• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.111 no.1
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• pp.115-124
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• 2022

This study was conducted to obtain basic data that could help prevent damage caused by slow-moving landslides (land-creep). Specifically, the geological, topographic, and physical characteristics of land-creep were analyzed in Jiphyeon-myeon, Jinju-si. The first and second analyzed land-creeps occurred in 1982 and 2019, respectively. The area damaged in the second land-creep was about 11.5-fold larger than that damaged in the first land-creep. The dominant constituent rock in the land-creep area was sedimentary rock, which seems to be weakly resistant to weathering. The areas that collapsed due to land-creep were related to the presence of separated rocks between the bedding plane in the estimated activity surface over the slope direction and the vertically developed joint surface. Thus, surface water and soil debris were introduced through the gaps of separated rocks. Additionally, the areas collapsed due to the combination of the bedding plane and joint surface shale and sandstone showed an onion structure of weathered outcrop from the edge to inner part caused by weathering from ground water. Consequently, core stones were formed. The study area was a typical area of land-creep in a mountain caused by ground water. Land-creep was classified into convex areas of colluvial land-creep. The landslide-risk rating in the study area was classified into three and five classes. The flow of ground water moved to the northeast and coincided with the direction of the collapse. Soil bulk density in the collapsed area was lower than that in ridge area, which was rarely affected by land-creep. Thus, soil bulk density was affected by the soil disturbance in the collapsed area.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2012.02a
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• pp.241-241
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• 2012

Semiconductor industry has been taking the advantage of improvements in process technology in order to maintain reduced device geometries and stringent performance specifications. This results in semiconductor manufacturing processes became hundreds in sequence, it is continuously expected to be increased. This may in turn reduce the yield. With a large amount of investment at stake, this motivates tighter process control and fault diagnosis. The continuous improvement in semiconductor industry demands advancements in process control and monitoring to the same degree. Any fault in the process must be detected and classified with a high degree of precision, and it is desired to be diagnosed if possible. The detected abnormality in the system is then classified to locate the source of the variation. The performance of a fault detection system is directly reflected in the yield. Therefore a highly capable fault detection system is always desirable. In this research, time series modeling of the data from an etch equipment has been investigated for the ultimate purpose of fault diagnosis. The tool data consisted of number of different parameters each being recorded at fixed time points. As the data had been collected for a number of runs, it was not synchronized due to variable delays and offsets in data acquisition system and networks. The data was then synchronized using a variant of Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) algorithm. The AutoRegressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model was then applied on the synchronized data. The ARIMA model combines both the Autoregressive model and the Moving Average model to relate the present value of the time series to its past values. As the new values of parameters are received from the equipment, the model uses them and the previous ones to provide predictions of one step ahead for each parameter. The statistical comparison of these predictions with the actual values, gives us the each parameter's probability of fault, at each time point and (once a run gets finished) for each run. This work will be extended by applying a suitable probability generating function and combining the probabilities of different parameters using Dempster-Shafer Theory (DST). DST provides a way to combine evidence that is available from different sources and gives a joint degree of belief in a hypothesis. This will give us a combined belief of fault in the process with a high precision.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.165-174
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• 2007

The subject of this study was male apparatus gymnastics athlete who had scored high points doing basket with 1/2 turn on parallel bars. Then 3D motion analysis were used to calculate & analyse kinematic variables of Basket with 1/2 turn to Handstand. 1. The total average time spent for Basket with 1/2 turn took $2.16{\pm}.08sec$, at the downward upward phase took $.58{\pm}0.00sec$, $.23{\pm}.00sec$, at flight phase took $.28{\pm}.01sec$, at connected area phase took $.72{\pm}0.21sec$, at rotation area phase took $.35{\pm}.14sec$. To have a successful performance, there should be faster speed and velocity to rotate at the downward upward phase, then the upward velocity and height must be used adequately. Moreover, the speed must be faster at the flight connect phase to stabilize Center of Mass(CM) for the body, and must secure more time at the rotation area to have more stable performance. 2. After handstand on parallel bars while moving CM to right hand side, and It must be performed with big and magnificent performance with putting both hand's center to far away from the parallel bars. 3. Furthermore, CM must be moved fast from downwards to right hand side, and CM must be moved fast in vertical movement at upward and flight phase to avoid CM from moving back and forth, and left and right. 4. At downwards, the subject must rotate as bis as possible using hip-joint as wide as possible and at upwards, must put his body to vertical to have stable performance. While rotating or turning, it is better to do with bigger shoulder angle and have to make sure that trunk angle must be not scattered. To perform better and more positive in basket with 1/2 turn on parallel bars, the centrifugal force must be used big and fast at downward, and at upward and flight phase, downward movement must change to vertical movement as soon as possible while turning movement must happen at handstand position. Time spent must be shorten at connected area to stabilize CM and turning must be natural as possible while securing the necessary time of movement to well-balanced. Also, the body must be vertically closed from the ground.

• The Journal of the Society of Korean Medicine Diagnostics
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.79-95
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• 2010

Background and Purpose : By preventing diseases caused by exogenous evil, disorder of internal organs, and seven modes of emotions and adapting to mother nature when the mind is unsettled, and keeping the body and mind relaxed diseases can be avoided, but there can be unpredicted situations caused accidentally by stroke. Currently the general prescription is regulating the flow of vital energy including drugs eliminating blood stasis. Even though the stroke is resulted from diseases caused by exogenous evil, by observing the patient's physical appearance, essence of life, vital energy, and mental faculties which are believed to be the functions of the heart to clear the upper body and invigorate the functions of the spleen and stomach and purge with drugs of warm nature is a closer approach than simply prescribing vital energy regulating drugs with eliminating blood stasis to the main purpose of treatment. Methods : 1) The subject of the study are 2 cases of patients who have visited the private hospital of the person who is announcing the results of the study. These patients have been given a diagnosis of edema or cystoma caused by bursitis in the knee joint through perception or medical examination and were waiting for operational application. 2) Sources related to stroke from Dong Eui Bo Gwam(東醫寶鑑) were used as the general standard of Korean Traditional Medicine, and to promote the understanding the original text and the translation has been given. 3) By observing the whole body such as the patient's usual physical appearance, essence of life, vital energy, and mental faculties which are believed to be the functions of the heart, or partly using the "Yin is even and well while Yang is firm" theory of "Plain Questions" as the background to present the results of the clinical study. Results and Conclusion : Generally the prescriptions from the first volume of Dong Eui Bo Gwam(東醫寶鑑) are mostly drugs eliminating stagnated blood including extravasated blood and the blood moving sluggishly in circulation or congested in a viscus, alleviating pain, invigorating blood circulation. Also prescriptions for bone fracture or fracture of bones and sinews are mostly to eradicate blood stasis with drastic drugs or coaptation drugs added to drugs eliminating stagnated blood including extravasated blood and the blood moving sluggishly in circulation or congested in a viscus, alleviating pain, invigorating vital energy, possessing warm properties for the Xue system.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.176-187
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• 1996

This paper deals with the accurate estimation of 3- D pose (position and orientation) of a moving object with reference to the world frame (or robot base frame), based on a sequence of stereo images taken by cameras mounted on the end - effector of a robot manipulator. This work is an extension of the previous work[1]. Emphasis is given to the 3-D pose estimation relative to the world (or robot base) frame under the presence of not only the measurement noise in 2 - D images[ 1] but also the camera position errors due to the random noise involved in joint angles of a robot manipulator. To this end, a new set of discrete linear Kalman filter equations is derived, based on the following: 1) the orientation error of the object frame due to measurement noise in 2 - D images is modeled with reference to the camera frame by analyzing the noise propagation through 3- D reconstruction; 2) an extended Jacobian matrix is formulated by combining the result of 1) and the orientation error of the end-effector frame due to joint angle errors through robot differential kinematics; and 3) the rotational motion of an object, which is nonlinear in nature, is linearized based on quaternions. Motion parameters are computed from the estimated quaternions based on the iterated least-squares method. Simulation results show the significant reduction of estimation errors and also demonstrate an accurate convergence of the actual motion parameters to the true values.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.527-532
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• 2008

Purpose: Transverse type or volar oblique type of defect of thumb tip can be covered by Moberg flap or second toe pulp free flap. We compared these two methods in functional result, patients' satisfaction, and sensation, etc. to find a better way to cover the defect of the thumb tip. Methods: From 2003 to 2006, we chose the patients randomly with preoperative pictures. The patients had the defect of the thumb tip which is either transverse or volar oblique type. The 6 patients were treated with Moberg flap and other 6 patients were treated with second toe pulp free flap. We have analyzed the results by 2 point discrimination, side pinching power test, pulp to pulp pinching power test, pain scales (visual analogue scale), satisfaction scales of the patients (functional and aesthetic), the degree of the range of motion, etc. Results: All flaps survived without any complications. In the cases of Moberg flaps, the value of static 2 point discrimination test was 5.6 mm, and the value of moving 2 point discrimination test was 4.8 mm. In the cases of second toe pulp free flaps, the values were 9.6 mm and 9.3 mm. In the cases of Moberg flaps, the value of the Side pinch power test was 6.6 kg, 4.4 kg. In the case of second toe pulp free flaps, the values were 4.8 kg and 2.5 kg. The value of aesthetic satisfaction scale of the patients in Moberg flaps was 5.6, the value of functional satisfaction scale of the patients was 3.6. In cases of second toe pulp free flaps, the values were 5.6 and 3.6. The active range of motion of Interphalangeal joint in the cases of Moberg flaps was 46.6 degree, and the active range of motion of metacarpophalangeal joint was 55 degree, in the cases of second toe pulp free flaps, the values were 36.6 degree and 59 degree. Conclusion: As a result, when the defect of the thumb tip is transverse or volar oblique type, we suggest that the operators choose Moberg flap to cover the defect of the thumb tip.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.73-94
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• 2003

The purpose of this investigation was to analyze A kinematic analysis of the Kuzushi-arm motion when performing Morote-Seoinage in judo who was 5 females university representative judokas of light weight category in judo, and filmed on video cameras(60field/s). The data of this study digitizied by KWON3D 2.1 program computed the average and standard deviation calculated individual 5 trials with Programing Lab view 6i. From the data analysis & discussion, the following conclusions were drawn : 1) distance variable of attacking hand arm in kuzushi motion Left right(X direction) displacement variable was all of A, B, C pattern with moving left to right and leaning. Strip of displacement variable was ordo. to C(55.6cm), A(53.3cm), B(43.9cm) pattern, C pattern largely leaned to left Front Rear(Y direction) displacement variable was different A($131.3cm{\pm}3.1cm$), B($128.7{\pm}4.0cm$) and C(111.0cm) on ready position, 3 pattern leaned to rear direction. Strip of displacement was order to B(43.4cm), A(41.1cm) and C pattern(28.3cm). Up down(Z direction) displacement variable was all of A, B, C pattern leaned to up in the Kuzushi-phase and leaned to down in the Kake-phase. Strip of displacement was order to A(83.9cm), B(80.4cm), C pattern(71.9cm). 2) Shoulder joint angle variable Flexion and extension Ready position' angle was A($138.3{\pm}4.9^{\circ}$), B($142.9{\pm}3.7^{\circ}$) and C($164.5^{\circ}$) pattern, strip of flexion extension was order to C($80.9^{\circ}$), A($79.9^{\circ}$) and B($39.0^{\circ}$) pattern, greatly C pattern had largely angle change. Adduction and abduction : B and C pattern's angle change were adduction and abduction in the Kuzushi-phase after adduction in the Kake phase, A pattern's angle change was abduction in the Kuzushi-phase after adduction in the Kake phase. internal and external rotation : 3 pattern were internal rotation in the Tsukuri phase and external rotation in the Kake phase. After B and C pattern were external rotation and A pattern was internal rotation. 3) Elbow joint angle variable Flexion and extension 3 pattern's ready position angle were A($142.0{\pm}4.4^{\circ}$), B($123.5{\pm}5.5^{\circ}$) and C($105.5^{\circ}$) and flexion. Strip of flexion extension were order to A($57.9^{\circ}$), C($34.6^{\circ}$) and B($25.2^{\circ}$) pattern.

• Korean Journal of Computational Design and Engineering
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.212-221
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• 2010

Proposed in the paper is a methodology to generate kinematic template for 3D JIG models. Recently, according to increase of the rate of automatic facility in manufacturing system, the 3D manufacturing and verification research and development have been issued. So, unlike in the past, moving 3D facilities are very various like JIGs, turn table, AS/RS worked in the automated manufacturing industry. Because 3D mesh models are used in these kinds of 3D simulation, users have to define the kinematic information manually. This 3D mesh data doesn't have parametric information and design history of the 3D model unlike the design level data. So, it is lighter than 3D design level data and more efficient to render on the 3D virtual manufacturing environment. But, when user wants to find a common axis located between the links, the parameter information of the model has to reconstruct for defining kinematic construction. It takes a long time and very repetitive to define an axis and makes a joint using 3D mesh data and it is non-intuitive task for user. This paper proposed template model that provides kinematic information of the JIG. This model is kinds of a state diagram to describe a relation between links. So, this model can be used for a kinematic template to the JIG which has a same mechanism. The template model has to be registered in the template library to use in the future, after user made the model of the specific type of the 3D JIG model.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.205-219
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• 2002

This research seeks to identify the plantar pressure distribution graph and change in force in connection with effective golf drive strokes and thus to help ordinary golfers have appropriate understanding on the moving of the center of weight and learn desirable drive swing movements. To this end, we conducted surveys on five excellent golfers to analyze the plantar pressure applied when performing golf drive strokes, and suggested dynamic variables quantitatively. 1) Our research presents the desire movements as follows. For the time change in connection with the whole movement, as a golfer raises the club head horizontally low above ground from the address to the top swing, he makes a semicircle using the left elbow joint and shaft and slowly turns his body, thus lengthening the time. And, as the golfer twists the right waist from the middle swing to the impact with the head taking address movement, and does a quick movement, thus shortening the time. 2) For the change in pressure distribution by phase, to strike a strong shot with his weight imposed from the middle swing to the impact, a golfer uses centrifugal force, fixes his left foot, and makes impact. This showed greater pressure distribution on the left sole than on the right sole. 3) For the force distribution graph by phase, the force in the sole from the address to halfway swing movements is distributed to the left foot with 46% and to the right foot with 54%. And, with the starting of down swing, as the weight shifts to the left foot, the force is distributed to the left sole with 58%. Thus, during the impact and follow through movements, it is desirable for a golfer to allow his left foot to take the weight with the right foot balancing the body. 4) The maximum pressure distribution and average of the maximum force in connection with the whole movement changed as the left (foot) and right (foot) supported opposing force, and the maximum pressure distribution also showed much greater on the left sole.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SC
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• v.42 no.5 s.305
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• pp.1-12
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• 2005

A Mobile manipulator - a serial connection of a mobile robot and a task robot - is a very useful system to achieve various tasks in dangerous environment. because it has the higher performance than a fixed base manipulator in regard to the size of it's operational workspace. Unfortunately the use of a mobile robot introduces non-holonomic constraints, and the combination of a mobile robot and a manipulator generally introduces kinematic redundancy. In this paper, first a method for estimating the position of object at the cartesian coordinate system acquired by using the geometrical relationship between the image captured by 2-DOF active camera mounted on mobile robot and real object is proposed. Second, we propose a method to determine a optimal path between current the position of mobile manipulator whose mobile robot is non-holonomic and the position of object estimated by image information through the global displacement of the system in a symbolic way, using homogenous matrices. Then, we compute the corresponding joint parameters to make the desired displacement coincide with the computed symbolic displacement and object is captured through the control of a manipulator. The effectiveness of proposed method is demonstrated by the simulation and real experiment using the mobile manipulator.