occurs to maintain connectivity and provide seamless service. We simulated protocols using both the ideal traffic model and the realistic traffic model to assess the proposed algorithm. The result shows that the protocols that include the proposed algorithm have fewer path losses, lower overhead, shorter delay and higher data throughput compared with other protocols in VANET.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.259-266
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• 2013

Since the wireless communications have a limited transmission, the devices just around a master node can exchange data. Though Bluetooth and Zigbee support ad hoc, they are not appropriate for real-time voice communications. In this paper, we present a TDMA-based relay protocol for several users to communicate simultaneously. The proposed protocol can relay data or voice to other nodes in real-time by the multi-hop transmission method using TDMA. And the proposed protocol improves the network performance by allocating different frequencies to the slaves depending on the routing path scheduled by the routing table. NS-2 simulation shows that the performance of the proposed protocol is good in terms of the transmission delay and pecket loss probability in the real-time voice transmission.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.247-268
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• 2011

Due to the application-specific nature of wireless sensor networks, the sensitivity to such a requirement as data reporting interval varies according to the type of application. Such considerations require an application-specific, parameter tuning paradigm allowing us to maximize energy conservation prolonging the operational network lifetime. In this paper, we propose a reporting interval adaptive, sensor control platform for energy-saving data gathering in wireless sensor networks. The ultimate goal is to extend the network lifetime by providing sensors with high adaptability to application-dependent or time-varying, reporting interval requirements. The proposed sensor control platform is based upon a two phase clustering (TPC) scheme which constructs two types of links within each cluster - namely, direct link and relay link. The direct links are used for control and time-critical, sensed data forwarding while the relay links are used only for multi-hop data reporting. Sensors opportunistically use the energy-saving relay link depending on the user reporting, interval constraint. We present factors that should be considered in deciding the total number of relay links and how sensors are scheduled for sensed data forwarding within a cluster for a given reporting interval and link quality. Simulation and implementation studies demonstrate that the proposed sensor control platform can help individual sensors save a significant amount of energy in reporting data, particularly in dense sensor networks. Such saving can be realized by the adaptability of the sensor to the reporting interval requirements.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2010.10a
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• pp.158-161
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• 2010

In the paper, the researcher has proposed to install a relay between Base Station (BS) and Mobile Station (MS) to improve receiving performance of the downlink transmission method of Long Term Evolution (LTE) system whose standards now being established by 3GPP. By setting the distance between the location of BS and the relay installed as by 500m, 1000m, and selecting OFDMA and SC-FDMA as transmission method, the researcher conducted a study to improve the receiving performance of LTE. The results from study revealed that when the location of Relay Station (RS) was closer to BS, it was better to use OFDMA at BS, and SC-FDMA at RS. On the contrary, when the distance between BS and RS was farther, it was better to use SC-FDMA at BS, and OFDMA at RS. In addition, around the center zone between the location of BS and of MS, the researcher was able to improve the receiving performance of the system by utilizing the transmission method suitable for the situation in that area.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.34 no.9B
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• pp.876-882
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• 2009

In this paper, we propose a sub-cell coverage control algorithm for enhancement of the cell throughput in OFDMA based relay systems. Relay station (RS) is exploited for improved quality of the received signal in cellular communication systems, especially in shadow areas. However, since a RS requires additional radio resource consumption for the link between the base station (BS) and the RS, we have to carefully control the coverage areas if a mobile station (MS) is serviced via the BS or the RS considering the cell throughput. We consider radio resource reuse as well for the sub-cell coverage configuration by applying various reuse patterns between RSs. We also consider a time varying system by adaptively changing the threshold for coverage depending on the MSs' traffic in the cell. We initially determine the sub-cell coverage of the system depending on the ratio of received signal-interference-noise-ratio (SINR) of the MS from the BS and RSs, respectively. Then, the "sub-cell coverage threshold" varies based on the "effective transmitted bits per sub-channel" with time. Simulation result shows that the proposed "time varying coverage control algorithm" leads to throughput improvement compared to the fixed sub-cell coverage configuration.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea TC
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• v.44 no.9
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• pp.17-24
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• 2007

In this paper, we propose the sub-cell reuse partitioning among relays as an efficient resource reuse scheme in the relay-based OFDMA systems. If the frequency resource is reused among relays aggressively, we can increase the cell throughput. However, the interferences due to the frequency reuse may cause the fairness decrease due to the SINR degradation especially at the edge of RS sub-cells. In this paper, to make the cell throughput and fairness performance improved at the same time, we propose a sub-cell reuse partitioning scheme that divides a relay sub-cell into inner zone for aggressive reuse and outer zone for sparse reuse. The performance of the proposed scheme has been analyzed by computer simulation. We also applied a scheduling algorithm that can work together with the proposed sub-cell reuse partitioning scheme. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme can improve both the throughput and the fairness performances. In particular, when the scheduling is applied for the improvement of fairness, it is shown that the throughput performance can be enhanced more efficiently by the proposed scheme.

• Proceedings of the Korea Contents Association Conference
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• 2003.05a
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• pp.361-367
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• 2003

Ad-hoc network is a multi-hop wireless network formed by a collection of mobile nodes without the aid of any establish infrastructure and this network can provide an extremely flexible method for establishing communications for fire, safety, rescue operations, battle field or other fields requiring rapidly deployable communications with survivable, efficient dynamic networking. Recently new expended mechanism is proposed as Ad-hoc relay system, so guarantee of QoS for multimedia applications is needed more and more. In this paper, we propose ARM based QoS Distribution Monitoring Mechanism to provide Quality of Service guarantees to multimedia application with MANET.

• Proceedings of the Korea Information Processing Society Conference
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.1283-1285
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• 2007

A wireless sensor network is the combination of a large number of deployed sensors over an area. Communication between the sensors is the most important factor for a successful sensor network. It is mandatory that long distance and multi-hop communication will occur between sensors. Generally sensors relay the sensed data of a particular territory to the command center via a base station. For the non uniformed deployment of sensors many sensors may deploy in hostile areas surrounded by full of obstacles or in other condition it may be out of the direct communication range of the base station. It seems a critical problem for routing data to and from those sensors to the base station. This paper proposes a route management scheme using a dynamic load balancing approach based on residual energy of each agent sensors.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.34 no.8
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• pp.1145-1152
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• 2010

Currently economical communication technologies are needed for high speed data exchange at sea. Wireless environments at sea require some special communication security solutions as well. In this paper, an augmented WiMAX MMR protocol is proposed as a solution of the broadband data communications and security at sea environments fundamentally with no base station.