• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.44 no.3 s.140
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• pp.243-249
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• 2005

We investigated the repellency of eight mosquito repellents against Culex pipiens pallens and Aedes albopictus, and the quantity of DEETs were analysed by using gas chromatography. Ae. albopictus showed higher bloodsucking efficacy than Cx. pipiens pallens of the two subjects mouse and human hands, and human hand was more efficacious method for mosquito bloodsucking efficacy than mouse. Among the eight repellents were tested with mouse as subjects for eight hours, product C, G, and H were high repellency than others. In the case of human hands as subject, product C was highly effective than above other products. The DEET quantities of eight repellants varied from 7.31 g to 38.9 g in 100 g contents and we ascertained that there was a correlation between mosquito repellency and the DEET quantities remained after the treatments. It was evidenced from the long term test with shirt piece, in this test the Ae. albopictus attack was increased when the DEET quantity decreased below 40%.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.233-238
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• 2011

DEET, N,N'-diethyl-m-toluamide, is the most commonly used mosquito repellent. However, it can easily permeate through skin leading to toxic effects. A recent study showed that the ortho analogue of DEET showed enhanced repellency with reduced permeation compared to the commercially used meta analogue. Thus, in order to understand the differences in properties and effectiveness among the m-, o- and p-analogues of DEET, an HPLC-UV method was developed for separately analyzing the three analogues. Moreover, stability profiles at temperatures ranging from $30^{\circ}C$ to $70^{\circ}C$ as well as pH ranging from pH 3 to pH 9 have been determined. All three analogues were stable with no degradation observed during the 5 day period. o-DEET therefore could be further developed into a safer and more effective mosquito repellent.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Life Science Conference
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• 2008.10a
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• pp.42.1-42.1
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• 2008

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.10 no.12
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• pp.15-23
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• 2019

Purpose : We will develop the distribution method of wide oil extract technology to develop repellent using this technology and study mosquito repellent persistence. Research design, data and methodology : A positive control group containing purified water, ethanol and picaridin was prepared, and the experimental control group was prepared in the same proportion as the positive control group, and 0.6% of broad oil was added. The results were summarized using the calculation method according to the avoidance effect and statistically tested by t-test using the excel statistics program. Results : Experiments on skin surface area and voice control of participants showed that men had 8.9% wider skin surface area than women, and voice control tests showed that women were bitten by mosquitoes five times more than men. Both the positive and the experimental control groups had a valid duration of up to three hours, but from the time of five hours, the positive control group had 77% and the experimental control had 90%, indicating a difference of 14.4% over the positive control group. Conclusions : The mosquito repellents developed in this study on the basis of safety and continuity are cost-effective in terms of mosquito repellent, and in addition fragrance, odor removal, perfume, ink, skin care and massage effect.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.44 no.4 s.141
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• pp.331-336
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• 2005

Four mosquito repellents, product A (aerosol), product B (liquid), product C (aerosol) and product D (lotion) were tested for their persistent repellency and quantity of DEET remained with the lapse was analyzed. In shirt term test with human (or 8 hours, product A (aerosol), product B (liquid), product C (aerosol) and product D (lotion) appeared over 95% repellency for eight, five, six and six hours. respectively. In long-term tests with shirt piece for 16 days, product A (aerosol) and product C (aerosol) showed 100% repellency for 10 days. In the assay of quantity of DEET remained in shirt pieces with the lapse of time, two products was decreased to the same pattern.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.110-114
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• 2002

The repellent activity of methanol extracts from 8 aromatic medicinal plant species and a steam distillate against blood-starved Aedes aegypti (L.) females was laboratory examined by skin test and compared with that of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (deet). Reponeses varied according to Plant species. At a dose of $0.1mg/\textrm{cm}^2$, potent repellency against adult mosquitoes was obtained with extracts of Cinnamomum camphora (94.1 %) Cinnamomum cassia bark (91.2%), Eugenia caryophyllata flower bud (72.2%), and Tilia amurensis (69.4%). Repellent activity of these plant extracts was comparable to that of deet (83.4%). The plants described merit further study as potential mosquito-repellent agents.

• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.68-75
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• 2007

[ $\alpha$ ]-Terpinene has been known as a repellent against the mosquito Culex pipiens pallens Coquillett based on a human forearm bioassay. $\alpha$-Terpinene showed significantly greater repellency than a commercial formulation, N, N-diethyl-m-methylbenzamide (deet). In this study, skin and eye sensitivity of $\alpha$-terpinene (2%) was examined with bioassays using white New Zealand rabbits. There were somewhat gross and histological changes observed in these treatments. Eye irritancy assays examined gross changes to cornea, iris and conjuctiva, and histological changes to smear of ocular discharge and eye tissue. Treated rabbits were divided into two cohorts, a saline washed cohort (W) or a non-washed cohort (NW). Opacity of cornea and redness, chemosis and discharge of conjuctiva were observed in both cohorts, but disappeared within 4 and 10 days in W and NW, respectively. Main components of ocular discharges were fibrin, epithelial or epitheloid cells, lymphoid cells, erythrocytes and granulocytes. These abnormal cellular components disappeared within 4 days and 10 days in W and NW, respectively. No permanent histological differences were observed between the two cohorts. However, severe irritation was determined as 57.2 of I.I.O.I value on the first day after treatment. These findings indicate a spray-type solution containing 2% $\alpha$-terpinene may serve as an alternative mosquito repellent and further studies need to reduce the eye irritation with formulation changes.

• Proceedings of the KAIS Fall Conference
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• 2005.05a
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• pp.287-289
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• 2005

Repellent effcacies of two natural aroma compounds. citronella and citronellal, against mosquitoes were evaluated both in field and in vitro. In vitro, the experiment was conducted with three controlled bands impregnated with $30\%$ citronella extract, $15\%$ citronella extract and $30\%$ citronellal extract, and with band impregnated $30\%$ citronella in field. Raw data was obtained by the means of counting numbers bitten by mosquitoes per unit time, namely human bait method. Comparative repellent efficacies of above three controlled bands were calculated at $86\%$, $73\%$, and $78\%$, respectively in vitro, and $80\%$ in field, showing high repellent effectiveness against mosquitoes. This estimation was also confirmed by t-test compared between control group and each experimental group.