• East Asian Economic Review
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.339-360
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• 2021

More donors are formally assessing their multilateral aid disbursement policies as well as the multilateral institutions that they contribute to. Analyzing OECD Creditor Reporting System data from 2011 to 2019 of 23 donors and 34 multilateral organizations, we find evidence of institutional portfolio building of donors to align multilateral and bilateral aid channels. Such tendency is more pronounced for core-funding than multi-bi funding and much stronger at the recipient country level than at the sectoral level. Smaller donors that operate from a limited multilateral budget show greater preferences for geographical similarity. When donors give to institutions with sectoral specialization, they seek sectoral similarity with their bilateral aid.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.29 no.8
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• pp.476-482
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• 2016

Convectional PZT based piezoelectric ceramics have to sinter at high temperature about $1,200^{\circ}C$ for their suitable electrical properties. However, some issues: low temperature sintering piezoelectric ceramic composition and reliable internal electrode, have recently attracted a great deal of interest as a highly efficient multi-layered piezoelectric ceramics. In order to optimize low temperature sintering conditions of thick-film PMN-PZ-PT ceramic, it was investigated sintering and piezoelectric properties according to the change of $LiBiO_2$ contents. Thus, the superior piezoelectric properties were found at the pallet type PMN-PZ-PT optimized with low sintering processing at $925^{\circ}C$ including 7 wt% $LiBiO_2$ sintering aid. Consequentially, we successfully manufactured thick-film PMN-PZ-PT ceramics, which had superior piezoelectric and dielectric properties, with 5 wt% of $LiBiO_2$ sintering aid at temperature of $900^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.43-47
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• 2008

[ $ZnO-Bi_2O_3-Al_2O_3-B_2O_3-SiO_2$ ] nano-glass has been prepared by sol-gel method. The mean particle size was 60.3 nm with narrow size distribution. The nano-galss has been used as a sintering aid for the densification of the NiZnCu ferrites. The ferrite was sintered with nano-glass sintering aids at $840{\sim}900^{\circ}C$, 2 h and the initial permeability, quality factor, density, and saturation magnetization were also measured. The initial permeability of 0.5 wt% nano-glass added toroidal sample for NiZnCu ferrites sintered at $900^{\circ}C$ was 193.3 at 1 MHz. The initial permeability and saturation magnetization were increased with increasing annealing temperature. As a result, $ZnO-Bi_2O_3-Al_2O_3-B_2O_3-SiO_2$ nano-glass systems were found to be useful as sintering aids for multilayer chip inductors.