• The Journal of Art Theory & Practice
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• no.4
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• pp.77-104
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• 2006

The propaganda paintings in oil colors or in forms of posters made from 1949 to 1966 have gone through some changes experiencing the influence of the Soviet Union Art and discussion of nationalization, while putting political messages of the time in the picture planes. The propaganda paintings which have been through this process became an effective means of encouraging the illiterate people in political ideologies, production, and learning. Alike other propaganda paintings in different mediums, the ones which were painted in oil colors and in the form of posters have been produced fundamentally based on Mao Zedong's intensification of the literary art on the talks on literature at Yenan. Yet, the oil paintings and posters were greatly influenced by the socialist realism and propaganda paintings of the Soviet Union, compared to other propaganda paintings in different mediums. Accordingly, they were preponderantly dealt in the discussions of nationalization of the late '50s. To devide in periods, the establishment of People's Republic of China in 1949 as a diverging point, the propaganda paintings made before and after 1949 have differences in subject matters and styles. In the former period, propaganda paintings focused on the political lines of the Communists and enlightenment of the people, but in the latter period, the period of Cultural Revolution, the most important theme was worshiping Mao Zedong. This was caused by reflection of the social atmosphere, and it is shown that the propaganda painters had reacted sensitively to the alteration of politics and the society. On the side of formalities, the oil paintings and posters made before the Cultural Revolution were under a state of unfolding several discussions including nationalization while accepting the Soviet Union styles and contents, and the paintings made afterwards show more of unique characteristics of China. In 1956, the discussion about nationalization which had effected the whole world of art, had strongly influenced the propaganda paintings in oil colors more than anything. There were two major changes in the process of making propaganda paintings in oil colors. One was to portray lives of the Chinese people truthfully, and the other was to absorb the Chinese traditional styles of expression. After this period, the oil painters usually kept these rules in creating their works, and as a result, the subject matters, characters, and backgrounds have been greatly Sinicized. For techniques came the flat colored surface of the new year prints and the traditional Chinese technique of outlining were used for expressing human figures. While the propaganda paintings in oil colors achieved high quality and depth, the posters had a very direct representation of subject matters and the techniques were unskilled compared to the oil paintings. However, after the establishment of People's Republic of China, the posters were used more than any other mediums for propagation of national policy and participation of the political movements, because it was highly effective in delivering the policies and political lines clearly to the Chinese people who were mostly illiterate. The poster painters borrowed techniques and styles from the Soviet Union through books and exhibitions on Soviet Union posters, and this relation of influences constantly appears in the posters made at the time. In this way, like the oil paintings, the posters which have been made with a direct influence of the Soviet Union had developed a new, sinicised process during the course of nationalization. The propaganda paintings in oil colors or in forms of posters, which had undergone the discussion of nationalization, had put roots deep down in the lives of the Chinese people, and this had become another foundation for the amplification of influences of political propaganda paintings in the following period of Cultural Revolution.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.324-339
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• 2013

This study aims to investigate the characteristics of cyber communities composed of migrant workers from communities without propinquity in Korea. Its methods are both qualitative and quantitative. It further seeks to discover the relationship between the social capital formed and reproduced within these cyber communities and participants' cultural adaptation to Korean society. The study revealed that ethnic and non-ethnic communities differed in terms of strength of cohesion, space constraints, and links with the outside world. The former showed characteristics of a localized community type. The main motivations for migrant workers' participation in the ethnic cyber community were communication and friendship rather than cooperation and sharing among members. They usually used cyber communication media to communicate with one another. Conversely, the latter showed characteristics of an integrative type. Despite the difficulties in applying for membership and information provided in Korean, a high percentage of migrant workers participated in the community to obtain crucial information. The results did not show a significant correlation between social capital and migrant workers' traits within the cyber community, while a strong correlation emerged among four factors of social capital: faith, norms, networking, and political participation. The study showed that social capital in the cyber community was in direct proportion to an integrative type of cultural adaptation to Korean society. In particular, there was a strong connection between the cultural adaptation exhibited by members of the migrant subculture and their participation in discussions on political issues and human rights, with some migrants even functioning as agents of social change as participants in citizens' movements. The findings suggest that the cyber community facilitates the migrant subculture's communication with and integration into the indigenous Korean culture. Migrant workers' participation in the cyber community is therefore validated as an instrumental practice for members of this subculture to adapt to Korean society.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.44
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• pp.143-161
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• 2016

This study was conducted focusing on the role of auteurism animation. The purpose of auteurism animation is to criticize irregularities of a society in witty and fierce way through satires from the sharp perspectives of a animator that is not bound by tastes of people or the interests or standpoints of specific groups, and thus to induce positive changes in a society as a purifier. In the context, this study investigated satires shown in by Jan Svankmajer and by Norman Mclaren among the animators who utilize animation as a tool to produce social meaning. As a result, the following characteristics and meanings were found. First, Dimensions of Dialogue is an animation that satires absurdity and irregularities of a human society in symbolic and exceptional way through directing by segmentations of images and omnibus structures. The satire carries the lesson of improvement in the hidden part of cynical attack to history, society, and human beings. It also maximizes absolute reality and engagement of images of Jan Svankmajer through unique and grotesque images of the animator such as alienated world, confusing shapes, and amusement of irregularities. Second, the movie, is an exemplary animation that applied core concept of animation through pixilation techniques based on an event story structure by causal relationship. It satires the changing process of a good man to violent madness through confrontation and conflicts for material desires, with exaggerated slipstick movements and humors as a black comedy. The satire methods of both animation works are delivered through unique image styles and symbolic wordage of the animators who triggered ironical laughter in attacking humanism and moral insensitivity that might be felt seriously otherwise. That is, the animators try to show the positive will for changing the society to a sound one through the form of negativity in terms of moral perspective in animation rather than destruction against the target. As such, the satires in both works worked as an auteurism allegory that maximizes social functions and artistic influence of animation.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.227-231
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• 1978

Effects of suspended silt and clay on the survival of the rearing bivalves, Meretrix lusoria, Cyclina sinensis and Mactra veneriformis were studied. During sixty-five days of experimental cultures in different concentrations of suspended silt and clay and in different time of immersions, mortalities of the bivalves were checked every day, and the rates of shell movement and oxygen consumption were measured. In general, the higher the concentration of silt and clay and the longer the immersion time, the earlier the occurence, and the higher the rate of the mortalities of the experimental bivalves. M. veneriformis was subjected to earlier mortality than the others, and the period of $50\%$ mortality was the shortest of the three species (37 days in 1,000 ppm), and longer was that of C. sinensis(42 days). Mortality of M. lusoria occured latest and $50\%$ mortality was seen at the immersion time of 50-51 days. Particularly, M. lusoria showed no mortality in the sea water with 100 ppm of suspended silt and clay, and even in the concentrations of 500 or 1,000 ppm they were able to survive without mortality only if the immersion time was short (12-18 hours per day). M. veneriformis and C. sinensis were also able to survive without mortality when the immersion time was short (12 hours per day) in low concentration (100 ppm). Shell movements of experimental bivalves varied depending upon species. In the case of M. veneriformis the shell was opened continuously and C. sinensis opened their shells frequently, while M. lusoria maintained their shells closed in any experimental concentrations of sea water with suspended silt and clay. Total metabolic activity of M. veneriformis was found to be highest while that of M. lusoria showed the lowest. Little difference of oxygen consumption in excised gill tissue was shown between the control group and the experimental groups. Consequently, it may be stated that the mortality results from a immersion in sea water with high concentration of suspended silt and clay for long-time although the survival rates of the experimental bivalves depend also upon the species, physiological conditions, concentration of suspended silt and clay and immersion time. The survival percentage of bivalve y in relation to the time (day) of immersion X in sea water of suspended silt and clay was found to be: $$M.\;lusoria\;(1,000\;ppm):\;y=7.7\times10^9\;\chi^{-4.77}\;(500\;ppm):\;y=259\chi^{-0.26}$$ $$C.\;sinensis\;(1,000\;ppm):\;y=-21\chi+936\;(\chi<44),\;y=-0.65\;\chi+35\;(\chi>44)$$ $$(500\;ppm):\;y=4.4\times10^5\;\chi^{-2.27}$$ $$M.\;veneriformis\;(1,000\;ppm):\;y=-18\chi+716\;(\chi<39),\;y=-0.89\chi+39\;(\chi>39)$$

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.187-201
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• 2011

KOSPI200 index is the Korean stock price index consisting of actively traded 200 stocks in the Korean stock market. Its base value of 100 was set on January 3, 1990. The Korea Exchange (KRX) developed derivatives markets on the KOSPI200 index. KOSPI200 index futures market, introduced in 1996, has become one of the most actively traded indexes markets in the world. Traders can make profit by entering a long position on the KOSPI200 index futures contract if the KOSPI200 index will rise in the future. Likewise, they can make profit by entering a short position if the KOSPI200 index will decline in the future. Basically, KOSPI200 index futures trading is a short-term zero-sum game and therefore most futures traders are using technical indicators. Advanced traders make stable profits by using system trading technique, also known as algorithm trading. Algorithm trading uses computer programs for receiving real-time stock market data, analyzing stock price movements with various technical indicators and automatically entering trading orders such as timing, price or quantity of the order without any human intervention. Recent studies have shown the usefulness of artificial intelligent systems in forecasting stock prices or investment risk. KOSPI200 index data is numerical time-series data which is a sequence of data points measured at successive uniform time intervals such as minute, day, week or month. KOSPI200 index futures traders use technical analysis to find out some patterns on the time-series chart. Although there are many technical indicators, their results indicate the market states among bull, bear and flat. Most strategies based on technical analysis are divided into trend following strategy and non-trend following strategy. Both strategies decide the market states based on the patterns of the KOSPI200 index time-series data. This goes well with Markov model (MM). Everybody knows that the next price is upper or lower than the last price or similar to the last price, and knows that the next price is influenced by the last price. However, nobody knows the exact status of the next price whether it goes up or down or flat. So, hidden Markov model (HMM) is better fitted than MM. HMM is divided into discrete HMM (DHMM) and continuous HMM (CHMM). The only difference between DHMM and CHMM is in their representation of state probabilities. DHMM uses discrete probability density function and CHMM uses continuous probability density function such as Gaussian Mixture Model. KOSPI200 index values are real number and these follow a continuous probability density function, so CHMM is proper than DHMM for the KOSPI200 index. In this paper, we present an artificial intelligent trading system based on CHMM for the KOSPI200 index futures system traders. Traders have experienced on technical trading for the KOSPI200 index futures market ever since the introduction of the KOSPI200 index futures market. They have applied many strategies to make profit in trading the KOSPI200 index futures. Some strategies are based on technical indicators such as moving averages or stochastics, and others are based on candlestick patterns such as three outside up, three outside down, harami or doji star. We show a trading system of moving average cross strategy based on CHMM, and we compare it to a traditional algorithmic trading system. We set the parameter values of moving averages at common values used by market practitioners. Empirical results are presented to compare the simulation performance with the traditional algorithmic trading system using long-term daily KOSPI200 index data of more than 20 years. Our suggested trading system shows higher trading performance than naive system trading.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.31
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• pp.153-176
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• 2013

In the early 20th century, the some of futurist painter was attempted to represents the 'fast-paced' and 'dynamism' on a two-dimensional picture. The expression of fast-paced and dynamic for look like move image in the painting have evolved as a variety of visual symbol. Visual symbols that represent these movements were settled as the line of the most movement expression in the comic. The of Toriyama Akira gained worldwide popularity is emphasized speed and dynamism as the action genre in cartoon, is nice a data to research the line of the movement expression of cartoon. There is three terms as the action line, The speed line, the effect line on the movement expression in The glossary of in the dictionary of , but it not easy to Separate them by means similar. This study is willing to says the semantically problem of previous lines on the movement expression and to present a new alternative in order to study the line on the movement expression of . This study Separate the line on movement expression from symbolic the perspective and try to newly define by using, was classified lines of four kinds by add the afterimage line on existing the speed line, the motion line, the effect line. First, the speed line was defined as 'The line expressing the movement expression of a moving target as the concept of speed'. It on the way of expression was subdivided the direct as speed line when it alter the shape of the target and the indirect speed line when it alter the background of the target. Second, the motion line was defined as 'The line simplified the moving form or the moving path of moving target'. Third, the effect line was defined as 'the line emphasizing the movement expression of a moving target by Sensory expression or emotional expression. Fourth, the afterimage lines was defined as 'The line expressing slowly moving or swaying the movement expression of target to the afterimage effect. The terminology presented in this study will be able to help the understanding of the line on the movement expression .

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.81-87
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• 2006

Purpose: Few researches have been peformed on the dose distribution of the moving organ for radiotherapy so far. In order to simulate the organ motion caused by respiratory function, multipurpose phantom and moving device was used and dosimetric measurements for dose distribution of the moving organs were conducted in this study. The purpose of our study was to evaluate how dose distributions are changed due to respiratory motion. Materials and Methods: A multipurpose phantom and a moving device were developed for the measurement of the dose distribution of the moving organ due to respiratory function. Acryl chosen design of the phantom was considered the most obvious choice for phantom material. For construction of the phantom, we used acryl and cork with density of $1.14g/cm^3,\;0.32g/cm^3$ respectively. Acryl and cork slab in the phantom were used to simulate the normal organ and lung respectively. The moving phantom system was composed of moving device, moving control system, and acryl and cork phantom. Gafchromic film and EDR2 film were used to measure dose ditrbutions. The moving device system may be driven by two directional step motors and able to perform 2 dimensional movements (x, z axis), but only 1 dimensional movement(z axis) was used for this study. Results: Larger penumbra was shown in the cork phantom than in the acryl phantom. The dose profile and isodose curve of Gafchromic EBT film were not uniform since the film has small optical density responding to the dose. As the organ motion was increased, the blurrings in penumbra, flatness, and symmetry were increased. Most of measurements of dose distrbutions, Gafchromic EBT film has poor flatness and symmetry than EDR2 film, but both penumbra distributions were more or less comparable. Conclusion: The Gafchromic EBT film is more useful as it does not need development and more radiation dose could be exposed than EDR2 film without losing film characteristics. But as response of the optical density of Gafchromic EBT film to dose is low, beam profiles have more fluctuation at Gafchromic EBT. If the multipurpose phantom and moving device are used for treatment Q.A, and its corrections are made, treatment quality should be improved for the moving organs.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.13-22
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• 1975

From the study of movements of $Ca^{++}$ in frog cardiac muscle, Niedergerke (1963) postulated that $Ca^{++}$ necessary for the cardiac contraction is stored in a specific pool. Langer et al (1967) and DeCaro (1967) also found a close relationship between the change of $Ca^{++}$ flux kinetics and the change of contractile force. According to the studies of several investigators, Ca II (Bailey and Dressel 1968) or phase I and II (Langer 1965, Langer et al 1967, 1971) in the $Ca^{++}$ washout curve was associated with cardiac contractility. This investigation was aimed to elucidate the anatomical region of the contractile active $Ca^{++}$ pool. At the same time, it was assumed in this study that $Ca^{++}$ in the sarcoplasmic reticulumn represents one of the major intracellular $Ca^{++}$ pool and cardiac contractility was also dependent on the intracellular $Ca^{++}$ concentration. Consequently, this experiment was performed at different temperatures to activate to activate inhibit the deactivating process of activated $Ca^{++}$ in the intracellular space to see if changes in the contractility decay curve existed at different temperatures. The isolated hearts of rabbits and turtles (Amyda maackii) were attached to the perfusion apparatus according to the method employed by Bailey and Dressel (1968). The isolated hearts were initally perfused with a full Ringer solution containing 2 mg/ml of inulin for 1 hr, and then $Ca^{++}$ and inulin-free Ringer solution was perfused while the isometric tension was recorded and a serial sample of perfusion fluid dripping from the cardiac apex was collected for 10 sec throughout experimental period. The above procedure was performed at $23^{\circ}C$, $30^{\circ}C$ and $38^{\circ}C$ on the rabbit heart and $10{\sim}13^{\circ}C$, $10^{\circ}C$, $25^{\circ}C$, $30^{\circ}C$ and $35^{\circ}C$ on the turtle heart. After determination of $Ca^{++}$ and inulin concentration of the samples, the $Ca^{++}$, inulin washout curve and the contractile tensin decay curve were analysed according to the method of Riggs (1963). The results were summarized as follows; 1. In the rabbit heart, there are 2 inulin compartments, 3 $Ca^{++}$ compartments and sing1e exponential decay of contractile tension. In the turtle heart, there are $1{\sim}2$ inulin compartments, $1{\sim}2$ $Ca^{++}$ compartments and $1{\sim}2$ phases of contractile tension decay. The fact that the inulin space was divided into 3 compartments in the washout curve in these hearts indicates the presence of heterogeneity in cardiac perfusion, i.e., overfused and underperfused area. 2. Ca I a9d Ca II in these hearts were found to have $Ca^{++}$ in the ECF compartments because their half times in the washout curves were far smaller than those of the inulin washout curves in the rabbit heart and similar to those of the inulin washout curves in the turtle heart. Ca III in the rabbit heart may have originated from the intracellular $Ca^{++}$ store. But no Ca III in the turtle heart was found. This may be due to the fact that the iutracellular $Ca^{++}$ pool in the turtle heart was too small to detect using this experimental procedure since sarcoplasmic reticulumn in the turtle heart is poorly developed. 3. In the rabbit heart, there were no chages in the half time of Ca I, Ca II, inulin I and inulin II at different temperatures, but the half time of Ca III was significantly prolonged at lower temperatures, and the half time of the contractile tension decay tended to be prolonged at lower temperatures but this was not significant. In the turtle heart, there were no changes in the half time of Ca I, Ca II, inulin 1, inulin II and phase I of the contractile tension decay at different temperatures, but the half time of phase II of the contractile tension decay was significantly prolonged at lower temperatures. This finding indicates that intracellu!ar $Ca^{++}$ in these hearts was also responsible particulary for maintaining the cardiac contractility at the lower temperatures. 4. The half times of contractile tension decay were shorter than those of Ca II in the $Ca^{++}$ washout curves in both animal hearts. According to the above results it was shown that $Ca^{++}$ in ECF is primarily and $Ca^{++}$ in the intracellular space is partially associated with the cardic contractility.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.81-96
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• 1984

As the crippled persons work mostly in a sitting position and would be engaged in a foot-pressing job, it is necessary to assess their degree of participation of important muscles in various modes of foot activities. In this regard, it deems to be urgent to establish the reference standards for healthy persons. The present study has been undertaken to determine the degree of participation of the M. tibialis anterior, M. gastrocnemius and M. soleus in heel pressing, foot-flat pressing and forefoot pressing motion under varying forces, and in order to compare the electrical activities of three muscles with each other, and to analyse the time sequence between force and appearance or disappearance of EMG recording. Sixty-three healthy young women ranging from age of 18 to 23 were examined. The results obtained were as follows: 1. Participation of three muscles in foot movement under varying forces: A) Both gastrocnemius muscles or left soleus muscle did not contribute to heel pressing motion. Activity of both tibialis anterior muscles was the greatest among three muscles at heel pressing motion and the degree of their activities was proportional to force. B) Activities of left tibialis anterior muscle and both gastrocnemius muscles were negligible under 3 kg force at foot-flat pressing movement. Left gastrocnemius muscle did not contribute to foot-flat pressing under 6 or 9 kg force. Although activities of both soleus muscles and both tibialis anterior muscles were small, the degree of their activities increased with force at foot-flat pressing movement. C) Activities of both tibialis anterior muscles were negligible under 3 kg force at forefoot pressing motion. Activity of both soleus muscles was the greatest among 3 muscles and the degree of their activities increased with force at forefoot pressing motion. Both tibialis anterior muscles participated in forefoot pressing motion with severe exertion. 2. Electrical activities by foot movement under varying forces : A) Electrical activities were prominent in both tibialis anterior muscles and the level of their activities was linear with force at heel pressing motion. The degree of participation of both soleus muscles was small at heel pressing motion. B) Electrical activity of tibialis anterior muscle was the greatest among 3 muscles at foot-flat pressing movement and was followed by that of soleus muscle. Level of electrical activities increased with force in left soleus muscle and right tibialis anterior muscle at foot-flat pressing movement. C) Electrical activity of both soleua muscles was the greatest among 3 muscles at forefoot pressing movement and that of tibialis anterior muscle was next to soleus muscle. Level of electrical activities was proportional to force in left tibialis anterior muscle, right gastrocnemius muscle and both soleus muscles at forefoot pressing movement. 3. Time between starting signal and initiation of contraction of heel pressing and forefoot pressing motion in 3 muscles was longer than that of foot-flat pressing movement. Time of relaxation in 3 muscles was longer than that of contraction under varying forces. EMG recording appeared before initiation of contraction in both tibialis anterior muscles at heel pressing motion and in both soleus muscles at forefoot pressing movement under varying forces. Time of initiation of contraction was similar in both sides of tibialis anterior muscles under varying forces and time of onset of contraction at foot-flat pressing motion was the shortest. 4. Forefoot pressing movement would be encouraged in paralysis of tibialis anterior muscle, while heel pressing motion would be encouraged in paralysis of triceps surae muscle.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.149-156
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• 2016

Measurement of cardiac blood flow using the magnetic resonance imaging has been limited due to breathing and involuntary movements of the heart. The present study attempted to improve the accuracy of cardiac blood flow testing through phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging by presenting the adequate breathing method and imaging variables by comparing the measurement values of cardiac blood flow. Each was evaluated by comparing the breath hold retrospective 1NEX and non breath hold retrospective 1-3NEX in the ascending aorta and descending aorta. As a result, the average blood flow amount/velocity of the breath hold retrosepctive 1NEX method in the ascending aorta were $96.17{\pm}19.12ml/sec$, $17.04{\pm}4.12cm/sec$ respectively, which demonstrates a statistically significant difference(p<0.05) with the non-breath hold retrospective method 1NEX of $72.31{\pm}13.27ml$ and $12.32{\pm}3.85$. On the other hand, the average 2NEX blood flow and mean flow velocity is $101.90{\pm}24.09$, $16.84{\pm}4.32$, 3NEX $103.06{\pm}25.49$, $16.88{\pm}4.19$ did not show statistically significant differences(p>0.05).The average blood flow amount/ velocity of the breath hold retrospective 1NEX method in the descending aorta were $76.68{\pm}19.72ml/s$, and $22.23{\pm}4.8$, which did not demonstrate a significant difference in comparison to non-breath hold retrospective method 1-3 NEX. Therefore, the non breath hold retrospective method does not significantly differ in terms of cardiac blood flow in comparison with the breath hold retrospective method in accordance with the increase of NEX, so pediatric patients or patients who are not able to breathe well must have the diagnostic value of their cardiac blood flow tests improved.