• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.73-80
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• 2005

We investigated the activation of the cerebral cortex during active movement, passive movement, and functional electrical stimulation (FES), which was provided on wrist extensor muscles. A functional magnetic resonance imaging study was performed on 5 healthy volunteers. Tasks were the extension of right wrist by active movement, passive movement, and FES at the rate of .5 Hz. The regions of interest were measured in primary motor cortex (M1), primary somatosensory cortex (SI), secondary somatosensory cortex (SII), and supplementary motor area (SMA). We found that the contralateral SI and SII were significantly activated by all of three tasks. The additional activation was shown in the areas of ipsilateral S1 (n=2), and contralateral (n=1) or ipsilateral (n=2) SII, and bilateral SMA (n=3) by FES. Ipsilateral M1 (n=1), and contralateral (n=1) or ipsilateral SII (n=1), and contralateral SMA (n=1) were activated by active movement. Also, Contralateral SMA (n=3) was activated by passive movement. The number of activated pixels on SM1 by FES ($12{\pm}4$ pixels) was smaller than that by active movement ($18{\pm}4$ pixels) and nearly the same as that by passive movement ($13{\pm}4$ pixels). Findings reveal that active movement, passive movement, and FES had a direct effect on cerebral cortex. It suggests that above modalities may have the potential to facilitate brain plasticity, if applied with the refined-specific therapeutic intervention for brain-injured patients.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.219-229
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• 2015

Objective : The purpose of this study was to analyze EMG according to surface type and elastic band usage during the pilates Superman movement. Method : The subjects were 10 female university students with a mean age of 27. The independent variables were surface type (yoga mat, air filled equipment, elastic mat) and elastic band usage. In order to measure muscle activity, the Noraxon(USA) was used. Eight muscles (upper trapezius, lower trapezius, thoracic spine, lumbar spine, gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, biceps femoris, semitendinosus) activation were analyzed. For the statistical analysis, MANOVA, independent t-test and Scheffe test for the post-hoc via SPSS 20.0 was used. Results : The left and right upper trapezius muscle activities were significantly reduced when using the elastic bands. In addition gluteus medius muscle activities significantly increased with the elastic band as well. Conclusion : According to the usage of the elastic band and the different types of surfaces, different muscle groups were recruited. Elastic bands were found to have more activation on the gluteus medius muscle meanwhile there was less activation on the upper trapezius during the pilates Superman movement.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.39-52
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• 1991

The purpose of this study were to compare the condylar path and the anterior angle of glenoid fossae, and analyze the condylar path, and classify the patterns of condylar path. Thirty-three male and female dental students with normal occlusion and masticatory system ranging in age from 24 to 27, without present symptoms and any history of TM joint disturbance, were selected for this study. Then, sixty-six TM joint were examed. Transcranial radiographs of TM joint and Cephalometric radiographs under mandibular protrusive movement were obtained. They were taken at six positions on protrusive movement. The results obtained were as follows : 1. The sequence of the frequeny of condylar movement patterns were concave curve, "S"shape curve, convex curve, and reverse "S"shape. 2. The horizontal distance of the greatest changed position of condylar angle averaged 2.6mm. 3. The condylar path angle averaged 36.91 degree. 4. The angle of the anterior slope of glenoid fossae averaged 37.28 degree. 5. The distance fo condylar movement averaged 5.98mm and the distance of condylar horizontal movement averaged 4.71mm. 6. The slope of articular eminence was correlated to the condyalr path and three were no significant differences between right and left side of the anterior slope of articular eminence, and the condyalr path angle.

• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• 2011.02a
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• pp.46-51
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• 2011

High-rise buildings are widely being constructed in the Middle-East, South-East, and East Asia. These buildings are usually willing to stand for the landmark of the region and, therefore, exhibit some extraordinary features such as super-tall height, elevation set-backs, overhangs, or free-form exterior surface, all of which makes the construction difficult, complex, and even unsafe at some construction stages. In addition to the elaborately planned construction sequence, prediction and monitoring of building's movement during construction and after completion are required for precise and safe construction. This is often called the Building Movement Control during construction. This study describes Building Movement Control of the KLCC Tower, a 58-story office building currently being built right next to the famous PETRONAS Twin Towers. The main items of the Building Movement Control for the KLCC Tower are axial shortening and verticality. Preliminary prediction of these items are already carried out by the structural design team but more accurate prediction based on construction stage analysis and combined with time-dependent material testing, field monitoring, and site survey is done by the main contractor. As of September 2010, the Tower is under construction at level 30, where the plan abruptly changes from rectangle to triangle. Findings and troubleshooting until the current construction stage are explained in detail and implementations are suggested for future applications.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.15-29
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• 1997

The author performed this study to investige the relationship between condylar movements recorded with Pantronic and mandibular movements at incisal area recorded with BioEGN. For this study 24 patients with Temporomandibular disorders(TMDs) and 30 dental students without any masticatory symptoms were selected as patients group and control group, respectively. The items recorded with Pantronic(Denar Corp., USA) were immediate side-shift, orbiting path, protrusive path, and PRI. BioEGN(Bioelectric-gnathography, Bioresearch Inc., USA) were sued to measure the amount of mandibular torque movement in frontal and horizontal plane and also the distance of mandibular translation at incisal area. Amount of mandibular rotational torque movement was analyzed by angle and difference between both condyles in frontal and horizontal plane. The collected data were processed with SAS program and conclusion were as follows : 1. Mean value of items recorded with Pantronic were not significantly differed between patients group and control group except the item of pantographic reproducibility index(PRI). The value of PRI was 39.5 in patients group, and 29.5 in control group. 2. The amount of mandibular torque movement was not differed tin early protrusive and early left excursion between patients group and control group, but in early right excursion, patients group showed more value than control group did. 3. The distance on sagittal plane in early eccentric movements were longer in patients group than those in control group, but the distance of maximal eccentric movements were not significantly differed between patients group and control group. 4. Items which showed significant correlation with PRI were progressive side-shift, and horizontal torque movement in early protrusion and right excursion. 5. The angle of protrusive path of affected side was greater than of non-affected side in unilaterally affected patients, but the protrusive angle of preferred chewing side was not differed from that of contralateral side in control group. 6. The amount of torque movement in early protrusion and right excursion were greater in patients with coincidence of affected side and preferred chewing side than in patients without coincidence.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.165-174
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• 2007

The subject of this study was male apparatus gymnastics athlete who had scored high points doing basket with 1/2 turn on parallel bars. Then 3D motion analysis were used to calculate & analyse kinematic variables of Basket with 1/2 turn to Handstand. 1. The total average time spent for Basket with 1/2 turn took $2.16{\pm}.08sec$, at the downward upward phase took $.58{\pm}0.00sec$, $.23{\pm}.00sec$, at flight phase took $.28{\pm}.01sec$, at connected area phase took $.72{\pm}0.21sec$, at rotation area phase took $.35{\pm}.14sec$. To have a successful performance, there should be faster speed and velocity to rotate at the downward upward phase, then the upward velocity and height must be used adequately. Moreover, the speed must be faster at the flight connect phase to stabilize Center of Mass(CM) for the body, and must secure more time at the rotation area to have more stable performance. 2. After handstand on parallel bars while moving CM to right hand side, and It must be performed with big and magnificent performance with putting both hand's center to far away from the parallel bars. 3. Furthermore, CM must be moved fast from downwards to right hand side, and CM must be moved fast in vertical movement at upward and flight phase to avoid CM from moving back and forth, and left and right. 4. At downwards, the subject must rotate as bis as possible using hip-joint as wide as possible and at upwards, must put his body to vertical to have stable performance. While rotating or turning, it is better to do with bigger shoulder angle and have to make sure that trunk angle must be not scattered. To perform better and more positive in basket with 1/2 turn on parallel bars, the centrifugal force must be used big and fast at downward, and at upward and flight phase, downward movement must change to vertical movement as soon as possible while turning movement must happen at handstand position. Time spent must be shorten at connected area to stabilize CM and turning must be natural as possible while securing the necessary time of movement to well-balanced. Also, the body must be vertically closed from the ground.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.131-140
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• 2015

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to analyze the coordination of the trunk tilting angle and bilateral lower limbs according to the stirrups length during trot in equestrian. Methods : Participants selected as subject were consisted of adult male(n=7, mean age: $45.00{\pm}3.78yrs$, mean height: $172.50{\pm}2.44cm$, mean body mass: $76.95{\pm}4.40kg$, mean, mean leg length: $97.30{\pm}2.60cm$). They were divided into 3-types of stirrups lengths(67 cm, 72 cm, 77 cm) during trot. The variables analyzed were consisted of the trunk front-rear angle, lower limb joint(Right Left hip, knee, ankle), overall movement index(OMI) of the lower limbs(thigh, shank, foot) and asymmetry index(AI%) during trot. Results : The average angle in hip and knee joint showed more extended posture according to the increase of stirrups lengths and ankle angle showed more plantarflexion posture according to increase of stirrups length during 1 stride in trot. Also, average angle showed more extended posture in right hip and ankle joint than that of left. The angle of knee joint didn't show significant difference statistically between right and left. Also asymmetric index in average angle of hip, knee and ankle joint didn't show significant difference statistically in between lower limbs, but hip joint showed higher asymmetric index in stirrup length of 77 cm and ankle joint showed higher asymmetric index in stirrup length of 67 cm than that of the others respectively. The FR angle in trunk of horse-rider showed relative backward leaning motions at stirrup length of 67 cm and 77 cm than that of stirrup length of 72 cm during stance and swing phase. OMI in thigh, shank, and foot limbs didn't show significant difference statistically according to the stirrups length of right and left lower limbs, but left lower limbs showed higher index than that of right lower limb. Stirrup length of 72 cm in shank and foot limbs showed higher index than that of stirrup length of 67 cm and 77 cm. But stirrup length of 72 cm showed higher asymmetric index than that of stirrups length of 67 cm and 77 cm. Conclusions : When considering the above, 72 cm(ratio of lower limb 74.04%) stirrup lengths could be useful in posture correction and stabilization than 67cm(ratio of lower limb 68.69%) and 77 cm(ratio of lower limb 79.18%) stirrup lengths during trot in horse back riding.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.143-154
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• 1989

The purpose of this study was to investigate the mandibular opening and closing movements at mandibular incisor region and clinical rest position in normal subject using the newly developed electric mandibular movement analyzing device, (M.K.G.-K6 diagnostic system, Myo-tronics Inc. Seattle, WA, U.S.A.) The 58 normal subjects, who were students of the College of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, were selected according to sampling criteria. The obtained results were as follows: 1. There was no significant difference of distribution of opening and closing movement patterns at mandibular incisor region between male and female. There was significant difference between habitual and maximum movement patterns both in sagittal and frontal plane. 2. Although the percentage of distribution of crossover pattern was highest in all cases, but there were significant differences between patterns only at habitual opening and closing movement in sagittal plane. 3. The mean of maximum opening was $47.29{\pm}4.68mm$ in male and $42.15{\pm}4.95mm$ in female. Therefore the mean of maximum opening was larger in male than in female. 4. The mean of maximum laterotrusion in frontal trajectory was larger to the left than to the right. Also the proportion of left deviation at maximum opening position was larger than that of other cases. 5. The mean of maximum opening and closing velocity was higher in male than in female and the mean of closing velocity was higher than that of opening velocity. Also the amount of separation from the centric occlusion was higher in maximum closing velocity than in maximum opening velocity. 6. Clinical rest position was $1.70{\pm}0.99mm$ inferior, $0.74{\pm}0.57mm$ anterior, $0.99{\pm}0.51mm$ right from centric occlusion and the A/V ratio was 1:2.7.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2022.05a
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• pp.249-251
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• 2022

In this paper, we present machine learning to control drone flight using EEG signals. We defined takeoff, forward, backward, left movement and right movement as control targets and measured EEG signals from the frontal lobe for controlling using Fp1. Fp2 Fp2 two-channel dry electrode (NeuroNicle FX2) measuring at 250Hz sampling rate. And the collected data were filtered at 6~20Hz cutoff frequency. We measured the motion image of the action associated with each control target open for 5.19 seconds. Using Matlab's classification learner for the measured EEG signal, the triple layer neural network, logistic regression kernel, nonlinear polynomial Support Vector Machine(SVM) learning was performed, logistic regression kernel was confirmed as the highest accuracy for takeoff and forward, backward, left movement and right movement of the drone in learning by class True Positive Rate(TPR).

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.117-122
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to measure the active force of extraocular muscles on mono- and binocular movements for 62 healthy koreans (male: 29, female: 33). Methods: The force of adduction, abduction, elevation and depression, of right and left eye on monocular movement were tested with horizontal moving distance based on corneal limbus and the force of superior oblique muscle and inferior oblique muscle on binocular movement were measured with vertical moving distance between corneal limbus. The distances were obtained by high resolution digital image processing. Results: At monocular movements of tested subjects. the power of abduction, adduction, elevation and depression of right and left eye were (male) 9.35 nun, 9.75 mm, (female) 9.02 mm, 9.52 mm, (male) 10.23 mm, 10.16 mm, (female) 10.17 mm, 10.07 mm, (male) 7.01 mm,6.91 mm, (female) 6.98 mm, 6.64 mm, (male) 7.52 mm, 6.82 mm, (female) 7.52 mm, 6.67 mm, respectively. The active force of binocular movements were 54.8% hyperergasia and 45.1% hypergasia/67.7% hyperergasia and 32.2% hypergasia with inferior oblique muscle, 64.5% hyperergasia and 35.5% hypergasia/58.1% hyperergasia and 41.9% hypergasia with superior oblique muscle, respectively. Conclusions: The force of horizontal movement was higher than vertical movement. The value of adduction was higher than abduction on horizontal movement, and the value of depression was higher than elevation on vertical movement. In the both of inferior and superior oblique muscle, the ratio of hyperergasia was higher than that of hypergasia.