• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.305-311
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• 2019

Small intestine has a structure called villi that increases the mucosal surface area for nutrient absorption. Intricate and tight epithelial-mesenchymal interactions are required for villi development. These interactions are regulated by signaling molecules, physical forces, and epithelial deformation. Signaling molecules include hedgehog (Hh), bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and Wnt ligands. The Hh ligand is expressed from the epithelium and binds to the underlying mesenchymal cells, resulting in aggregation into mesenchymal clusters. The clusters express BMP and Wnt ligands to control its size and spacing between clusters. The clusters then form villi. Despite the fact that the villi formation is studied extensively, we do not have a complete understanding. In addition, the recent study shows there is a great relationship between the overexpression of the Hh signal and development of cancer in the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, signaling between epithelial and mesenchymal cells and their physical interactions will be discussed on this review.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 1992

The turnover time of the mucosal epithelium in the small intestine(jejunum and ilium) and large interstine(cecum), and the cells in the lamina propria of the small intestine was investigated with the radioautography in mice at various times after single injection of $^3H$-thymidine. Twenty suckling mice were sacrified at each of the following time intervals after injection ; 2 hrs, 1, 3, 5. 7, 14 and 17 days. 1. The labeled index of the epithelial cells in the crypt and the villus of the small intestine averaged 98.7% and 1.3% at 2 hrs, 982% and 1.8% at 1 day, 18.7% and 81.3% at 3 days, 6.3% and 93.7% at 5 days, respectively. The labeled index of the epithelial cells of the crypt-base, the upper-crypt and the mucosal surface in the large intestine averaged 71.8%, 28.2% and 0% at 2 hrs, 45%. 54.2% and 0% at 1 day, 17.2%, 54.5% and 28.2% at 3 days, 10.2%, 32.4% and 57.4% at 5 days, respectively. This result suggested that the turnover time of all the epithelial cells migrating from crypts to villi in the direction of the villus tips was calculated to be less than 5 days, and also the longest turnover time was calculated to be no longer than 7 day. 2. The labeled index of the total cells in the lamina propria of the small intestine averaged 6.2-7% at 2 hrs to 5 days, 4.7% at 7 days 2.6% at 17 days and this index is tend to be decreased moderately at 7 days and severely at 17 days. So this result suggested that the turnover time of the cells with the shorter cycle duration in the lamina propria of the small intestine were less than 5 days and that of the cells with the longer cycle duration more than 17 days.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.47-57
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• 1996

This study analysed the transport properties of bladder mucosa known as the typical system of 'tight epithelia' by using TEM observation with both rapid freeze-fracture electron microscopy and thin-section method and mainly analysed the cellular characteristics of turtle bladder epithelial cells. The bladder epithelium, like other tight epithelia, consists of a heterogenous population of cells. The majority of the mucosal cells are the granular cells and may function primarily in the process of active $Na^+$ reabsorption in turtle bladder. The remaining two types of cells are rich in mitochondria and is believed to be res-ponsible for a single major transport system, namely, $H^+$ transport by A-type of cell and urinary $HCO_{3}^-$ secretion by B-type of cell. As viewed in freeze-fracture electron micrograph, the tight junctions form a continuous tight seal around the epithelial cells, thus restricting diffusion in tight epithelia. In addition, the apical surface membranes have a population of rod-shaped intramembranous particles (IMPs). It is believed that these IMPs probably represent the components of the proton pump. However, it is likely that these characteristics of the apical transporter remain to be clarified in tight epithelial cells.

• 대한약학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한약학회 2002년도 Proceedings of the Convention of the Pharmaceutical Society of Korea Vol.2
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• pp.256.2-257
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• 2002

Intestinal epithelial cells can produce cytokines and chemokines that play an important role in the mucosal immune response. Regulation of this secretion is important to prevent inflammatory tissue damage. Lonicera japonica have been shown to inhibit inflammation. We tested the effect of luteolin, a major ingredient of Lonicera japonica, on TNF-${\alpha}$-stimulated IL-8 secretion from lntestinal epithelial cells. (omitted)

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.696-703
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• 2014

Clostridium difficile causes mucosal damage and diarrhea by releasing two exotoxins: toxin A and toxin B. C. difficile colitis is associated with alterations in bowel flora and the failure to mount an effective antibody response. The aim of the current study was to investigate whether antitoxin sera prevent toxin-A-induced apoptosis, cytoskeletal disaggregation, cell detachment, and tight junction loss in cultured colonic epithelial cells. Serum samples were isolated from mice that survived a C. difficile infection following antibiotic treatment, and the antitoxin effects of these samples were investigated in toxin-A-exposed HT29 colonic epithelial cells and a toxin-A-induced animal model of gut inflammation. Unchallenged mice did not produce IgG against toxin A, whereas serum (antiserum) from C. difficile-challenged mice showed significant IgG responses against toxin A. Treatment with the antiserum markedly inhibited mucosal damage and inflammation in the toxin-A-treated mouse model. In contrast to control mouse serum, the antiserum also markedly inhibited toxin-A-induced DNA fragmentation, dephosphorylation of paxillin and Epo receptor (EpoR), deacetylation of tubulin, and upregulation of p21(WAF1/CIP1) and p53. Taken together, these results reveal that the generated antitoxin serum has biotherapeutic effects in preventing various C. difficile toxin-A-induced cellular toxicities.

• 한국어류학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.19-27
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• 2016

은대구의 소화관 상대길이 비는 1.52 (n=12)이며, 소화관은 위의 후방부에 5~6개의 유문수를 가진다. 점막주름의 형태는 식도와 위에서는 미분지형이지만 장에서는 분지형이다. 횡단면에서 소화관은 조직학적으로 점막층, 점막하층, 근육층 및 장막으로 구분할 수 있다. 식도의 점막상피층은 단층이며, 원주섬모상피세포들과 점액세포들로 구성된다. 위 점막층의 위선은 관상선으로 주세포, 벽세포 및 뮤신분비세포들로 구성된다. 뮤신분비세포는 원주형으로 AB-PAS (pH 2.5) 반응에서 분홍색과 푸른색을 나타내는 분비과립을 가진다. 장의 점막상피층은 단층이며, 원주섬모상피세포들과 배상세포들로 구성된다. 점막하층은 소성결합조직층으로 주로 교원섬유들로 구성되며, 식도에서 잘 발달되어 있다. 소화관의 근육층은 종주근층과 환상근층으로 구분되며, 위에서 잘 발달되어 있다. 간은 다수의 소엽구조와 담관들로 이루어져 있으며, H-E 염색에서 간세포의 세포질은 호산성이며, 핵과 인은 호염기성을 보였다. 췌장조직은 소화관 주변의 지방조직에 산재하며, 다수의 외분비세포들로 구성된 포상선이었다. H-E 염색에서 외분비선세포의 세포질은 호염기성을 나타내며, 다수의 호산성 전효소 과립들을 함유한다.

• 한국동물학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.57-68
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• 1974

저자는 붕어, 두꺼비, 유혈목이, 십자매, 소를 재료로 담낭 상피세포의 조직학적인 관찰과 조직화학적인 성상의 관찰로 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 상피세포의 형태는 동물마다 차이를 가지며, 일부의 동물에서 보고된 이른바 통상세포와 간상세포의 2종의 세포를 조직화학적 면에서는 뒷받침 할 수 없었다. 2. 붕어는 단층 원주세포, 두꺼비는 점막주름 상부는 원추형, 주름 측면부는 원주형, 주름 기부는 사다리꼴 세포, 유혈목이는 단층 원주상피로서 높이가 얕은 원주형 내지 입방형 세포 그리고 소는 단층 원주상피로서 원주형이 되었다. 3. 세포질의 eosinophility는 붕어에서는 모든 상피세포의 핵상단부 세포질에서 강하고 균일하였고, 두꺼비에서는 세포질 전체가 약한 세포가 다수 출현하였고, 유혈목이는 핵상부 세포질이 균일하게 강하였으며, 십자매에서는 전 세포질이 균일하였고, 소에서는 세포질 전체가 비교적 균일하였으며 핵 주위 세포질이 환상으로 약하였다. 4. PAS 반응에서 동물에 따른 강약의 차이를 보였고, 세포질이 밝게 보이는 명세포와 어둡게 보이는 암세포로 나눌 수 있었으며, 명세포의 출현은 붕어에서 6.4%, 두꺼비에서 4.3%, 그리고 십자매에서 3.7%였으며 유혈목이와 소에서는 명세포가 출현하지 않았다. 5. Ninhydrin-Schiff에 양성인 단백질 함량은 소, 붕어, 십자매, 두꺼비, 유혈목이의 순이었는데 붕어, 유혈목이, 십자매에서는 점막주름 상부세포들이 풍부하였고, 두꺼비에서는 부위 별 차이가 없을 뿐만 아니라 세포질에 균일하게 함유하였다. 6. 중성 지방은 붕어, 유혈목이, 십자매, 소에서는 세포의 형태에 관계없이 염색성을 보이지 않거나 약한 세포가 출현하였고, 두꺼비에서는 세포 부위의 차이는 있으나 전세포에서 염색성을 나타내었다. 7. RNA 와 DNA는 모든 동물에서 세포의 형태에 관계없이 점막주름 상부세포가 강하고 점막주름 기부 및 측면부의 세포에서는 약한 반응을 보였다.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.83-90
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• 1981

This study was undertaken to study the changes of epithelium of oral mucosa caused by diabetic disease in terms of keratinization and morphology of epithelial cells of oral mucasa, and to diagnose the oral diseases caused by systemic origns in terms of oral exfoliative cytology as a diagnostic tool. The author has studied the changes of epithelial cells on the cheek mucosa and upper antirior gingiva of 20 adult diabetic patients by Oral Exfoliative Cytology. And 50 healthy adults were selected as control group. The cytologic smears were stained by Papanicolaou method. The results were as follows : 1. In diabetic patient's cheek mucosa, Yellow staining cells were reveald as 11.8%, which was higher than the control group(4.2%). 2. In diabetic patients' upper anterior gingiva, Yellow staining cells were reaveale as 12.4%, which was lower than the control group(68.2%) 3. The changes of nucleus and cytoplasmic changes were not significantly different in diabetic patients and control group.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.605-609
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• 2007

The effects of lactic acid fermented yam yogurt (Yam/YG) on colon mucosal tissue were investigated in a loperamide-induced constipation rat models. Sprague-Dawley rats were fed for 6 weeks with 3 types of diets (normal, supplemented with lactic acid bacteria, and supplemented with Yam/YG), and were then administered loperamide intraperitoneally twice daily for 5 days. Administration of loperamide decreased fecal excretion and the moisture content of feces with increasing of numbers of pellets in the colon. On the histopathologic findings from hematoxylin and eosin (H& E) and alcian blue stainings, supplementation with Yam/YG resulted in the recovery of depleted goblet cells and mucin, and increased the numbers of Ki-67 positive cells, indicating restoration of colonic mucosa through cell proliferation and crypt regeneration against damages observed in crypt epithelial cells of loperamide-induced rats. These results indicate that Yam/YG improves evacuation and mucus production in the gastrointestinal tracts of constipated-induced rats.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.63-69
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• 2003

Ten barrows, weaned at 28 days (7.2$\pm$0.1 kg BW), were used to evaluate the effects of feeding extruded full-fat soybeans on intestinal morphology and mucosal cell turnover time. All pigs were fed corn-based diets with half of the pigs receiving diets supplemented with 15.5% soybean meal and 3% soybean oil and the remaining pigs fed a diet in which the soybean meal and oil were replaced by 18.5% extruded full-fat soybeans. The pigs were individually placed in $80{\times}150cm$ metabolic cages and fed twice daily an amount approximately equal to their ad libitum intake for a period of 14 days. On day 14, pigs were weighed and then injected intraperitoneally with $^3$H]thymidine ($100{\mu}Ci/kg$ of BW, specific activity 20 Ci/mmol) 6 h after the morning meal. A pig from each treatment was killed 1, 4, 8, 16, or 24 h postinjection and intestinal tissues were collected. Daily gains for pigs fed the soybean diet and extruded full-fat soybean diet were 0.24 and 0.31 kg/day (p=0.05) with feed conversions of 1.58 and 1.39 (p=0.05), respectively. In comparison with pigs fed soybean meal, pigs fed moist extruded full-fat soybeans had a decreased crypt depth in their duodenum and cecum (p<0.1), while the villus height in the mid jejunum and ileum and the total height (villus height plus crypt depth) of the ileum and mid jejunum increased (p<0.05). The villus width in the duodenum and mid jejunum decreased (p<0.05). The number of crypt epithelial cells in the upper jejunum increased but decreased in the ileum, colon and cecum (p<0.05). The number of villus epithelial cells in the ileum and the upper and mid jejunum increased (p<0.05). The time for migration of epithelial cells in the crypt-villus column decreased (p<0.05) in all sites except the upper jejunum, ileum and cecum. The mucosal turnover rate for all intestinal sites except the upper jejunum, colon and cecum decreased (p<0.05). From these data, we conclude that inclusion of moist extruded full-fat soybeans in weanling pig diets can improve the intestinal morphology and slow the migration rate and turnover time of epithelial cells of the small intestine, especially in the mid jejunum compared with soybean meal.