• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.435-444
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• 2020

Background: As the Positive List System (PLS) is implemented in broad application to agricultural products, attention to the correct use of pesticides is also needed in the production of mulberry leaves and fruit. In this regard, three types of pesticides against mulberry popcorn disease were applied 2 - 3 times both in the field and greenhouses to prepare safety standards. Residual pesticide analysis was conducted on mulberry fruits and leaves. Methods and results: Three pesticieds, thiophanate-methyl, thiophanate-methyl·triflumizole and fluopyram registered as PLS pesticides for mulberry popcorn disease, were sprayed in the Wanju and in Buan regions, after which residual pesticide analysis was conducted using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). As three pesticieds were either undetected or below the permissible level in mulberry fruit, demonstrating that they were suitable for safe spraying. However, 5.6 mg/kg of thiophanate-methyl was detected in the greenhouse after three application, which was slightly above maximum residue limit (MRL). Furthermore the level of thiophanate-methyl·triflumizole was higher than 0.2 mg/kg ("Gwasang No. 2" variety, spraying twice) or similar to 0.09 mg/kg ("Daesim" variety, spraying thrice) the permissible level (0.1T mg/kg) as the thiophanate-methyl was detected in mulberry leaves in the greenhouse. Conclusions: The spraying frequency for controlling mulberry popcorn disease in greenhouses should be limited to two times or less, especially when mulberry leaves are treated with thiophanate-methyl·triflumizole careful consideration is required if the leaves are to be used as food materials.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.75-80
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• 2007

Ethanolic extracts of twenty-one plant species were tested in vitro for their fungitoxic properties against leaf spot causing pathogen of mulberry Myrothecium roridum by poisoned food technique. Ethanolic extracts of twenty-plant spp. reduced mycelial growth of M. roridum significantly except E. pulcherrima. Highest inhibition of M. roridum colony growth observed in 10% extracts of E. citriodora (49.45%) followed by D. metel (39.45%), Chromolaena odoratum (25.56%) and A. sativum (25.00%). Among the concentration tested, 10% concentration was found significantly higher effective on reducing colony growth followed by 5 and 2.5%. Aqueous extract fresh leaves/bulb of seven short-listed plant spp. (inhibition>15% in ethanolic extracts) revealed that D. metel inhibited (23.43%) followed by E. citriodora (14.66%), C. odoratum (13.53%). On dry leaf extracts D. metel was found more effective than E. citriodora. The results indicated that D. metel, E. citriodora, C. odoratum and A. sativum having high fungitoxicity against M. roridum and ethanolic extract found more effective than aqueous extract.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• 제6권
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• pp.1-8
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• 1966

Various relationships with the leaf yield per 1,000m in the length of mulberry branch were investigated. The results obtained are as followings. 1. Relationship with the mulberry varieties. There were little differences of the leaf yield among the mulberry varieties, being 106∼109kg in an average and the distributions of the leaf yield were of 60∼160kg class for Morus bombycis Koidz, 50-17kg class for Morus Lhou(Ser.) Koidz and 50∼180kg class for Morus alba L. Otherwise, 79 per cent of all varieties was between 80∼140kg class to which 85 per cent of only Morus Lhou(Ser.) Koidz belonged. There was one or two peaks for each strains, for example, the peak at 80∼90kg class and at 120∼140kg class in Morus bombycis Koidz showed the best yield, the peak at 90∼100kg class in Morus alba L. and 100∼110kg class in Morus Lhou(Ser.) Koidz. 2. Relationship with the pruning. The multi-stemed pruning showed 149kg mulberry leaf yield which was more 75 per cent increase than the low-stemed pruning, 85kg. 3. Relationship with the degree of cutting off. The leaf yield varied according to the degree of cutting off the branch, such as, 166kg in 1/3 cutting off the branch and 180kg in $\frac{1}{2}$ which were more 19 per cent and 34 per cent increase of 140kg in non-cutting off the branch, respectively. The main cause of the leaf increase was thought because of the increase of young branch. 4. Relationship with the branch diameter. In the relation to the leaf yield per 1,000m in branch length, there was no significance comparing 66kg for thin branch with 80kg for medium one ana the thick branch had 150kg leaf yield and increased 88 per cent when compared with the medium one. In the relation to the leaf yield per l0cm in diameter, 811g leaves for thin branch and 875g for medium one were produced, but there was no significance between them. Thick branch had 1,461g, and increased 67 per cent when compared with medium one and the average yield was 1,201g for total branch.

• Journal of Integrative Natural Science
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.46-52
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• 2012

Mulberry extracts can be incorporated into skin-whitening products. The compound attributed to lighten the skin is arbutin, a form of hydroquinone that inhibits melanin release by suppressing the tyrosinase enzyme. For the cosmetic applications, the physiological effects of mulberry (Morus alba) extracts were investigated. The water soluble fraction of mulberry contains higher amount of protein (16.28~4.47%) in contrast to fat (1.55~1.41%). In addition, the fraction abundantly contains succinic acid (972.4-275.8 mg/g) and phosphoric acid (1,628.4-121.9 mg/g) in different parts of mulberry. The free radical scavenging ability in water soluble fraction was found to display remarkable effects in comparison with methanol and ethyl acetate fraction. The ethyl acetate-soluble of root and leaf showed remarkable tyrosinase inhibition activity by IC 50 (${\mu}g/ml$). The anticancer activity of methanol fraction obtained from mulberry using human cancer cell lines showed growth inhibition effect (270.14 mg/ml in Calu-6 cells, 295.29 mg/ml in HCT-116, and 332.29 mg/ml in MCF-7 cells, respectively). Based on the results, Morus alba extracts include cosmetic ingredients with antioxidizing and whitening properties.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• 제10권
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• pp.41-43
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• 1969

The experimental studies were intended to clarify the effects leaf yield calculations, and also aimed at estimating the heritabilities on some characters for the selection of desirable stocks of mulberry trees. The method of estimating heritabilities for the eight characters-branch length, node number, branch diameter, branch number per stock, total branch weight, old branch weight, new shoot and leaf weight, and leaf weight, was the variance components procedures in a replicated trial for the varietal lines. The results are summarized as follows: Means, variances and standard errors for the characters are shown in table 1, and the results of variance analyses are also shown in table 2. Heritability values of node number was the highest, and these of branch number per stock was the lowest, and these of other six characters were intermediate values. These all calculated heritability values were higher than anticipated. This was expected since these values, which were the broad sense heritability, contain the variance due to dominance and epistasis in addition to the additive variance.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제8권6호
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• pp.613-617
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• 2014

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Adipogenesis is part of the cell differentiation process in which undifferentiated fibroblasts (pre-adipocytes) become mature adipocytes with the accumulation of lipid droplets and subsequent cell morphological changes. Several transcription factors and food components have been suggested to be involved in adipogenesis. The aim of this study was to determine whether mulberry leaf ethanol extract (MLEE) affects adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. MATERIALS/METHODS: The 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated with different doses of MLEE for 8 days starting 2 days post-confluence. Cell viability, fat accumulation, and adipogenesis-related factors including CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein alpha ($C/EBP{\alpha}$), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ($PPAR{\gamma}$), $PPAR{\gamma}$ coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-$1{\alpha}$), fatty acid synthase (FAS), and adiponectin were analyzed. RESULTS: Results showed that MLEE treatments at 10, 25, 50, and $100{\mu}g/ml$ had no effect on cell morphology and viability. Without evident toxicity, all MLEE treated cells had lower fat accumulation compared with control as shown by lower absorbances of Oil Red O stain. MLEE at 50 and $100{\mu}g/ml$ significantly reduced protein levels of $PPAR{\gamma}$, PGC-$1{\alpha}$, FAS, and adiponectin in differentiated adipocytes. Furthermore, protein level of $C/EBP{\alpha}$ was significantly decreased by the treatment of $100{\mu}g/ml$ MLEE. CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate that MLEE treatment has an anti-adipogenic effect in differentiated adipocytes without toxicity, suggesting its potential as an anti-obesity therapeutic.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.71-78
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• 2008

This study examined the effects of mulberry-leaf powder Tofu(MPT) on the anthropometric measurements, bone mineral density(BMD), biochemical markers of bone turnover, serum lipid levels of and macrominerals status in 30 female university students living in Choongnam with low dietary Ca intake was low(mean daily $intake=524.66{\pm}21.47$ mg/day). The subjects received the MPT supplemented(100 g/day) for 4 weeks. The nutrient content per 100 g MPT was 84.10 kcal(energy), 8.98 g(protein), 0.53 mg(fiber), 211.33 mg(Ca) and 1.59 g(fat). Anthropometric measurements, 24-hour dietary recall, carpus BMD using DEXA, select BMD biomarckers(serum alkaline phophatase activity, osteocalcin, urinary deoxypyridinoline), serum protein levels, albumin, and glucose levels, lipid profiles(cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol) and serum macrominerals(Ca, Ca/P ratio, Mg) were analyzed before and after MPT supplementation. Following MPT supplementation, there was no significant differences in anthropometric measurements, nutrient intakes, carpus BMD, serum alkaline phosphatase activity, osteocalcin, and urinary deoxypyridinoline, serum levels of protein, albumin, and glucose or lipid profiles with AI, HTR, LHR and CRF. However, there were significant increases in dietary calcium as well as decreases in serum triglycerides with MPT supplementation. Although further research is needed, these results that regular intake MPT could prevent bone and cardiovascular diseases.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.133-136
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• 2002

Whitefly, Dialeuropora decempuncta (Quaintance rind Baker) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) has attained the major pest status in mulberry, causing 24% crop loss by sucking the leaf juice and manifesting leaf curl, chlorosis and sooty mould desease during monsoon season in West Bengal, India. The assessment of economic threshold revel is an essential component for formulating the management practices. Experiments were carried out by inoculating five different densities of whitefly viz.,10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 adults on covered mulberry plants in glass houses. From the findings, it was observed that irrespective of released density, no crop loss was observed in the initial period. But with the passing of days, the percent crop loss was increased rapidly. The linear relationship between percent crop loss and number of adults released was established to highlight the significance of economic threshold. The statistical analysis in the linear form of equation showed that initial population of 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 whiteflies/plant causes 3%, 12%, 21%, 30% and 40% crop loss in a period of 28 days which is equivalent to 57 kg, 247 kg, 437 kg, 626 kg and 816 kg leaf/acre. Execution of management practices (spray of 0.01% monocrotophos) are economical to the farmer whenever the loss is above 247 kg/acre, but below which application of control measures is not economical. From this study, it can be inferred that the economic threshold level far whitefly is 20 individuals/plant beyond which a farmer has to take appropriate control measures.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.12-17
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• 2004

New triploid mulberry cultivar, Suilppong was bred among selected lines from F$_1$ seedlings obtained by crossing the female, artificial tetraploid No. 411 which obtained from Chungilppong seedlings, and the male, Kugsang 21. Local adaptability test has been carried out at four places (Suwon, Kongju, Jeonju and Jangsung) for five years since 1997. Leaf quality was tested by silkworm rearing for two silkworm rearing seasons (spring and autumn) at Suwon in 2000. Suilppong was recognized to be superior in productivity to control cultivar, Kaeryangppong. The new cultivar, Suilppong, has following agronomic characteristics as compared with Kaeryangnppong, which is leading cultivar widely cultivating in Korea. It is belonging to Morus alba L. with mixed shapes from the ovate to 5 lobated leaf shape, sprouting in spring nearly the same to the Kaeryangppong (Morus alba L.), high leaf yielding of 20% compared to Kaeryangppong (Morus alba L.). It is adaptable to everywhere except the places where cold damage occurs frequently in Korea. Suilppong is recommended to rear silkworms not only in spring but also in autumn besides for young silkworms.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.452-461
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• 2012

Four, ruminally fistulated crossbred (Brahman${\times}$native) beef cattle with initial body weight of $420{\pm}15kg$ were randomly assigned according to a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. The dietary treatments were mulberry leaf pellet (MUP) supplementation at 0, 200, 400 and 600 g/hd/d with rice straw fed to allow ad libitum intake. All steers were kept in individual pens and supplemented with concentrate at 5 g/kg of body weight daily. The experiment was 4 periods, and each lasted 21 d. During the first 14 d, all steers were fed their respective diets ad libitum and during the last 7 d, they were moved to metabolism crates for total urine and fecal collection. It was found that increasing MUP levels resulted in linearly increasing rice straw and total intakes (p<0.05). Ruminal temperature and pH were not significantly affected by MUP supplementation while $NH_3$-N concentration was increased (p<0.05) and maintained at a high level (18.5 mg/dl) with supplementation of MUP at 600 g/hd/d. Similarly, viable total bacteria in the rumen and cellulolytic bacteria were enriched by MUP supplementation at 600 g/hd/d. However, the rumen microbial diversity determined with a PCR-DGGE technique showed similar methanogenic diversity between treatments and sampling times and were similar at a 69% genetic relationship as determined by a UPGMA method. Based on this study, it could be concluded that supplementation of MUP at 600 g/hd/d improved DM intake, ruminal $NH_3$-N, and cellulolytic bacteria thus iimproving rumen ecology in beef cattle fed with rice straw.