• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.380-385
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• 2012

Glucosamine (GS) is well known for the treatment of inflammation. However, the mechanism and efficacy of GS for skin inflammation are unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects and mechanism of GS in the mouse 12-O-tetradecanoyl 13-acetate (TPA)-induced ear edema model. TPA-induced ear edema was evoked in ICR or transglutaminase 2 (Tgase-2) (-/-) mice. GS was administered orally (10-100 mg/kg) or topically (0.5-2.0 w/v %) prior to TPA treatment. Orally administered GS at 10 mg/kg showed a 76 or 57% reduction in ear weight or myeloperoxidase, respectively, and a decreased expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), NF-${\kappa}B$ and Tgase-2 in TPA-induced ear edema by western blot and immunohistochemistry. Role of Tgase-2 in TPA ear edema is examined using Tgase-2 (-/-) mice and TPA did not induce COX-2 expression in ear of Tgase-2 (-/-) mice. These observations suggested that Tgase-2 is involved in TPA-induced COX-2 expression in the inflamed ear of mice and antiinflammatory effects of glucosamine is mediated through suppression of Tgase-2 in TPA ear edema.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제45권5호
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• pp.610-616
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• 2021

Background: Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) acts as a master switch for inflammatory responses. Ginsenoside Rg3 (Rg3) which is an active ingredient of Panax ginseng Meyer (Araliaceae) is known to possess various therapeutic effects. However, a modulatory effect of Rg3 on TSLP expression in the inflammatory responses remains poorly understood. Methods: We investigated antiinflammatory effects of Rg3 on an in vitro model using HMC-1 cells stimulated by PMA plus calcium ionophore (PMACI), as well as an in vivo model using PMA-induced mouse ear edema. TSLP and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or real-time PCR analysis. Murine double minute 2 (MDM2) and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α) expression levels were detected using Western blot analysis. Results: Rg3 treatment restrained the production and mRNA expression levels of TSLP and VEGF in activated HMC-1 cells. Rg3 down-regulated the MDM2 expression level increased by PMACI stimulation. The HIF1α expression level was also reduced by Rg3 in activated HMC-1 cells. In addition, Rg3-administered mice showed the decreased redness and ear thickness in PMA-irritated ear edema. Rg3 inhibited the TSLP and VEGF levels in the serum and ear tissue homogenate. Moreover, the MDM2 and HIF1α expression levels in the ear tissue homogenate were suppressed by Rg3. Conclusion: Taken together, the current study identifies new mechanistic evidence about MDM2/HIF1α pathway in the antiinflammatory effect of Rg3, providing a new effective therapeutic strategy for the treatment of skin inflammatory diseases.

• 대한두개안면성형외과학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.10-16
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• 2019

Background: Physicians tend to overcorrect when applying the acellular dermal matrix for reconstructive option because of volume decrement problem after absorption comparing with initial volume. However, there are no studies on the exact volume decrement and absorption rate with commercial products in South Korea. To figure out absorption rate of acellular dermal matrix product in South Korea (Megaderm), authors designed this experiment. Methods: Nine mice were used and randomly divided into three groups by the time with sacrificing. The implant (Megaderm) was tailored to fit a cuboid form ($1.0cm{\times}1.0cm$ in length and width and 2.0 mm in thickness). A skin incision was made at anterior chest with blade #15 scalpel with exposing the pectoralis major muscle. As hydrated Megaderm was located upon the pectoralis major muscle, the skin was sutured with Ethilon #5-0. After the surgical procedure, each animal group was sacrificed at 4, 8, and 12 weeks, respectively, for biopsies and histological analysis of the implants. All samples were stained with routine hematoxylin and eosin staining and Masson's trichrome staining and the thickness were measured. A measurements were analyzed using Friedman test. Statistically, the correlation between thicknesses of Megaderm before and after implantation was analyzed. Results: After sacrificing the animal groups at postoperative 4, 8, 12 weeks, the mean tissue thickness values were $2.10{\pm}1.03mm$, $2.17{\pm}0.21mm$, and $2.40{\pm}0.20mm$ (p= 0.368), respectively. The remaining ratios after absorption comparing with after initial hydrated Megaderm were 82.7%, 85.4%, and 94.5%, respectively. In histopathological findings, neovascularization and density of collagenous fiber was increased with time. Conclusion: Author's hypothesis was absorption rate of implant would be increased over time. But in this experiment, there is no statistical significance between mean absorption thickness of implant and the time (p= 0.368). Also it can be affected by graft site, blood supply, and animals that were used in the experiment.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.456-463
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• 2021

Background: Keratinocytes form a physical barrier and act as an innate immune cell in skin. Keratinocytes secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1β, resulting from inflammasome activation when exposed to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. Korean Red Ginseng extracts (RGE) have been well-studied as modulators of inflammasome activation in immune cells, such as macrophages. In the study, we elucidated the role of RGE on the UV-mediated inflammasome activation in keratinocytes compared with that in macrophages. Methods: Human skin keratinocyte cells (HaCaT), human epidermal keratinocytes (HEK), human monocyte-like cells (THP-1), and mouse macrophages were treated with RGE or a saponin fraction (SF) or non-saponin fraction (NS) of RGE before and after UV irradiation. The secretion levels of IL-1β, as an indicator of inflammasome activation, were analyzed. Results: The treatment of RGE or SF in macrophages after UV irradiation inhibited IL-1β secretion, but similar treatment in HaCaT cells did not. However, the treatment of RGE or SF in HaCaT cells in the presence of poly I:C, a toll-like receptor (TLR) 3 ligand, before UV exposure elicited the inhibition of the IL-1β secretion. The inhibition was caused by the disruption by RGE or SF of the TLR mediating up-regulation of the pro-IL-1β and NLRP3 genes during the priming step. Conclusion: RGE and its saponins inhibit IL-1β secretion in response to UV exposure in both keratinocytes and macrophages. In particular, RGE treatment interrupted only the priming step in keratinocytes, although it did attenuate both the priming and activation steps in macrophages.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.23-32
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• 1997

피부 내에서의 멜라닌 색소의 생성은 태양광에 존재하는 유해한 자외선으로부터 생체를 보호하는 중요한 방어 수단으로 여겨지고 있다. 타이로시네이즈라는 효소가 이러한 멜라닌의 합성 과정에 있어서 매우 중요한 역할을 수행한다. 이러한 이유로 피부의 색소생성을 조절하는 많은 연구의 대부분이 타이로시네이즈의 효소적 조절에 초점이 맞추어져 왔다. 본 연구자들은 전통 한약재인 반하의 물 추출물이 비록 타이로시제이즈에 대한 저해 작용은 없으나 배양된 B-16 마우스 흑색종 세포의 멜라닌 생성을 억제한다는 것을 발견하였다. 본 연구자들은 또한 반하 추출물이 배양된 세포의 타이로시네이즈 효소 활성을 낮춘다는 사실도 발견하였다. 이러한 반하 추출물의 작용 기작을 밝혀내기 위하여 반하 추출물이 B-16 마우스 흑색종 세포의 타이로시네이즈 mRNA양에 미치는 영향에 대하여 reverse transscription-polymerase chain reaction 기법을 이용, 연구를 수행 하였다. 연구 결과 반하 추출물은 타이로시네이즈 mRNA의 양을 용량 의존적인 경향으로 감소시킴이 밝혀졌다. 즉, 반하 추출물을 2$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ 및 5$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ 처리시 각각 20%와 44%의 mRNA 양의 감소가 관찰 되었다. 이러한 결과는 반하 추출물이 타이로시네이즈 mRNA의 전사 조절을 통하여 그 미백효과를 발휘한다는 것을 의미한다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.292-296
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• 2009

Tyrosinase는 피부의 melanocytes에서 멜라닌 생성을 촉진한다. 목단피의 미백효과를 알아보기 위하여 목단피 물추출물의 항산화 능력과 tyrosinase 활성 억제에 미치는 영향을 세포 모델계와 a cell-free 모델계에서 알아보았다. MDP의 라디칼 소거작용은 DPPH assay로 알아보았고, MDP는 높은 DPPH 라디칼 소거작용을 보여주었다. 세포내 tyrosinase 활성은 RT-PCR, 효소활성을 마우스 B16 세포내에서 측정함으로써 알아보았다. 24시간 목단피 물 추출물을 투여한 세포내에서 tyrosinase mRNA와 효소활성이 무처리군과 비교하여 현저히 감소하였다. 이와 같은 결과들은 항산화력이 높고, tyrosinase를 효과적으로 억제할 수 있는 목단피 물 추출물을 이용하여 melanin 생합성을 억제할 수 있는 미백 화장품 개발에 활용할 수 있는 가능성을 제시하고 있다.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.397-402
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• 2009

본 연구에서는 몇 가지 생물공학 기반 기술로서 이미 한방 화장품의 소재로 사용되고 있는 쇠비름 에탄올 추출액의 tyrosinase 저해, collagen 합성, 항염증 기대 효과, 항노화 대한 효능을 알아보기 위하여 B16F10 mouse melanoma cell, NIH3T3 mouse embryonic fibroblast, MCF-7 human breast adenocarcinoma cell에 쇠비름 추출액을 처리하여 실험하였다. 실험 결과, 쇠비름 에탄을 추출액 (0.5mg/mL)은 tyrosinase 발현을 억제하여 멜라닌 합성을 억제하며, 농도 의존적으로 NIH3T3 mouse fibroblast 세포의 collagen 합성을 촉진시켰다. 또한 2.0 mg/mL 농도의 쇠비름 추출액은 목단피보다 더욱 효과적으로 cytokine (TNF-$\alpha$)에 의한 NF-${\kappa}B$ 활성을 억제시켰다. Doxorubicin에 의한 과노화에서도 효과적인 항노화 작용을 하는 것으로 나타났다. Tyrosinase 합성을 억제하므로 미백에 대한 효과와 세포의 생장을 도와 collagen 합성을 촉진함으로서 노화방지에 효과적인 것으로 사료되며, TNF-$\alpha$에 의한 NF-${\kappa}B$의 활성화를 저해함으로서 염증반응 억제 효과도 기대 할 수 있다.

• 공업화학
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.599-604
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• 2011

이 연구는 화상이 유발된 mouse에 사이클로덱스트린/폴리에틸렌이민/실크 피브로인이 함유된 수화겔을 처치하여 화상 치유효능을 평가한 실험이다. 상처치유 효능을 갖는 것으로 알려진 silk fibroin (SF)을 함유한 polyethyleneimine (PEI)/${\beta}$-cyclodextrin (${\beta}CD$) conjugate를 epichlorohydrin (EPI)로 가교시켜 ${\beta}CD/PEI/SF$ 수화겔을 제조하였고, 이를 화상이 유발된 mouse에 처치하여 일반 거즈만 처치한 음성대조군과 상용화되어 있는 상처치유 제품(OTC)을 처치한 양성대조군과 비교해 시간에 따른 화상치유 경과를 지켜보았다. 약물이 로딩되지 않은 ${\beta}CD/PEI/SF$ 수화겔과 약물이 로딩된 ${\beta}CD/PEI/SF$ 수화겔을 처치한 동물 실험군의 화상치유경과는 육안으로 관찰 시, 음성대조군과 비교했을 때에 큰 차이가 없었고 오히려 상처가 악화되는 경향을 보였다. 반면 OTC 연고를 처치한 양성대조군에서는 상처의 크기가 눈에 띄게 줄어들었다. H&E staining을 통하여 진피 층에서의 상피재생을 확인한 결과 또한 ${\beta}CD/PEI/SF$ 수화겔의 화상치유에 대한 효능이 뚜렷하게 나타나지 않았다.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.89-93
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• 2022

Earthing, caused by direct skin contact with the Earth's surface, is used to reduce the symptoms of inflammation (fever, fever, swelling and pain). However, there is little evidence to support the anti-inflammatory effects of earthing mattresses. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate whether anti-inflammatory effect of earthing mattress using an in vivo animal model. The anti - inflammatory effect was evaluated by measuring ear thickness and foot volume in 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13 acetate (TPA) - induced ear edema and carrageenan - induced paw edema model, respectively. Balb/c mouse in carrageenan paw edema model showed significant anti - inflammatory effect in the group treated with earthing mattress for 4 hours or 24 hours for 3 days. For females, the anti-inflammatory effect was greater when the earthing mattress was added to the mattress than the mattress alone treatment. From the above results, it was found that the female responds more to the effect of the earthing as well as the mattress effect. In addition, when the male and female Balb/c mice were exposed to mattresses and earthing mattresses for 24 h for 3 days, respectively, the mattress and earthing mattresses showed significant inhibition of IL (Interleukin)-1β levels compared to the control. In the TPA ear edema model, Balb/c mouse showed significant anti - inflammatory effect in the group treated with the earthing mattress for 4 hours or 24 hours for 3 days. Both males and females showed more anti-inflammatory effects when they were exposed to earthing mattresses with mattresses added to the mattresses. From the above results, it was found that both male and female respond to the effect of earthing as well as the mattress effect in the TPA ear edema model. In conclusion, in this study, we have verified that earthing mattress shows inhibitory effects on TPA and carrageenan-induced inflammation. From these results, it is suggested that the anti-inflammatory effect can be expected by applying the earthing mattress to patients suffering from inflammatory diseases. However, there is a need to pinpoint exactly how the earthing mattress relieves inflammation, and further research is needed to investigate the mechanism.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제66권
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• pp.416-423
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• 2023

무화과는 잎, 뿌리, 줄기, 라텍스 외에 열매 자체에서도 각각 항산화, 미백, 항염증, 항균 효능이 보고된다. 본 연구팀에서는 천연물 기반 화장품 소재 개발을 위해 무화과 열매 l atex에 존재하는 ficin 효소의 피부 활성 뿐만 아니라 열매를 70% 에탄올로 추출한 추출물의 미백 기능에 대해 연구 결과를 도출하여 화장품 원료로 직접 사용하고있다. 그러나 새로운 공융용매 추출법 개발 수요와 이를 활용한 피부 염증 완화 및 건선 조절기능에 대한 연구는 거의 없다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 공융용매 추출법을 적용한 무화과 열매 추출 및 분획물들에 피부 염증 조절 및 건선에 대한 유효성 평가를 수행하였다. 먼저, 무화과 열매를 최적의 공융용매 조건으로 추출한 후 n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate. butanol로 분획한 분획물의 피부염증 조절 기능을 비교하였다. 먼저, 분획물의 항산화 활성과 RAW264.7 세포주에서 nitric oxide 생성 억제를 확인하였다. 또한 RT-PCR을 이용해 전염증성 사이토카인 mRNA 발현 조절을 관찰한 결과, 여러 분획물 중 hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate와 같은 비극성 용매에서 TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-1β 등 염증성 사이토카인 mRNA 발현이 억제되었다. 뿐만 아니라 HaCaT 각질형성세포 모델에서 TNF-α 로 염증반응을 유도한 후 분획물의 항염증 활성을 비교한 결과 hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate 분획에서 높은 활성을 확인하였다. 마지막으로 in vitro 인간 건선 세포모델에서 chemokine CC motif ligand 20(CCL20) 발현을 확인한 결과 유의성 있게 mRNA 발현 이 억제되었다. 따라서, 공융용매 추출 후 무화과 열매 분획물 중 hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate 분획에서 높은 항염증 활성 및 CCL20 케모카인 조절 기능이 확인되었다. 이런 결과들은 무화과 열매 추출물의 항염증 활성과 함께 인체적용시험을 통해 피부진정 효과가 검증된다면 향후 뛰어난 피부 진정 천연 화장품 소재로 개발될 가능성이 높다고 사료된다.