• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.73-80
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• 2008

The objective of the present study was to assess the antipsychotic and antidiarrhoeal activities of ethanolic extract of roots of Rubia cordifolia in mice and rats. The antipsychotic activity of ethanolic extract of roots of Rubia cordifolia (ERC) was evaluated by observing its effect on amphetamineinduced stereotyped behavior in mice. Effect of ERC was also studied on motor coordination and locomotion in mice. The antidiarrhoeal activity was evaluated using castor oil-induced diarrhoea and excretion of sodium and potassium ions in the intestinal secretion in rats and gastrointestinal transit in mice. The ERC inhibited amphetamine-induced stereotyped behaviour, diminished locomotion and impaired motor coordination. ERC inhibited castor oil-induced diarrhoea, decreased both sodium and potassium excretion in the intestine and decreased gastrointestinal transit. Thus the present study confirms the anti-diarrhoeal activity of Rubia cordifolia. Further studies are necessary to evaluate the potential of Rubia cordifolia as an antipsychotic.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.8-13
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of the present current study was to examine control of upper limb multi-joint movements with differential coordination stability. To achieve the goals of the study, torque analyses were utilized to answer questions about how torque components were differed among various elbow-wrist coordination patterns. Methods: Eight self-reported right-handed college students (3 males and 5 females, mean age=20.6 yr) were volunteered. The task required participants to rhythmically coordinate the flexion-extension motions of their elbow and wrist with coordination relationship of $0^{\circ}$, $90^{\circ}$, and $180^{\circ}$relative phases between the two joints. Mean relative phase and phase stability (standard deviation of relative phase) were computed to for analysisze of overall coordination performance. To determine the figure out characteristics of torque components in elbow and wrist joints, impulse values of muscle torque (MT) and interactive torque (IT) and MT as a percentage of cycle duration (MT-PCD) were analyzed. Results: Torque results showed that the proximal elbow joint generated motions with mainly muscle efforts regardless of coordination patterns, while the distal wrist joint adjusted the coordination patterns by changing amount of MT. Impulse analyses showed that the least stable $90^{\circ}$ pattern was performed by utilizing a similar coordination strategy of the most stable $0^{\circ}$ pattern. Conclusion: The present current study suggests that the roles of distal and proximal joints differ in order to achieve various multi-joint coordination movements. This study provides information for use in gives an idea to development of rehabilitation or training programs for to persons with an impaired upper limb motor ability.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.79-86
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• 2019

Background: The use of aroma oils dates back to at least 3000 B.C., where it was applied to mummify corpses and treat the wounds of soldiers. Since the 1920s, the term "aromatherapy" has been used for fragrance therapy with essential oils. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the essential oil of Eucalyptus (EOE) affects pain pathways in various pain conditions and motor coordination. Methods: Mice were subjected to inhalation or intraperitoneal injection of EOE, and its analgesic effects were assessed by conducting formalin, thermal plantar, and acetic acid tests; the effects of EOE on motor coordination were evaluated using a rotarod test. To determine the analgesic mechanism, 5'-guanidinonaltrindole (${\kappa}$-opioid antagonist, 0.3 mg/kg), naltrindole (${\delta}$-opioid antagonist, 5 mg/kg), glibenclamide (${\delta}$-opioid antagonist, 2 mg/kg), and naloxone (${\mu}$-opioid antagonist, 4, 8, 12 mg/kg) were injected intraperitoneally. Results: EOE showed an analgesic effect against visceral pain caused by acetic acid (EOE, 45 mg/kg); however, no analgesic effect was observed against thermal nociceptive pain. Moreover, it was demonstrated that EOE did not have an effect on motor coordination. In addition, an anti-inflammatory effect was observed during the formalin test. Conclusions: EOE, which is associated with the ${\mu}$-opioid pain pathway, showed potential effects against somatic, inflammatory, and visceral pain and could be a potential therapeutic agent for pain.

• Korean Journal of Exercise Nutrition
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.73-84
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• 2012

Thyroid hormones are important for the development of the brain including the cerebellum. In the present study, we investigated the effect of treadmill exercise on the survival of Purkinje neurons and the activation of astrocytes in the cerebellar vermis of hypothyroidism-induced rat pups. On the day of perinatal 14, pregnant rats were divided into two groups (n = 5 in each group): the pregnant control group and the pregnantmethimazole (MMI)-treated group. For the induction of hypothyroidism in the rat pups, MMI was added to the drinking water (0.02% wt/vol), from the day of perinatal 14 to postnatal 49. After delivery, male rat pups born from the pregnant control group were assigned to the control group. Male rat pups born from the MMI-treated group were divided into the hypothyroidism-induction group, the hypothyroidism-induction with treadmill exercise group, and the hypothyroidism-induction with thyroxine (T4) treatment group (n = 10 in each group). The rat pups in the exercise group were forced to run on a treadmill for 30 min once a day for 4 weeks, starting on postnatal day 22. In the hypothyroidism-induced rat pups, motor coordination was reduced and Purkinje cell death and reactive astrocytes in the cerebellar vermis were increased. Treadmill exercise enhanced motor coordination, increased the survival of Purkinje neurons, down-regulated reactive astrocytes, and enhanced brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and receptor tyrosine kinase B (TrkB) expressions in the hypothyroidism-induced rat pups. These results suggest that treadmill exercise has beneficial effects in terms of protecting against thyroid dysfunction by increasing T3 and T4 and the related protein, BDNF, as well as TrkB, inhibition on astrocyte activation and the reduction of Purkinje cell loss regarding the cerebellum in hypothyroidism rat pups.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.165-173
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• 1998

Objectives：This study was conducted to compare the cognitive characteristics and visual-motor coordination ability of children with Asperger’s disorder and with those of children with PDD NOS. Methods：27 children(13 in AS group and 14 in PDD NOS group) were individually assessed using the K-WISC and BGT, and the results of those tests were analyzed. Results：The mean FSIQ of the AS group was significantly higher than that of the PDD NOS group. There was also a large discrepancy between VIQ and PIQ in the PDD NOS, while there was not significant discrepancy in the AS. The AS was distinguished from PDD NOS group by significantly higher scores in Vocabulary and Comprehension subscales and lower score in Block design. Also, when compared with the PDD NOS, the AS showed more difficulties in visual-motor coordination. Conclusion：The AS showed relatively good verbal and learning ability, while the PDD NOS relatively superior ability in visuospatial function and visual-motor coordination. The findings indicated that the K-WISC and BGT might be useful assessment tool to differentiate the AS from PDD NOS.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Sensory Integration
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.21-31
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• 2011

Objective : This study investigated the relationships of handwriting legibility and perceptual-motor skills, and handwriting speed and perceptual-motor skills. And identified the predictors that most affect the handwriting of preschool children. Methods : Twenty-three typically developing preschool aged children (mean age: 68.61 months, SD=2.04) were selected through the Korean-Denver Developmental Screening Test-2(K-DDST-2). The children were tested with regard to handwriting legibility, visual perception, visual-motor integration and fine-motor coordination. Results : First, a significant relationship was not found among handwriting legibility, visual perception, visualmotor integration and fine-motor coordination. Second, a significant relationship was found among handwriting speed, visual perception and fine-motor coordination. Third, stepwise multiple regression analyses showed that general visual perception were significant predictors for handwriting speed. Conclusion : Occupational therapists should evaluate children's visual perception levels utilizing a standardized test, and focus on general visual perception in order to improve handwriting skill(speed). Also, occupational therapists are expected to play an important role in the management and treatment of children's handwriting skills.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.45-53
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• 2020

Purpose: The purpose of this study was conducted to investigate the effects of kinesio taping and coordination exercise on the myofascial pain syndrome and shoulder function. Methods: The patients with myofascial pain syndrome were participated in this study and divided randomly 2 groups. Control group (n=22) was taken only physical therapy program. Experimental group (n=22) was taken physical therapy with Kinesio taping and coordination exercise. The Kinesio taping in experimental group applied on levator scapulae and supraspinatus. The coordination exercise performed in supine position and sitting position on 15 times during 10 seconds each positions. We measured the pain degree using visual analog scale (VAS), pain rating score (PRS), pressure pain threshold (PPT), myofascial pain subjects symptoms index and shoulder motor function using constant shoulder assessment scale; CSA before and after experiment. Results: The significant test of CSA, myofascial pain subjects symptoms index, VAS, PRS according to applying the Kinesio taping and coordination exercise between groups used ANCOVA. In the result following analysis, there was significance on VAS (F=13.071, p=.031), PRS (F=12.130, p=.014), PPT (F=7.378, p=.016), CSA (F=5.302, p=.026) between control group and experimental group. Conclusion: Then, Kinesio taping and coordination exercise has benefit on the VAS, PRS, PPT, CSA in patients with myofascial pain syndrome. So, it may suggest that Kinesio taping combined with coordination exercise will be helpful of the pain and shoulder function improvement the patients with myofascial pain syndrome.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.167-172
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• 2023

In this study, the absolute and relative strength of six upper extremity resistance exercises were measured by classifying resistance exercise experts and non-experts. As a result, the skilled group showed higher absolute and relative muscle strength than the unskilled group in the 6 upper extremity resistance exercises. These results are judged to be the hypertrophy of fast-twith muscles, the mobilization of motor units, and the increase in the speed of nerve conduction while the skilled person consistently performs resistance exercise. Experts use intermuscular coordination efficiently to stably perform the load according to the movement and exercise intensity performed during exercise, whereas the inexperienced person uses relatively large muscle groups rather than efficiently using intermuscular coordination. It is considered that exercise motion and load were performed by mobilizing. In addition, as a result of comparing the absolute and relative muscle strength between the 6 types of upper limb resistance exercises, there was a difference between the 6 types of upper limb resistance exercises in the two groups. It can be judged that greater muscle strength and endurance were created through liver coordination.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.212-215
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• 2019

Purpose: This study examined whether there is a difference in motor learning through short-term repetitive movement practice in stroke survivors with a unilateral brain injury compared to normal elderly participants. Methods: Twenty-six subjects who were divided into a stroke group (n=13) or sex-aged matched normal elder group (n=13) participated in this study. To evaluate the effects of motor learning, the participants conducted a tracking task for visuomotor coordination. The accuracy index was calculated for each trial. Both groups received repetitive tracking task training of metacarpophalangeal joint for 50 trials. The stroke group performed a tracking task in the upper extremity insi-lesional to the damaged hemisphere, and the normal elder group performed the upper extremity matched for the same side. Results: Two-way repetitive ANOVA revealed a significant difference in the interactions ($time{\times}group$) and time effects. These results indicated that the motor skill improved in both the stroke and normal elder group with a tracking task. On the other hand, the stroke group showed lesser motor learning skill than the normal elder group, in comparison with the amount of motor learning improvement. Conclusion: These results provide novel evidence that stroke survivors with unilateral brain damage might have difficulty in performing ipsilateral movement as well as in motor learning with the ipsilateral upper limb, compared to normal elderly participants.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Sensory Integration
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.23-35
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• 2009

Objective : The purpose of this study is to understand whether group Sensory Integration(SI) therapy has the effect on improvement of motor skill and social function for children with developmental disorder. Method : The subjects were recruited among children received sensory integration therapy at a Children's Development Institute in Dae-Jeon, experimental group is total 5 participating in group sensory integration therapy and control group is also 5 participating in individual sensory integration therapy. The program was constructed for 90 minutes and all children either in the experimental or in the control group went through intervention for 20 weeks. Bruininks-Oseretsky test of Motor Proficiency II, Korean-Scales of Independent Behavior-Revised and Social Maturity Scale were used in order to evaluate the degree of improvement in motor skill and social function. Results : Most children in the experimental group showed improvement in overall aspects of motor skill and the social function comparing pre-intervention with post-intervention, but they did not show any statistically significant differences. However, comparing experimental group with control group, children in the experimental group showed improvement in motor skill and social function. Furthermore, there is statistically significant improvement especially in manual coordination, manual dexterity, and social age and social quotient in Behavior-Revised and Social Maturity Scale. Conclusions : It is found that a group Sensory Integration therapy program has effect on motor skill and social function for children with developmental disorder in this study. In the future study, group SI therapy should be applied for children with diverse diagnosis in order to generalize the effectiveness of therapy.