• Resources Recycling
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• v.15 no.2 s.70
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• pp.24-31
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• 2006

The duality of recycled fine aggregate (RS) which was produced at the waste concrete crushing was investigated. The compressive strength, flexural strength and absorption of mortar utilized with RS were examined. It was evaluated on the application of RS as precast concrete aggregate. The density and absorption of RS were $2.31g/cm^3$ and 8.07% respectively, the quality of RS was satisfied with the criterion of KS F 2573 type 2. The maximum 28days compressive strength of mortar mixed with blended cement MRS1, MRS2 and MRS3 were developed with 15.8, 27.4 and 48.7MPa respectively, in condition to curing temperature $40^{\circ}C$ and water-cement ratio 37.5%. When blended cement MRS1 and MRS2 were used, the maximum flexural strength of mortar was developed at curing temperature $40^{\circ}C$ and water-cement ratio 35.0%. When blended cement MRS3 was used, the maximum flexural strength of mortar was developed at curing temperature $40^{\circ}C$ and water-cement ratio 37.5%. The absorption of mortar mixed with blended cement MRS1, MRS2 and MRS3 were indicated the range of $8.3{\sim}7.3%,\;6.5{\sim}8.5%$ and $3.5{\sim}6%$ respectively. Therefore, when the ratio of blended cement and RS is appropriately centre]led, it would be expected that MRS1, MRS2 and MRS3 will be able to apply the variable low strength, medium strength and high strength precaste concrete.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.30 no.8
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• pp.1142-1148
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• 2020

Mitochondria play a vital role in iron uptake and metabolism in pathogenic fungi, and also influence virulence and drug tolerance. However, the regulation of iron transport within the mitochondria of Cryptococcus neoformans, a causative agent of fungal meningoencephalitis in immunocompromised individuals, remains largely uncharacterized. In this study, we identified and functionally characterized Mrs3/4, a homolog of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitochondrial iron transporter, in C. neoformans var. grubii. A strain expressing an Mrs3/4-GFP fusion protein was generated, and the mitochondrial localization of the fusion protein was confirmed. Moreover, a mutant lacking the MRS3/4 gene was constructed; this mutant displayed significantly reduced mitochondrial iron and cellular heme accumulation. In addition, impaired mitochondrial iron-sulfur cluster metabolism and altered expression of genes required for iron uptake at the plasma membrane were observed in the mrs3/4 mutant, suggesting that Mrs3/4 is involved in iron import and metabolism in the mitochondria of C. neoformans. Using a murine model of cryptococcosis, we demonstrated that an mrs3/4 mutant is defective in survival and virulence. Taken together, our study suggests that Mrs3/4 is responsible for iron import in mitochondria and reveals a link between mitochondrial iron metabolism and the virulence of C. neoformans.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.57-64
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• 2015

Objectives : To study correlation between Digital Infrared Thermal Imaging, Kupperman’s Index (KI) and Menopause Rating Scale (MRS) of Postmenopausal Women Methods : We analyzed 114 patients visiting Pohang Oriental Hospital from 1 ^st January 2014 to 30 ^th September 2015. The evaluating indexed of this trial were Age, DITI, KI, MRS. Temperature and different of temperature, such as In-dang (HN3), dan-Jung (CV17), gwan-won (CV4), hyup-back (LU4), no-gung (PC8), bock-to (ST31), and tae-chung (LR3). Results : Age was no correlation with DITI, KI, and MRS. There were positive correlation with KI and MRS significantly. DITI was not correlated with Age, KI and MRS, while ⊿T1 (LU4-PC8) was correlated with ⊿T2 (ST31-LR3) and ⊿T3 (CV17-CV4). Conclusions : There were non-significant correlation between DITI and Menopausal scale, but significant correlation in DITI themselves, Menopausal themselves. The More studies ar needed for the more accurate oriental medical diagnosis

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.107-114
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• 2008

Purpose : The aim of this study is to determine possibility of application of in vivo proton ($^1H$) magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in distinguishing cystic mass arising around pancreas by comparison of in vivo MRS, in vitro MRS using 3T MR machine, based on nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Materials and Methods : We obtained spectra of in vivo MRS, in vitro MRS and NMR from abdominal mass arising around pancreas (mucinous cystic neoplasm=5, intraductal papillary mucin producing tumor=5, pseudocyst=1, and lymphangioma=1). We estimated existence of peak of in vivo MRS, and in vitro MRS concordant to that of NMR. We also evaluated differential peak for predicting specific disease. Results : Correlation of presence of peak with NMR showed showed sensitivity of 29.6%, specificity of 82.6% and accuracy of 67.7% on in vivo MRS (p = 0.096, McNemar test), sensitivity of 57.1% and specificity of 92.6% and accuracy of 82.3% on in vitro MRS (p = 0.362, McNemar test). The spectra of NMR for IPMT showed more frequent peaks at 3.5-4.0 ppm (p=0.026). Conclusion : Although chemical analysis, using NMR could be regarded as possible tool to differentiate cystic masses, in vivo and in vitro MRS need further technical evolution for clinical application.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.51 no.6
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• pp.272-276
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• 2008

Purification and some properties of Xylogone sphaerospora ${\beta}$-mannanase were reprevious previous paper. Locust bean gum galactomannan was hydrolyzed by the purified ${\beta}$-mannanase, and then the hydrolysates was separated by activated carbon column chromatography. The main hydrolysates were composed of D.P. (Degree of Polymerization) 4 and 6 galactosyl mannooligosaccharides. For elucidate the structure of D.P 4 and 6 galactosyl mannooligosaccharides, sequential enzymatic action was performed. D.P 4 and 6 were identified as ${Gal^2}{Man_3}\;(6^2-mono-O-{\alpha}-D-galactopyranosyl-4-O-{\beta}-D-mannotriose)$ and ${Gal^2}{Man_5}\;(6^2-mono-O-{\alpha}-D-galacto- pyranosyl-4-O-{\beta}-D-mannopentaose)$. To investigate the effects of locust bean gum galactosyl mannooligosaccharides on in vitro growth of Bifidobacterium longum, B. bifidum, B. infantis, B. adolescentis, B. animalis, B. auglutum and B. breve. Bifidobacterium spp. were cultivated individually on the modified-MRS medium containing carbon source such as D.P. 4 and D.P. 6 galactosyl mannooligosaccharides, respectively. B. longum and B. bifidum grew up to-fold and 6.6-fold more effectively by the treatment of D.P. 6 galactosyl mannooligosaccharides, compared to those of standard MRS medium. Especially, D.P. 6 was more effective than D.P. 4 galactosyl mannooligosaccharide on the growth of Bifidobacterium spp.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.352-357
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• 2006

In this study, the growth characteristics of Lactobacillus helveticus ATCC 55163 were evaluated. The species was cultured in three different types of broths which included the MRS broth, 6%, 12% whey broth, and 6%, 12% whey broth containing 1% yeast extract, respectively. Exponential phase of Lactobacillus helveticus ATCC 55163 was within the range of 3 to 24 hours in the MRS broth and whey broth. The pH value of the whey broth dramatically decreased within the range of 3 to 24 hours. On the contrary, the total titratible acidity(TTA) of whey broth dramatically increased within the same range. During the same time, the lowest pH was showed in the 12% whey broth containing 1% yeast extract, and the highest TTA was showed in the same whey broth. Therefore, the concentration of whey broth and the yeast extract affected the multiplication of the Lactobacillus helveticus ATCC 55163 seriously through the research.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.143-152
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• 2013

Aminobutyric acid (GABA), a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system of animals, has several physiological effects including anti-hypertensive, diuretic, tranquilizing, and anti-stress properties, in humans. The purpose of this study was to investigate Lactobacillus plantarum K74, which was isolated from kimchi and selected as a strain with a high ability to produce GABA, to develop a new starter culture for fermented milk production. L. plantarum K74 produced $134.52{\mu}g/mL$ GABA in MRS broth containing 1% MSG, $212.27{\mu}g/mL$ GABA in MRS broth containing 2% MSG, and $234.63{\mu}g/mL$ GABA in MRS broth containing 3% MSG. The optimum growth temperature of L. plantarum K74 was $34^{\circ}C$, reaching a pH of 4.4 after 18 hours of growth. L. plantarum K74 was most sensitive to novobiocin out of 16 different antibiotics tested, and was most resistant to kanamycin and polymyxin B. L. plantarum K74 did not produce ${\beta}$-glucuronidase, a carcinogenic enzyme, and was comparatively tolerant to bile juice and low pH. Furthermore, it displayed resistance to Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, and Staphylococcus aureus at rates of 54.9%, 46.3%, and 0.7%, respectively.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.18
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• pp.8335-8338
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• 2016

Purpose: To make a comparison of single voxel magnetic resonance spectroscopy (SV-MRS) and dynamic contrast enhancement (DCE) MRI for differentiation of benign and malignant breast lesions in a sample of Iranian women. Materials and Methods: A total of 30 women with abnormal breast lesions detected in mammography, ultrasound, or clinical breast exam were examined with DCE and SV-MRS. tCho (total choline) resonance in MRS spectra was qualitatively evaluated and detection of a visible tCho peak at 3.2 ppm was defined as a positive finding for malignancy. Different types of DCE curves were persistent (type 1), plateau (type 2), and washout (type 3). At first, lesions were classified according to choline findings and types of DCE curve, finally being compared to pathological results as the standard reference. Results: this study included 19 patients with malignant lesions and 11 patients with benign ones. While 63.6 % of benign lesions (7 of 11) showed type 1 DCE curves and 36.4% (4 of 11) showed type 2, 57.9% (11of 19) of malignant lesions were type 3 and 42.1% (8 of 19) type 2. Choline peaks were detected in 18 of 19 malignant lesions and in 3 of 11 benign counterparts. 1 malignant and 8 benign cases did not show any visible resonance at 3.2 ppm so SV-MRS featured 94.7% sensitivity, 72.7 % specificity and 86.7% accuracy.Conclusions: The present findings indicate that a combined approach using MRS and DCE MRI can improve the specificity of MRI for differentiation of benign and malignant breast lesions.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea CI
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.62-73
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• 2012

IEEE 802.15.4 standard which has low-speed, low-power, low-cost can be efficiently used in wireless sensor network environment. Among various topologies used in IEEE 802.15.4 standard, a cluster-tree topology which has many nodes in it, transmit delay, energy consumption and data loss due to traffic concentration around the sink node. In this paper, we propose the MRS-DCA algorithm that minimizes conflicts between packets for efficient data transmission, and dynamically allocates the active period for efficient use of limited energy. The MRS-DCA algorithm allocates RP(Reservation Period) to the active period of IEEE 802.15.4 and guarantees reliable data transmission by allocating RP and CAP dynamically which is based on prediction using EWMA. The comparison result shows that the MRS-DCA algorithm reduces power consumption by reducing active period, and increasing transmission rate by avoiding collision.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.18 no.10
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• pp.1123-1134
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• 2009

This study was designed to evaluate qualitatively and quantitatively the pollutant compositions, which were emitted from three types of mosquito repellents(MRs)(mat-, liquid-vaporized, and coil-type) by utilizing a 50-L environmental chamber. A qualitative analysis revealed that 42 compounds were detected on the gas chromatography/mass spectrometer system, and that the detection frequency depended upon chemical types. Nine of the 42 compounds exhibited a detection frequency of 100%. Four aromatic compounds(benzene, ethyl benzene, toluene, and xylene) were detected in all test MRs. The concentration equilibriums in the environmental chamber were achieved within 180 min after sample introduction. The coil-type MR represented higher chamber concentrations as compared with the mat- or liquid-vaporized-type MR, with respect to the target compounds except for naphthalene. In particular, the chamber concentrations of ethyl benzene, associated with the use of coil-type MR, were between 0.9 and $65\;mg\;m^{-3}$ whereas those of mat- and liquid-vaporized-type MRs we~e between 0.5 and $2.0\;mg\;m^{-3}$and 0.3 and $1.4\;mg\;m^{-3}$, respectively. However, naphthalene concentrations in the chamber, where a liquid-vaporized-type MR was placed, were measured as between 17.8 and $56.3\;mg\;m^{-3}$, but not detected in the chamber, where a mat- or coil-type MR was placed. The empirical model fitted well with the time-series concentrations in the environmental chamber(in most cases, determination coefficient, $R^2$ ≿ 0.9), thereby suggesting that the model was suitable for testing emissions. In regards to the target compounds except for benzene, although they were emitted from the MRs, health risk from individual exposure to them were estimated not to be significant when comparing exposure levels with no observed adverse exposure levels or lowest observed adverse exposure levels of corresponding compounds. However, it was concluded that the use of MRs could be an important indoor source as regards benzene.