• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.7-16
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• 2010

Objectives: To obtain a more intensive understanding smoking behaviors of young adolescent in the contexts of schools which they attend, this study examined the effects of individual and school level factors divided into psychological and social factors respectively. Methods: Multilevel logistic regression analysis was used to test the effects of school smoking rates on 1 year smoking experience of individual pupils in a sample of 3,449 students from 100 middle schools in Korea. Results: The results of multilevel analysis revealed the importance of social factors in three environments. Especially the social factors in school level, which were sense of school membership and school smoking rate, explained the variances between groups dropping the school effect from 0.194 to 0.046. Conclusion: This study suggests that adolescents' smoking behaviors are related to the multi dimensional and multi level factors. To reduce young adults' smoking rate, school level intervention should not be ignored.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.29 no.9C
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• pp.1323-1329
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• 2004

This paper presents an enhanced MSEA(multi-level successive elimination algorithm) which is a fast algorithm of the full-search motion estimation. We predict the SAD at the final level using the values of norms at the preceding levels in MSEA and then decide on whether the processing at the following levels should be proceeded or not. We skip the computation at the following levels where the processing is not meaningful anymore. Consequently, we take computational gain. For the purpose of predicting the values of SAD at each level, we first show the theoretical analysis of the value of norm at each level, which is verified by experiments. Based on the analysis a new motion estimation method is proposed and its performance is evaluated.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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• v.54 no.6
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• pp.11-16
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• 2017

Multi-level holographic data storage requires modulation codes for avoiding two dimensional inter-symbol interference (2D-ISI). Modulation codes can remove the fatal ISI pattern of neighboring the largest and the smallest symbols. In this paper, we propose a 4-level 4/6 modulation code and its trellis encoding for error correction. The proposed 4/6 modulation code prevents that the symbol 0 and 3 are not adjacent in any direction. Also, we compare the proposed modulation code with the same code rate modulation codes for four-level holographic data storage.

• International Journal of Contents
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.23-28
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• 2017

Of the total economic loss caused by disasters, 40% are due to floods and floods have a severe impact on human health and life. So, it is important to monitor the water level of a river and to issue a flood warning during unfavorable circumstances. In this paper, we propose a modified error function to improve a hydrological modeling using a multi-layer perceptron (MLP) neural network. When MLP's are trained to minimize the conventional mean-squared error function, the prediction performance is poor because MLP's are highly tunned to training data. Our goal is achieved by preventing overspecialization to training data, which is the main reason for performance degradation for rare or test data. Based on the modified error function, an MLP is trained to predict the water level with rainfall data at upper reaches. Through simulations to predict the water level of Nakdong River near a UNESCO World Heritage Site "Hahoe Village," we verified that the prediction performance of MLP with the modified error function is superior to that with the conventional mean-squared error function, especially maximum error of 40.85cm vs. 55.51cm.

• Proceedings of the Korea Information Processing Society Conference
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• 2019.10a
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• pp.958-961
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• 2019

Convolutional neural network(CNN)의 등장으로 얼굴 표현 인식 연구는 많은 발전을 이루었다. 그러나, 기존의 CNN 접근법은 미리 학습된 훈련모델에서 Multiple-level 의 의미적 맥락을 포함하지 않는 Attention-embedded 문제가 발생한다. 사람의 얼굴 감정은 다양한 근육의 움직임과 결합에 기초하여 관찰되며, CNN 에서 딥 레이어의 산출물로 나온 특징들의 결합은 많은 서브샘플링 단계를 통해서 class 구별와 같은 의미 정보의 손실이 일어나기 때문에 전이 학습을 통한 올바른 훈련 모델 생성이 어렵다는 단점이 있다. 따라서, 본 논문은 Backbone 네트워크의 Multi-level 특성에서 Channel-wise Attention 통합 및 의미 정보를 포함하여 높은 인식 성능을 달성하는 Densely Backwarnd Attention(DBA) CNN 방법을 제안한다. 제안하는 기법은 High-level 기능에서 채널 간 시멘틱 정보를 활용하여 세분화된 시멘틱 정보를 Low-level 버전에서 다시 재조정한다. 그런 다음, 중요한 얼굴 표정의 묘사를 분명하게 포함시키기 위해서 multi-level 데이터를 통합하는 단계를 추가로 실행한다. 실험을 통해, 제안된 접근방법이 정확도 79.37%를 달성 하여 제안 기술이 효율성이 있음을 증명하였다.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.521-530
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• 2019

With a view to respond to urban climate change issues and improve the urban environment in a qualitative manner, the strategy of multi-dimensional greening of the traditional markets in the City of Seoul to secure the multi-dimensional green spaces can result in a significant effect in terms of landscaping, environment, and spatial aspect. The purpose of this study is to examine the elements of multi-dimensional greening for the multi-dimensional greening of buildings in order to enhance the greening function within urban phenomena and, with this, establish the criteria for success introduction of multi-dimensional greening and its qualitative expansion. For this, a total of 569 consumers of traditional markets have been interviewed, and the data from their questionnaires were analyzed through SPSS and AMOS software. The result of the analysis showed that the elements of the multi-dimensional greening of traditional markets, such as the economical, physical, functional, visual, and facility aspects all affected the consumer expectation in a positive manner. Also, depending on the gender of the customers of traditional markets, the ecological aspect among the elements of multi-dimensional greening had a significant difference. And, by the age, the functional, physical, and visual aspects of the elements of multi-dimensional greening showed a significant different. And, the expectation on the multidimensional greening of traditional markets also showed a statistically significant difference. By the level of education, there were significant differences in terms of the physical and visual aspects of the multi-dimensional greening elements. And, the level of expectation on the multidimensional greening also differed significantly.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartA
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• v.15A no.5
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• pp.259-268
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• 2008

Multi-Core processors have become main-stream microprocessors in recent years. Servers based on these multi-core processors are widely adopted in High Performance Computing (HPC) and commercial business applications as well. These servers provide increased level of parallelism, thus can potentially boost the performance for applications. However, the shared resources among multiple cores on the same chip can become hot spots and act as performance bottlenecks. Therefore it is essential to optimize the use of shared resources for high performance and scalability for the multi-core servers. In this paper, we conduct experimental studies to analyze the positive and negative effects of the resource sharing on the performance of HPC applications. Through the analyses we also characterize the performance of multi-core servers.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.31 no.11A
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• pp.1113-1119
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• 2006

For a multi-user OFDM system in mobile channels which requires low-complexity in adaptive resource allocations, resource allocation algorithm using multi-threshold is proposed. The allocation scheme, which is performed by the multi-threshold values in descending order, considers only subcarriers over each threshold level. Moreover, some subcarriers with the lowest channel gain can be· removed in the present threshold level within the constraint of satisfaction of the required data rate, in order to allocate them to the other users when the allocation process of next threshold is executed. As a result, the proposed bandwidth and subcarrier algorithm has better system performances than the conventional allocation schemes in terms of required power and processing time, which is expected as a technique that improves the spectral efficiency of OFDM systems in a mobile environment.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.299-314
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• 2019

Purpose: This study was to identify health behavior, health service use, and health related quality of life of adult women in one-person and multi-person households. Methods: It was used data from the 7th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES VII-2017). Subjects were 2,522 women with age of 19 to 64 years in 2017. Complex sampling design and data analysis were performed using SPSS 20.1. Results: Women in one-person households had higher rates of alcohol drinking (${\chi}^2=13.77$, p=.003), smoking (${\chi}^2=16.07$, p=.001), unmet medical care (${\chi}^2=8.77$, p=.004) and non-practice of cancer screening (${\chi}^2=13.77$, p=.003) compared to women in multi-person households. Health-related quality of life was also lower for women in one-person households (t=-2.46, p=.015). Factors affecting health-related quality of life in one-person households were household income, job status, and unmet dental care, having 32.4% explanatory power. One-person household women with low incomes, no jobs, and unmet dental care showed low health-related quality of life. In comparison, factors affecting health-related quality of life of women in multi-person household women were age, education level, unmet medical care, and unmet dental care, having 10.4% explaining power. Women in multi-person households with age of 60-64, low education level, unmet medical care, and unmet dental care showed low health-related quality of life. Conclusion: Health promotion strategies should be developed based on unique understanding of social, economic, and health of adult women in one-person and multi-person households.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.1149-1152
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• 2007

Many kind of damping materials are generally used on concrete slab in apartment building to reduce floor impact noise level. Lately, multi-layered damping material that is consist of several materials are used to improve the effect of floor impact noise insulation. In this study, dynamic stiffness of multi-layered damping material that is consist of common materials such as expanded polystyrene(EPS), expended polyethylene(EPE), ethylene vinyl acetate(EVA) and polyester was investigated. It was found that dynamic stiffness of multi-layered damping material could be estimated if know value of each layer that compose whole structure. And it was found that dynamic stiffness of whole structure did not change even if change order that build layer.