• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.194-208
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• 2003

Objective : Recently, many studies have showed the evidences of the effect of acupuncture treatment through scientific methods. We performed electro-acupuncture on Taixi(K3) and observed the change of brain activity using fMRI. Methods : To see the effect of electro-acupuncture stimulation on Taixi(K3), the experiment was carried out on twelve healthy volunteers, using the gradient echo sequence with the 3.0T whole-body fMRI system(ISOL). After the needle insertion on K3, 2 Hz of electric stimulation was given for 30 seconds, repeated five times, with 30 seconds' intervals. Result & Conclusions : Unilateral electro-acupuncture stimulation on K3 increased the brain activity in Brodman Area 8, 6, 9, 13, 21, 22, 38, 40, 43, 2, 5, 10, 20, 24, 32, 34, 37, 39, 41, 42. and decreased the brain activity in Brodman Area 9, 13, 38, 22, 31, 3, 6, 10, 21, 25, 29, 30. Group Averaged Brain activity induced by Unilateral Electro-acupuncture Stimulation on K3 was increased in Brodman Area 10, 22, 42, 43, 44 and was decreased inn Brodman Area 6 and pyrogen test of Bee venom. Bilateral electro-acupuncture stimulation on k3 increased the brain activity in Brodman Area 22, 3, 19, 4, 13, 17, 21, 41, 42, 2, 5, 6, 7, 18, 23, 29, 30, 31, 40 and decreased the brain activity in Brodman Area 18, 6, 39, 4, 13, 2, 10, 19, 36, 40, 45, 46, 47. Group Averaged Brain activity induced by Bilateral Electro-acupuncture Stimulation on K3 was increased in Brodman Area 22, 13, 4, 3, 29, 38, 43 and was decreased in Brodman Area 18, 3, 19, 22, 39. Motor Stimulation activated Brodmann Area 6, 43, 18.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.162-169
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• 1994

Blockade of cervicothoracic sympathetic ganglion (stellate ganglion controls pain on face, head, neck, shoulder, upper limbs, and upper chest, including their viscera and sympathetically maintained pain. This procedure also increases blood flow to the above areas and relieves hyperreactivity of sympathetic nervous system. Clinically, repeated stellate ganglion blocks with local anesthetic agent may become difficult with complications such as accidental intravascular or subdural injection, recurrent laryngeal nerve or bracheal plexus paralysis, pneumothorax and edema on injection site. Therefore, at times long-term cervicothoracic ganglion block with neurolytics is necessitated but its applications are prohibited by the critical structures surrounding ganglion. There are also few reports of neurolytic stellate ganglion block. This study was performed to observe the complications, gross changes of surrounding structures, and microscopic findings of ganglion cells after neurolytic block and to certify the possibility of clinical use of neruolytic stellate ganglion block. The unilateral superior cervical sympathetic ganglion of rabbit was blocked with absolute ethyl alcohol 0.4 ml at the level of cricoid cartilage. Normal ganglion was used as a control and 5 animals were sacrificed at each intervals of 7, 15 and 50 days after block. The results were as follows; 1) All experimental animals showed no specific changes of behavior, motor function. No necrotic tissues were present in the block area during the observation period. There were some gross scar tissues along the fascia of muscles surrounding the needle injection site, but gross atrophy of muscles or injured major vessels were not found. 2) Microscopically, structures of normal ganglion of rabbit were very similar to those of humans. Seven days after absolute ethyl achohol injection there were marked edema of ganglion cells and nuclei with irregular nuclear membrane. Some of the ganglion cells lost their nuclei and showed degenerative changes. Fifteen days after block, cell edema were decreased and loss of the Nissl's body was prominant. The ganglion cell structures looked close to normal but the cytoplasm and nucleus were generally contracted 50 days after block. These results suggest absolute ethyl alcohol injection on cervical sympathetic ganglion with above method mainly blocks pre- and post-synaptic fibers and the long-term neurolytic blockade of this ganglion may be possible in rabbits.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery Conference
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• 2000.11b
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• pp.472-479
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• 2000

A persimmon harvesting vehicle that can be operated in hilly orchards as well as a manipulator that can be used to harvest persimmons located in remote positions in the trees were designed and developed. The vehicle could be operated with keeping balanced position in an inclined field and its working platform could be moved up and down easy to approach fruits in a remote region with the aids of a hydraulic and a electrical and electronics systems. The weight of the vehicle was 927 kg and the center of gravity was located at 427 mm to the inner side from the center of a right driving caterpillar, 607 mm to a rear axle from the center of a front axle, and 562 mm to upward from ground. The automatic level control sensor for leveling the working platform was activated within 14.5 ∼ 16.5 degrees of slope variation. The total length of the manipulator was 1.39 m and weight is 975 g. It was powered by a 12 V geared motor to detach persimmon fruits with a rotational force. The gripper was made of plastic and rubber to increase a frictional force. In a performance evaluation test, static tipping angle, dynamic tipping angle toward front side when the vehicle was moving downward, climbing angle, driving speed of the vehicle were measured or calculated. In persimmon harvesting tests 24.9% of yield was increased by hand picking with the aid of the vehicle and additional 7% of yield were increased when the manipulator was used. Therefore, 99010 of total possible yield was achievable when both of the vehicle and the manipulator were used for the manual persimmon harvesting. Increase in 22.5% of total yield was achieved with the manipulator only.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.51 no.12
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• pp.1324-1328
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• 2008

Purpose : Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a syndrome characterized by inattention, impulsive disruptive behavior, impaired concentration, and motor restlessness. This study examined the relationships among electroencephalographic (EEG) findings, stimulant use, and seizure occurrence in children with ADHD. Methods : We retrospectively studied 308 children with ADHD who visited the neuropsychiatric clinic of our hospital from January 2001 to December 2005. We retrospectively analyzed age distribution, etiology, abnormal EEG findings, and use of CNS stimulants. Among these children, brain waves was recorded in 84 patients. Results : Eighty-four children (72 males, 85.7%, 9.3 years mean age; 12 females, 14.3%, 8.0 years mean age) with ADHD had electroencephalograms (EEGs) performed at our institute. Nineteen patients (22.6%) demonstrated epileptiform abnormalities, and 65 (77.4%) demonstrated normal EEGs. Stimulant therapy was applied to 59 of 84 patients (70.2%). Seizures occurred in 1 of 65 patients with a normal EEG (incidence, 1.5%) and 3 of 19 treated patients with epileptiform EEGs (incidence, 15.7%). Conclusion : These data suggest that patients with normal EEGs have minor risk for seizure. In contrast, patients with epileptiform EEGs have higher risk for seizure than patients with normal EEGs.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Inherited Metabolic disease
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.49-53
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• 2012

X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) is a rare inherited metabolic disease which results in impaired peroxisomal ${\beta}$-oxidation and the accumulation of very long chain fatty acids (VLCFA) in the adrenal cortex, the myelin of the central nervous system, and the testes. X-linked ALD is caused by mutations in the ABCD1 gene encoding an ATP-binding cassette transporter superfamily located in the peroxisomal membrane. This disease is characterized by a variety of phenotypes. The classic childhood cerebral ALD is a rapidly progressive demyelinating condition affecting the cerebral white matter before the age of 10 years in boys. We report the case of a 8-year-old with childhood cerebral X-linked ALD who developed inattention, hyperactivity, motor incoordination and hemiparesis. We diagnosed ALD with elevated plasma very long chain fatty acid level and diffuse high signal intensity lesions in both parieto-occipital white matter and cerebellar white matter in brain MRI. We identified a novel c.983delT (p.Met329CysfsX7) mutation of the ABCD1 gene. There is no correlation between X-ALD phenotype and mutations in the ABCD1 gene. Further studies for searching additional non-genetic factor which determine the phenotypic variation will be needed.

• Therapeutic Science for Rehabilitation
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.55-69
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• 2017

Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the reliability and concurrent validity of the computerized cognitive function test system (called CNFT) for evaluating the cognitive function and to provide its normative data. Methods : For this purpose, 140 normal adults participated in a investigation to provide the normative data of CNFT. 40 normal adults participated in an evaluating experiment to verify the reliability and validity. CNFT consists of attention, memory, sensori-motor coordination, and frontal lobe & higher cognitive function domains. Because CNFT is a computerized evaluation tool, all results and operations are processed consistently and automatically. Results : In the results, as the age of subjects increased, the average accuracy decreased and response time increased. Additionally, memory and frontal lobe & higher cognitive function was lower than other domains. Test-retest reliability of 2 weeks interval was highly correlated (r=.48~.85) and there is no significant difference between test and retest scores. CNFT was highly correlated with computerized neurocognitive function test (r=.67~.79; p<.05). Conclusion : Normative data of CNFT were obtained, and the guidelines for the interpretation were provided. A reliable and valid clinically applicable computerized cognitive function test was developed.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.464-476
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• 2019

Objectives: This study aimed to assess the exposure levels of tollbooth workers to diesel particulate matter using black carbon (BC) and to find the correlations among variables associated with BC using the motor vehicle management act regulated by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport. Methods: This study was performed over 14 days at a university in Seoul. BC levels were monitored using an aethalometer and were conducted around the breathing zones of the workers. There were three sampling locations: inside the tollbooth (front gate and rear gate) and an office as a control group. T-test, correlation, and multiple linear regression analysis were performed using SPSS. Results: The geometric mean (GM) of BC_30min concentrations in the exposure group was 2.44 ㎍/㎥, approximately 1.4 times higher than the control group (1.75 ㎍/㎥). The GM of BC_30min concentrations was 2.75 ㎍/㎥ during the heavy traffic time (9-10 am) and 2.30 ㎍/㎥ during non-heavy traffic times (p<0.001). The multiple linear regression analysis shows that the number of all types of vehicles and PM_2.5 concentrations in the atmosphere were factors increasing the GM of BC(ln(BC_30min)) concentrations (adjusted R²=0.42, p<0.001). The workers were constantly exposed to low concentrations (GM of BC_30min=2.44 ㎍/㎥), but they were exposed to peak concentrations instantly (BC_10sec=3545.04 ㎍/㎥). When the GM of BC_30min concentrations was momentarily represented as high, it was identified that a vehicle mainly using diesel fuel or an aging vehicle had passed. Conclusions: A ventilation system should be installed in the closed tollbooth or aging vehicles should be controlled so as not to pass tollbooths.

• Publications of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.53-64
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• 2009

MIRIS is the main payload of the STSAT-3 (Science and Technology Satellite 3) and the first infrared space telescope for astronomical observation in Korea. MIRIS space observation camera (SOC) covers the observation wavelength from $0.9{\mu}m$ to $2.0{\mu}m$ with a wide field of view $3.67^{\circ}\times3.67^{\circ}$. The PICNIC HgCdTe detector in a cold box is cooled down below 100K by a micro Stirling cooler of which cooling capacity is 220mW at 77K. MIRIS SOC adopts passive cooling technique to chill the telescope below 200 K by pointing to the deep space (3K). The cooling mechanism employs a radiator, a Winston cone baffle, a thermal shield, MLI (Multi Layer Insulation) of 30 layers, and GFRP (Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic) pipe support in the system. Optomechanical analysis was made in order to estimate and compensate possible stresses from the thermal contraction of mounting parts at cryogenic temperatures. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) of mechanical structure was also conducted to ensure safety and stability in launching environments and in orbit. MIRIS SOC will mainly perform Galactic plane survey with narrow band filters (Pa $\alpha$ and Pa $\alpha$ continuum) and CIB (Cosmic Infrared Background) observation with wide band filters (I and H) driven by a cryogenic stepping motor.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.49-53
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• 2013

A current sensor is one of important component which is used for the electrical current measurement during charge and discharge of the battery, and monitoring system of the motor controller in the electric and hybrid vehicle. In this study, we have developed an open loop type current sensor using GaAs Hall sensor and magnetic core has an air gap. The Hall sensor detect magnetic field produced by the current to be measured. The 3 mm air gap core was made by HGO electrical steel sheets after slitting, winding, annealing, molding, and cutting. Developed current sensor shows 0.03 % linearity within DC current range from -400 A to +400 A. Operating temperature range was extended to the range of $-40{\sim}105^{\circ}C$ using temperature compensating electronic circuit. To Improve frequency bandwidth limit due to the air flux of PCB (Printed Circuit Board) and Hall sensor, We employed an air flux compensating loop near Hall sensor or on PCB. Frequency bandwidth of the sensor was 100 kHz when we applied sine wave current of $40A{\cdot}turn$ in the frequency range from 100 Hz to 100 kHz. For the dynamic response time measurement, 5 kHz square wave current of $40A{\cdot}turn$ was applied to the sensor. Response time was calculated time reach to 90 % of saturation value and smaller than $2{\mu}s$.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.227-232
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• 1985

Previously, we had reported that the electrical stimulation of peripheral nerve with stimlatory parameters of 20 V strength and 2 Hz frequency for 60 min resulted in reducing the pain reaction. The present study was performed to evaluate if the pain reaction was affected by the peripheral nerve stimulation with different stimulatory parameters in the decerebrated cat. The flexion reflex was used as an index of the pain reaction. The reflex was elicited by stimulating the sural nerve (stimulus strength of 20 $V\;\times\;0.5$msec) and recorded as a compound action potential from the motor nerve innervated to the posterior biceps femoris muscle. The common perneal nerve was selected as a peripheral nerve on which the electrical stimulation of various intensities and frequencies was applied. The results are summarized as follows : 1) The peripheral nerve stimulation with 100 mV strength, regardless of frequencies, did not affect the pain reaction induced by the sural nerve stimulation. 2) When the stimulus of 1V intensity and slow frequency (2 Hz) was applied to the peripheral nerve for 30 min or 60 min, the pain reaction was significantly reduced comparing to the control. However, this reduced pain reaction by the peripheral nerve stimulation was not reversed by the injection of naloxone (0.02 mg/kg) 3) High frequency stimulus (60 Hz) of 1V intensity for 30 or 60 min did not show any effects of affecting the pain reaction. These results suggest that the stimulus of relatively high intensity (at least 1V) and low frequency (2 Hz) is needed to elicite the analgesic effect by the peripheral nerve stimulation. By the 1V stimulus, $A\delta$ nerve fiber is activated. Therefore, an $A\delta$ or smaller nerve fibers must be activated for showing analgesia by the peripheral nerve stimulation. However, the mechanism of analgesia by the $A\delta$ nerve activation alone was not related to the endogeneous morphine system since the reduced pain reaction by the $A\delta$ fiber activation alone was not reversed by the treatment of naloxone.