• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.48-56
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• 2010

Recently it has reported that the motorcycle is a major source of air pollution in urban area by many studies. But the air pollution emission from motorcycle has been high uncertainty due investigation of a lack of activity data and emission factors in Korea. So in this study, the population of moped and VKT (Vehicle kilometers travelled) of motorcycle are investigated for calculation of the emission from this source categories. As the results, the population of moped is estimated as about 400, 000 and corresponded as 23% of registrated motorcycle which is larger than 50 cc in engine displacement. And it is found that the VKT of moped and motorcycle are investigated as 19.1 km/day and 32.3 km/day. Annual air pollution emission from motorcycle and moped are estimated by investigated VKT and updated emission factors. The nationwide emissions of PM_{10}, CO, $NO_x$, VOC are calculated as 910 ton/yr, 208, 198 ton/yr, 3, 032 ton/yr and 25, 575 ton/yr in 2008. The contribution ratio of CO, VOC emission from these sources are estimated as 29%, 24% in on-road transport sector and it is confirmed that motorcycle and moped are major air pollution sources in urban area.

• 자원리싸이클링
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.6-15
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• 2005

대만의 국토면적은 36,006 km$^2$ 이고 2003년 현재 인구는 대략 22,535,000명 으로써, 인구밀도는 625명/km$^2$ 에 달한다. 대만 경제는 1970년 이래로 꾸준히 발전하여 국민총생산이 2004년에는 1981년의 493%까지 증가하였다. 또한, 자동차 보유대수에 있어서도 1981년에 821,862대에서 2004년에 6,389,186대까지 증가하기에 이르렀고, 모터싸이클은 1981년 4,591,547대에서 2004년 12,793,950대로 늘어났다. 이들로부터 발생하는 폐자동차 및 폐모터싸이클의 리싸이클링은 폐기물처리법에 의거 관리를 받고 있으며, 일차적으로 이의 생산자 혹은 수입업자가 최종 처리까지 책임을 지도록 하고 있다. 또한 이들은 일정한 비율의 부담금을 예치하도록 법으로 정하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 현재 대만에서의 폐자동차 및 폐모터싸이클의 처리현황과 특히 향후 이를 관리하게 될 EPA-RMFC의 계획과 처리방향에 대하여 고찰하고자 한다.

• 한국도로학회논문집
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.75-85
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• 2018

PURPOSES : This study aimed to analyze traffic accidents at circular intersections, and discuss accident reduction strategies based on land use and vehicle type. METHODS : Traffic accident data from 2010 to 2014 were collected from the "traffic accident analysis system" (TAAS) data set of the Road Traffic Authority. To develop the accident rate model, a multiple linear regression model was used. Explanatory variables such as geometry and traffic volume were used to develop the models. RESULTS : The main results of the study are as follows. First, it was found that the null hypotheses that land use and vehicle type do not affect the accident rate should be rejected. Second, 16 accident rate models, which are statistically significant (with high $R^2$ values), were developed. Finally, the area of the central island, number of speed humps, entry lane width, circulatory roadway width, bus stops, and pedestrian crossings were analyzed to determine their effect on accidents according to the type of land use and vehicle. CONCLUSIONS : Through the developed accident rate models, it was revealed that the accident factors at circular intersections changed depending on land use and vehicle type. Thus, selecting the appropriate location of bus stops for trucks, widening entry lanes for cars, and installing splitter islands and optimal lighting for motorcycles were determined to be important for reducing the accident rate. Additionally, the evaluation showed that commercial and mixed land use had a weaker effect on accidents than residential land use.

• 대한전자공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전자공학회 2001년도 The 6th International Symposium of East Asian Resources Recycling Technology
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• pp.19-23
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• 2001

In addition to landfilling and incineration, waste minimization and recycling have become priorities in Taiwan's municipal waste management strategies over the past 10 years. Major recycling initiatives being implemented in Taiwan include producer responsibility, "pay-as-you-throw, " and mandatory sorting provisions. Currently, the producer responsibility regime established under the Waste Disposal Act and administered by the Environmental Protection Administration (EPA) requires that manufacturers or importers of listed items, including containers, batteries. cars, motorcycles ("scooters"), tires, oil, televisions, refrigerators, air conditioners, washing machines, computers, and printers, pay recycling fees to government recycling funds. EPA then uses the recycling funds to subsidize collection and recycling. The 2001 recycling fund budget totals NT$57 billion (NT$35 = US$l). Under the producer responsibility regime, EPA-designated retailers ("sellers") must accept end-of-life items returned to them by the consumers. At the local level, Taipei City implements a pay-as-you-throw program, whereby citizens pay waste collection and treatment fees through the purchase of special trash bags approved by the Taipei City Government. However. recyclables that are separated by citizens are collected free-of-charge by the City. Taichung City and Kaohsiung City, on the other hand, enforce mandatory sorting schemes, whereby citizens face penalties if they don't separate recyclables from the trash before pick-up. These programs have resulted in a significant reduction in municipal waste. Per capita waste collected per day has dropped from 1.143 kg in 1997 to 0.978 kg in 2000. Targeting a 10% recycling rate for municipal waste in 2001. EPA plans to research and develop new recycling techniques, expand the scope of producer responsibilities, and strengthen existing municipal recyclable collection programs. To this end, among other initiatives, EPA has prepared a draft "Resource Recycling and Reuse Act" that would complement the existing producer responsibility programs by incorporating into the current recycling framework the concept of product life-cycle management.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.300-307
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• 2017

This study is to investigate particle size and velocity profile of gasoline port injector using Phase Doppler Particle Analyzer (PDPA). In this experiment, a GV 250 Delphi port injector used for motorcycles was used for liquid injection. The injector consists of four holes and has a static flow rate of 2.13 g/s. The fuel used in the injection was N-heptane, which is similar to gasoline, as an alternative fuel. The test fuel was injected at an atmospheric temperature of $20^{\circ}C$ and an open atmosphere of 1 atm. The injection time was 10 ms and the injection pressure was 3.5 bar in PDPA experiment. The experimental target position was fiexd at 30, 50 and 75 mm from the nozzle tip and data were collected for a total of 10,000 samples. The experimental results show that the length diameter (D10), the Sauter mean diameter ($D_{32}$), and the mean droplet velocity (MDV) are $45-54{\mu}m$, $99-115{\mu}m$ and 15-21 m/s, respectively.

• 한국지능시스템학회논문지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.82-86
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• 2016

본 논문은 이륜차의 근원적인 도난방지를 위한 기존의 탈착방식의 기구적 열쇄방식을 개선하고 NFC(Near Field Communication) 접목하여 사용자 인증 및 개인화 서비스를 위한 이륜차 이동제한 및 정보 보안 시스템 개발 연구로서 모터사이클 운전자 편의성 및 보안성 요구 증대에 따른 근거리 무선통신 기술을 융합한 브레이크 장치의 이동제한 방법을 제시하였다. 제안 방법의 기본적인 원리 및 보안인증에 따른 이동장치의 구성 및 동작원리 등을 제시하였다. 본 연구에서는 모터사이클용 이동제한 및 정보 보안 시스템의 연동으로 원격에서 락/언락 기능을 수행하기 위한 솔레노이드 밸브 장착방법을 설계하였다. 사용자 휴대단말기의 인증으로 이동제한장치 해제를 위한 NFC 보안인증 방법을 설명하고 정지 상태에 자동 또는 수동으로 모터사이클 브레이크 유압흐름 제어하는 방법과 실험단계의 기구적 제작 결과를 제시하였다.

• 한국CDE학회논문집
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.139-152
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• 2008

In order to survive worldwide competition, today's industries are experiencing strong pressure to introduce higher quality products with lower cost and shorter lead-time. Therefore, the role of design in the process of product development is increasing in significance. In this research, two methods for improving the design capability are proposed: construction of design environment and design automation using 3D CAD system. The designers and design process are the core of product design using 3D CAD system. In order to maximize the design performance, construction of the design environment including selection of a suitable system, designer training for best use of the system, establishment of an efficient design process, and stabilization of the environment are required. A method is suggested to construct design environment by systematizing the contents of the projects and consulting experiences carried out for various categories of business such as electronic devices, motorcycles, electricity parts, sanitary wares, injection molds, and die casing molds. Design automation helps reduce tedious and time-consuming jobs, simplify complicated and error-prone modeling and drawing works to shorten the lead time and improve the product quality. To develop a design automation system, understanding the process and the related knowledge on design are very important before implementing the system using API provided by 3D CAD system. In this research, an eight-step procedure is proposed for the development of a design automation system. These eight steps are analysis of needs, determination of specification, verification of specification using 3D CAD system, inspection of related API functions, programming, field test, application in practice, and maintenance. A case study in which five design automation systems in the design of turbine generators using the proposed method is introduced in detail. These systems play important roles in the generation of various output items including 3D models, drafts, material information, and NC data. The case study shows how effectively the design time is reduced and the quality improved using those systems.

• Asian Journal for Public Opinion Research
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.352-367
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• 2021

Purpose: This research aims to examine gender preferences for men and women advertising models in Saudi advertisements. Saudi Arabia is known as one of the most gender-segregated society in the world, and it has gender-specific roles, characteristics, and behaviors that are undesirable for the other gender. Methodology: The questionnaire was developed with the help of earlier studies on perceptions towards advertising models and validated by a jury of experts and focus groups. The gender preferences for ten product categories (including automobiles, baby care products, cigarettes, cosmetics for women, fashion, food & beverages, motorcycles, personal care for men, personal care for women, sporting goods) were examined for men and women models. Similarly, three personal preferences characteristics for both genders (face beauty, voice quality, and Islamic dress), two characteristics for women models (body shape, femininity), and two characteristics for men models (height-weight balance, masculinity) were examined for men and women models separately. Finally, a survey was conducted to solicit responses from respondents (N=412). Findings: Results indicated significant gender preferences for gender-specific product categories and typical gender stereotypes in advertising models. Men models were preferred in men-specific products, and women models were required in women-specific products. Some product categories (including personal care for men and sporting goods) were ranked higher for men advertising models, while for women advertising models, other product categories (including personal care for women and cosmetics for women) were ranked higher. Masculinity was ranked highest as the preferred personal characteristic for men advertising models, while voice quality was highest for women advertising models. Finally, there is a significant difference between the preferred personal characteristic for men and women advertising models for three characteristics, including face beauty, Islamic dress, and masculinity and femininity. Implications: Saudi Arabia is a unique society with predominantly unique cultural dominance. Consequently, local culture greatly influences advertisements. It has stereotyped gender roles even in advertisements. This study will establish a baseline for further research on the subject area.

• 한국ITS학회 논문지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.57-70
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• 2021

본 연구는 민원데이터를 분석함으로써 교통경찰에 대한 국민의 치안 수요를 탐색하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 교통경찰 관련 국민신문고 민원데이터 2,062건을 대상으로, 토픽모델링 방법 중 하나인 잠재 디리클레 할당(Latent Dirichlet Allocation)을 통해 주요 토픽을 추출하고 높은 비중을 차지한 위반신고에 대해 추가분석을 시도하였다. 이 과정에서 키워드와 대표문서의 일관성과 합치성을 함께 고려하였다. 분석 결과 교통경찰 관련 민원은 시설개선, 신호에 따른 교차로통행방법, 번호판 영치, 개인형 이동장치 등 41개의 토픽으로 분류할 수 있었다. 교차로내 위반과 이륜자동차의 위반에 대한 단속을 강화하고 무인교통단속장비, 횡단보도, 신호등의 설치 및 운영에 대한 선제적인 조치, 최근 개정된 법령과 시행된 정책, 경찰교통민원 사이트, 단속 사후 절차에 대한 더욱 활발한 홍보가 필요한 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.868-876
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• 2021

어린이 보호구역은 교통사고의 위험으로부터 어린이를 보호하기 위해 학교, 보육시설, 학원 등과 같은 시설 가운데 지정된 일정 구간을 말한다. 어린이 보호구역은 1995년 9월 제정된 이래, 2021년 1월까지 총 9번의 개정을 통해 강화가 됐음에도 어린이 보호구역 사고는 줄어들지 않고 있다. 본 논문은 방재디자인 기반의 어린이 보호구역 표준모델을 제시하고자 하였다. 연구의 방법으로는 문헌조사, 실증조사, 인식도 조사를 진행했다. 인식도 조사 대상은 어린이, 학부모, 운전자를 대상으로 조사를 진행하였다. 환경 조사 대상으로는 횡단보도, 자동차도로, 보행자도로, 신호등을 대상으로 조사하였다. 조사 결과 차량 운전자의 어린이 보호구역 시각적 인지가 어렵다는 점이 발견되었고, 보행자 도로를 이용하는 오토바이가 어린이에게 매우 위협적인 요소로 다가왔음을 알게 되었다. 이에 따라 방재디자인 중심의 개선된 어린이 보호구역 표준모델 디자인을 제시하였다.