• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.57-62
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• 2006

Purpose : This study was to understand about the measurement of shoulder motion fraction and motion ratio. We proposed the radiological criterior of glenohumeral and scapulothoracic movement ratio. Materials and Methods : We measured the motion fraction of the glenohumeral and scapulothoracic movement using CR(computed radiological system) of arm elevation at neutral, 90 degree, full elevation. Central ray was $15^{\circ},\;19^{\circ},\;22^{\circ}$ to the cephald for the parallel scapular spine, and the tilting of torso was external oblique $40^{\circ},\;36^{\circ},\;22^{\circ}$ for perpendicular to glenohumeral surface. Healthful donor of 100 was divided 5 groups by age(20, 30, 40, 50, 60). The angle of glenohumeral motion and scapulothoracic motion could be taken from gross arm angle and radiological arm angle. We acquired 3 images at neutral, $90^{\circ}$ and full elevation position and measured radiographic angle of glenoheumeral, scapulothoracic movement respectively. Results : While the arm elevation was $90^{\circ}$, the shoulder motion fraction was 1.22(M), 1.70(W) in right arm and 1.31, 1.54 in left. In full elevation, Right arm fraction was 1.63, 1.84, and left was 1.57, 1.32. In right dominant arm(78%), $90^{\circ} and Full motion fraction was 1.58, 1.43, in left(22%) 1.82, 1.94. In generation 20, $90^{\circ} and Full motion fraction was 1.56, 1.52, 30' was 1.82, 1.43, 40' was 1.23, 1.16, 50' was 1.80, 1.28, 60' was 1.24, 1.75. There was not significantly by gender, dominant arm and age. Conclusion : The criterior of motion fraction was useful reference for clinical dignosis the shoulder instability.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.67-74
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• 2019

Purpose: The purpose is to correct for position errors caused by long treatment times. By correcting the target motion that can occur during lung SBRT using IntraFraction CBCT. Methods and materials: We analyzed retrospectively the IFM data of 14 patients with two treatment arc in the treatment plan for lung cancer with stereotactic radiotherapy. An IntraFraction Motion was applied to the Arccheck phantom to acquire the Gamma index data. Results : IntraFraction Motion during the first treatment arc is in the left-right(LR), superiorinferior(SI), anterior-posterior(AP) directions were $0.16{\pm}0.05cm$, 0.72 cm(max error), $0.2{\pm}0.14cm$, 1.26 cm, $0.24{\pm}0.08cm$, 0.82 cm and rotational directions was $0.84{\pm}0.23^{\circ}$, $2.8^{\circ}$(pitch), $0.72{\pm}0.23^{\circ}$, $2.5^{\circ}$(yaw), $0.7{\pm}0.19^{\circ}$, $2^{\circ}$(roll). IntraFraction Motion during the second treatment arc is in the LR, SI, AP directions were $0.1{\pm}0.04cm$, 0.37 cm, $0.14{\pm}0.17cm$, 2 cm, $0.12{\pm}0.04cm$, 0.5 cm and rotational directions was $0.45{\pm}0.12^{\circ}$, $1.3^{\circ}$, $0.37{\pm}0.1^{\circ}$, $1^{\circ}$, $0.35{\pm}0.1^{\circ}$, $1.2^{\circ}$. Gamma index pass rates were $82.64{\pm}10.51%$, 48.4 %. Conclusions : In this study, we examined the validity of IntraFraction Motion correction in lung SBRT and the efficiency of IntraFraction CBCT. Due to the nature of SBRT treatment, IFM may increase due to the increased treatment time. It is believed that the increase in IFM with the increase in treatment time can be improved with the use of FFF Beam and additional position correction using CBCT during treatment.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.221-229
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• 1998

We measured, with manual goniometer, the active and passive arc of motion of the shoulder in 31 healthy male subjects who were right-hand dominant and who ranged in age from twenty to thirty-one years. Among ten directions through the four motion plane, the range of motion on the dominant side were significantly smaller than those on the non-dominant side in the motion of six directions. We also measured the motion fraction of the glenohumeral and scapulothoracic movement using fluoroscope in 30-degree intervals of arm elevation in the scapular plane. The ratio of glenohumeral to scapulothoracic movement(θGH/θST) was 1.6 for the full range of motion in scapular plane. At the lower angles of abduction, scapulothoracic movement was slight compared with glenohumeral movement. The motion fraction of scapulothoracic joint was increased from 60-degree to 150 degree of arm angle especially between 120 to 150 degree. During arm elevation, scapula was also extended from 42 degrees to 20 degrees tilting as well as internal rotation. The measuring technique of glenohumeral to scapulothoracic movement(θGH/θST) with fluoroscopy could be applied to the simple radiographic measurement at the out-patient clinic in order to identify the pathology and recovery of shoulder motion after treatment.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.1095-1101
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• 1995

Numerical analysis of vertical solidification process allowing solid-liquid density change is performed by a hybrid method between a winite volume method (FVM) and a finite element method (FEM). The investigation focuses on the influence of solid-liquid density change and cooling rates on the motion of solid-liquid interface, solidified mass fraction, temperatures and thermal stresses in the solid region. Due to the density change of pure aluminium, solid-liquid interface moves more slowly but the solidified mass fraction is larger. The cooling rate of the wall is shown to have a significant influence on the phase change heat transfer and thermal stresses, while the density change has a small influence on the motion of the interface, solidified mass fraction, temperature distributions and thermal stresses. As the cooling rate increases, the thermal stresses become higher at the early stage of a solidification process, but it has small influence on the final stresses as the steady state is reached.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.34 no.7
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• pp.981-990
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• 2010

The main objective of this study is to investigate the fluid flow and the heat transfer characteristics of nanofluids using multi-phase thermal LBM and to realize theenhancement of heat transfer characteristics considered in the Brownian motion. In multi-phase, fluid component($H_2O$) is driven by Boussinesq approximation, and nanoparticles component by the external force gravity and buoyancy. The effect of Brownian motion as a random movement is modified to the internal velocity of nanoparticles(Cu). Simultaneously, the particles of both the phases assume the local equilibrium temperature after each collision. It has been observed that when simulating $H_2O$-Cu nanoparticles, the heat transfer is the highest, at the particle volume fraction 0.5% of the particle diameter 10 nm. The average Nusselt number is increased approximately by 33% at the particle volume fraction 0.5% of the particle diameter 10 nm when compared with pure water.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.55 no.5
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• pp.1055-1086
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• 2015

The dynamic response of two-dimensional unbounded domain on the rigid bedrock in the time domain is numerically obtained. It is realized by the modified scaled boundary finite element method (SBFEM) in which the original scaling center is replaced by a scaling line. The formulation bases on expanding dynamic stiffness by using the continued fraction approach. The solution converges rapidly over the whole time range along with the order of the continued fraction increases. In addition, the method is suitable for large scale systems. The numerical method is employed which is a combination of the time domain SBFEM for far field and the finite element method used for near field. By using the continued fraction solution and introducing auxiliary variables, the equation of motion of unbounded domain is built. Applying the spectral shifting technique, the virtual modes of motion equation are eliminated. Standard procedure in structural dynamic is directly applicable for time domain problem. Since the coefficient matrixes of equation are banded and symmetric, the equation can be solved efficiently by using the direct time domain integration method. Numerical examples demonstrate the increased robustness, accuracy and superiority of the proposed method. The suitability of proposed method for time domain simulations of complex systems is also demonstrated.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.247-256
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• 2014

Purpose : To assess target motion during radiotherapy by quantifying daily setup errors and inter-fractional and intra-fractional movements of pancreatic fiducials. Materials and Methods : Eleven patients were treated via stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) with volumetric modulated arc therapy. Bony setup errors were calculated using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Inter-fractional and intrafractional fiducial (seed) motion was determined via cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) projections and orthogonal fluoroscopy. Results : Using an off-line correction protocol, setup errors were 0.0 (-1.7-4.0), 0.3 (-0.5-3.0), and 0.0 (-4.1-6.6) mm for the left-right, anterior-posterior, and superior-inferior directions respectively. Random inter-fractional setup errors in the mean fiducial positions were -0.1, -1.1, and -2.3 mm respectively. Intra-fractional fiducial margins were 9.9, 7.8, and 12.5 mm, respectively. Conclusion : Online inter-fractional and intra-fractional corrections based on daily kV images and CBCT expedites SBRT of pancreatic cancer. Importantly, inter-fractional and intra-fractional motion needs to be measured regularly during treatment of pancreatic cancer to account for variations in patient respiration.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.38 no.10 s.255
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• pp.685-692
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• 2005

Background: Wall motion abnormalities may be a significant predictor for long-term survival after coronary bypass surgery (CABG). The aim of this study is to see whether post-infarction wall motion abnormality of left ventricle affect on the long-term survival after CABG. Material and Method: One-hundred and thirty-three patients (male/female, 92/41) undergoing CABG more than 9 years ago were included in this study. Fifty-six patients (M/F, 42/14; mean age, $59.2\pm9.2$ years) with LV wall motion abnormalities were compared to 77 patients (M/F, 50/27; mean age, $58.0\pm7.6$ years) without the wall motion abnormalities. Most patients (112/133, $84.2\%$) had undergone on-pump CABG with the in-situ left internal thoracic artery and free grafts of saphenous vein, in which the proximal and distal anastomoses were done for the single aortic cross-clamping period. Result: Ejection fraction of left ventricle was lower in the group with LV wall motion abnormalities (mean ejection fraction, $48.7\pm13.2\%$) compared to the group without wall motion abnormalities (mean ejection fraction, $57.1\pm10.1\%$)(p=0.0001). Risk­unadjusted survivals after CABG in the group without wall motion abnormalities were $85.7\pm4.0\%,\;76.2\pm4.9\%,\;and\;57.2\pm10.3\%$ at 5, 10, and 13 years, respectively, and in the group with wall motion abnormalities were $80.4\pm5.3\%,\;58.7\pm7.3\%,\;and\;51.9\pm7.9\%$ at 5, 10, and 13 years, respectively (p=0.1). In univariate analysis, predictable factors of long-term survival in the patients with LV wall motion abnormalities were LV ejection fraction and post operative outpatient treatment. In multivariate analysis, predictable factor of long-term survival in the patients with the wall motion abnormalities was postoperative outpatient treatment, and that in those without the wall motion abnormalities was female. Conclusion: Although there was no significant survival difference after CABG between the group with LV wall motion abnormalities and that without wall motion abnormalities, the survival in the group with wall motion abnormalities seems to be more decreased. For the patients with LV wall motion abnormalities after myocardial infarction, the post-CABG outpatient treatment is suggested to be an important factor for the long-term survival.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.91 no.6
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• pp.567-581
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• 2024

In this paper, an effort is made to present a detailed analysis of dynamic behavior of functionally graded carbon nanotube-reinforced pipes under the influence of an accelerating moving load. Again, the material properties of the nanocomposite pipe will be determined by following the rule of mixtures, considering a specific distribution and volume fraction of CNTs within the pipe. In the present study, temperature-dependent material properties have been considered. The Navier-Stokes equations are used to determine the radial force developed by the viscous fluid. The structural analysis has been carried out based on Reddy's higher-order shear deformation shell theory. The equations of motion are derived using Hamilton's principle. The resulting differential equations are solved using the Differential Quadrature and Integral Quadrature methods, while the dynamic responses are computed with the use of Newmark's time integration scheme. These are many parameters, ranging from those connected with boundary conditions to nanotube geometrical characteristics, velocity, and acceleration of the moving load, and, last but not least, volume fraction and distribution pattern of CNTs. The results indicate that any increase in the volume fraction of CNTs will lead to a decrease in the transient deflection of the structure. It is also observed that maximum displacement occurs with an increase in the load speed, slightly delayed compared to decelerating motion.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.27 no.8
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• pp.1142-1149
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• 2003

The present study describes a numerical analysis for simulation of the sloshing of flows with free-surface which contained in a rectangular tank moving in harmonic or pitching motion. The VOF function, representing the volume fraction of a cell occupied by the fluid, is calculated for each cells, which gives the location of the free-surface filling any some fraction of cells with fluid. The time-dependent changes of free-surface height are used for visualization subject to several conditions such as fluid height, horizontal acceleration, sinusoidal motion, and viscosity. The free-surface heights were used for comparing wall-force, which is caused by sloshing of flows. Damping effects by baffles were extensively investigated for various conditions in terms of baffle shape and position.