• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.87-93
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• 2013

Objectives : Degenerative arthritis arises from several physiological factors. The purpose of this study is to investigate the beneficial effects of Phyto-extract Complex (CME) on degenerative arthritis. Methods : CME is composed of extracts of mulberry (Morus alba L.) fruit, mulberry leaves and black beans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). To measure the toxicity of CME, we performed the single-dose toxicity study. For the evaluation of its effects on degenerative arthritis, we examined the inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) activity, using in vitro enzyme activity assay, the reduction of protein expression of COX-2, 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in RAW264.7 cells which were stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We also examined the serum level of prostaglandins (PGs) and injury of the knee joint cartilage, using animal model of degenerative arthritis induced by mono-sodium iodoacetate (MIA). Results : CME did not have any toxicity in single-dose toxicity study. The CME inhibited the activity of COX-2 and could reduce the protein expression of COX-2, 5-LO and iNOS in RAW264.7 cells. The CME also reduced the serum level of PGs and prevented from the cartilage injury of knee joint in animal model of degenerative arthritis induced by MIA. Conclusions : Taken altogether, the CME could be useful for the improvement of degenerative arthritis through its various anti-inflammatory activities and prevention from the cartilage injury of knee joint.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.543-550
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• 2023

Mulberry fruit is a superior source of polyphenols, especially anthocyanin, and has a long history of use as an edible fruit and traditional medicine. The anthocyanin composition of mulberry fruit from 15 Korean cultivars was analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography diode array detector with quadrupole time of flight/mass spectrometry (UPLC-DAD-QToF/MS) based on a cyanin internal standard. The four glycosides were identified by comparison with authentic standards and published reports. The major anthocyanin was cyanidin 3-O-glucoside (71.7%), followed by cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside (26.6%). The minor components (total of 1.7%) were pelargonidin 3-O-glucoside and pelargonidin 3-O-rutinoside. The total anthocyanin content (mg/100 g, dry weight) of mulberry fruit varied by cultivar and ranged from 471.5±4.0 (Su Hong) to 4,700.2±54.0 (Gwa Sang2). Among the 15 cultivars examined, Gwa Sang2 showed the highest level of cyanidin 3-O-glucoside (3,133.4±32.6), which was 9-fold higher than that of Su Hong (351.5±3.4). In conclusion, anthocyanin profiles, including pelargonidin 3-O-glucoside and pelargonidin 3-O-rutinoside, were reported for the first time from 15 Korean mulberry fruit cultivars. The results will contribute valuable information on pharmaceutical properties, breeding superior mulberry cultivars, and food industries.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.126-133
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• 2023

Genetic resources of mulberry trees are commonly preserved as trophosomes, which are vulnerable to environmental factors, such as natural disasters, diseases, and pests. This study establishes a basic protocol for ultra-low temperature cryopreservation of mulberry trees using a two-step freezing process. The procedure was established using the "Daeshim" variety and then tested on genetic resources from 24 other mulberry varieties. Samples were first dried to a moisture content of 33-43% in a low-temperature forced-air chamber at -5 ℃, then slowly frozen from -5 ℃ to -20 ℃, and preserved in liquid nitrogen (-196 ℃). To determine the regeneration rate, isolated dormant buds were inoculated into MS basal medium, and grown shoots were grafted onto 1-year-old rootstock via chip budding and then cultured. After freezing in liquid nitrogen, the "Daeshim" variety exhibited a survival and regeneration rate of more than 70% and 50%, respectively. Applying the two-step freezing process to genetic resources from 24 mulberry species yielded average survival and regeneration rates of 85.3% and 75.5%, respectively. Morus alba showed survival and regeneration rates of 100%, confirming the efficacy of the two-step freezing method. These results indicate the high feasibility of ultra-low-temperature cryopreservation through two-step freezing of dormant buds from mulberry genetic resources. Additional research is required into the variations in regeneration rates with freezing period in liquid nitrogen.

• International Journal of Oncology
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.630-640
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• 2020

Plant flavonoid 2',3,4',5,7-pentahydroxyflavone (morin hydrate), isolated from the family Moraceae (Morus alba L.), is known to have anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects. However, its pharmaceutical effects on metastasis have not been fully elucidated to date. Therefore, the current study investigated the effects of morin hydrate on cancer metastasis in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. The results showed that morin hydrate suppressed 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced cell migration and invasion via the inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 activity. Furthermore, gene expression level of MMP-9, MMP-7, urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), uPA receptor (uPAR) and fibronectin were significantly decreased by morin hydrate treatment. Morin hydrate inhibited the phosphorylation of Akt and glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β, and downregulated the expression of an activator protein-1 subunit c-Fos. In addition, the GSK-3β phosphorylation and c-Fos expression were suppressed by PI3K/Akt pathway inhibitors, LY294002 and wortmannin. Taken together, these results demonstrated that morin hydrate reduced the metastatic potential in TPA-treated MCF-7 human breast cancer cells via the inhibition of MMPs, uPA and uPAR, and the underlying Akt/GSK-3β/c-Fos pathway. Therefore, the present investigation suggested that morin hydrate may be a natural substance with a preventive potential for metastasis in breast cancer cells.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.449-454
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• 2008

This research examined whether feeding single extracts or complex extracts of Bulnesia sarmienti, together with a high fat diet, could improve serum lipid levels and reduce fat mass in rats. Test groups were fed the extracts, combined with a high fat diet, for eight weeks, and subdivided into seven groups: normal, control, and five treatment groups (BS: B. sarmienti extracts; BS-S: B. sarmienti and Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge extracts; BS-M: B. sarmienti and Morus alba Linne extracts; BS-SM1: B. sarmienti, Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge and Morus alba Linne extracts; and BS-SM2: BS-SM1 extracts at a 2-fold concentration). After feeding the test substance for 8 weeks, no significant differences were found for food intake, water intake, change in body weight, or food efficiency ratios (FER) among the groups. However, serum LDL-cholesterol had increased by 14.1% in the BS-S group. When compared with the control group, total cholesterol levels in the BS, BS-S, BS-M, BS-SM1, and BS-SM2 groups were reduced by 36.0, 14.5, 40.4, 17.5, and 22.5%, respectively, with the greatest change shown in the BS-M group. In terms of triglycerides, levels in BS, BS-S, BS-M, BS-SM1, and BS-SM2 had decreased by 41.9, 8.5, 62.3, 17.7, and 14.5%, respectively. Compared to the control group, the BS group showed a significant decrease in fat mass. In conclusion, the BS and BS-M groups showed significant effects with respect to improved serum lipid profiles and body fat mass when they were fed a high fat diet in combination with the respective extracts.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.877-885
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• 2013

Wine extracts of four different berry fruits, such as mulberry, blueberry, strawberry, and raspberry, were investigated for antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase, and ${\alpha}$-glucosidase activities by using in vitro assays. Additionally, quantitative changes of ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitor in mulberry wine were determined by HPLC according to mulberry cultivars and fermentation process. Among four berry wines examined, mulberry wine showed the most potent ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory activity with 69.37% at 0.23 mg/mL, while blueberry and strawberry wines exhibited the strongest inhibition against DPPH radical and tyrosinase activity, respectively. Four compounds were isolated and purified from mulberry wine by a series of isolation procedures, such as solvent fractionation, and Diaion HP-20, ODS-A, and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatographies. Among them, Comp. 4 exerted the strongest ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory activity ($I_C_{50}=31.57{\mu}M$), and its chemical structure was identified as quercetin by UV and NMR spectral analysis. Finally, the "Daeseongppong" (16.83 ppm) muberry wine had larger amount of quercetin than the "Iksuppong" (14.85 ppm) and "Cheongilppong" (8.92 ppm) mulberry wines, but their contents of three mulberry wines decreased considerably with aging process. These results suggest that mulberry wine containing quercetin acted as ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitor may be useful as a potential functional wine for improving diabetic disorder.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.498-506
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• 2014

The objective of this study was to investigate the beneficial effects of mulberry extract (MBE) on blood flow improvement. The $SC_{50}$ value for the DPPH radical scavenging activity of MBE was $89.36{\pm}5.46{\mu}g/mL$. Analysis of the cellular toxicity of MBE on RAW 264.7 and HepG2 cells showed no toxicity under a concentration of 2,500 ${\mu}g/mL$. We found that MBE inhibited the enzyme activity of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 as well as oxidation of human LDL. Western blotting analysis showed that MBE inhibited protein expression of COX-2 and 5-lipoxygenase in RAW 264.7 cells. In addition, MBE inhibited protein expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Furthermore, MBE reduced the serum levels of total cholesterol and C-reactive protein in a concentration-dependent manner. These results both in vitro and in vivo suggest that MBE can be employed for the improvement of blood flow.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.270-276
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• 1982

Water culture experiment with mulberry (Morus alba L.)was carried out to investigate the ionic composition in the exudate and the ionic content in the organs (leaves, petioles, stem cortex, and roots) of mulberry tree with three different nitrogen sources ($NO_3-N$, $NH_4-N$, and $NH_4NO_3$). 1. Amount of exudate was much lower for $NH_4-N$ than for $NO_3-N$. 2. Total nitrogen content in the exudate was the highest in the NH4-N, the order of 2.2 times than in the $NO_3-N$. However, total nitrogen amount absorbed by tree per hour was proportional with the exudate amount. As the result, total nitrogen amount was higher 1.6 times in $NO_3-N$ ($289.6\;me\;plant^{-1}\;hr^{-1}$ than in $NH_4-N$. 3. Ammonium nitrogen depressed $Ca^{2+}$ uptake critically and even all of the anions, whereas $Mg^{2+}$, $K^+$ and $Na^+$ affected little. 4. Reduction of $NO_3$ may occured both in root and in leaves. 5. Content of cations and anions was highest in petioles, except $Ca^{2+}$ which was highest in leaves. As the result, petioles may be the storage organ of nutrients. 6. By increasing $NH_4-N$, ionic balance (C-A) decreased proportionally. 7. Nutrients amount in the exudate were approximatelly proportional with the amount in the roots. This suggested that roots may be the part diagnosed for nutrients. Being the sum of anions (${\Sigma}A$) higher than that of cations (${\Sigma}C$) in the roots, the ionic balance showed negative value.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.10
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• pp.1588-1593
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• 2015

Contents of phenolic acids, flavonoids, and anthocyanins of mulberries (Morus alba L.) cultivated in a greenhouse (GH) and open field (OF) were evaluated by HPLC during maturation. In the case of phenolic acids, caffeic acid ($96.37{\sim}824.00{\mu}g/g$), coumaric acid ($19.45{\sim}68.23{\mu}g/g$), ferulic acid ($4.50{\sim}18.66{\mu}g/g$), and sinapic acid ($15.61{\sim}29.27{\mu}g/g$) were detected. The major phenolic acid was caffeic acid, and its content increased in the initial stage and decreased in the last stage. The phenolic acid content of OF mulberries was higher than that of GH mulberries. Contents of two major flavonoids, quercetin, and kaempferol, were $44.17{\sim}1,661.73{\mu}g/g$ and $108.67{\sim}360.20{\mu}g/g$, respectively. Quercetin content decreased with maturation stage, whereas kaempferol content remained constant in GH mulberries but increased in OF mulberries. In the case of cultivation methods, quercetin content of OF mulberries was higher than that of GH mulberries. Contents of cyanidin, delphinidin, malvidin, and pelargonidin were $30.43{\sim}6,443.88{\mu}g/g$, $0{\sim}52.10{\mu}g/g$, $1.06{\sim}1,650{\mu}g/g$, and $1.92{\sim}401.97{\mu}g/g$, respectively. Anthocyanin content increased with maturation stage, and anthocyanin content of OF mulberries was higher than that of GH mulberries. OF mulberries in the last stage of maturation had higher contents of functional substances than other conditions.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.328-333
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• 2006

Many plant extracts are known to have antioxidative effects. However, their activities can be reduced or disappeared during mass production process. The purpose of this study is to compare antioxidative effects of edible plant extracts distributed in Korea. forty three kinds of edible plant extracts commercially available in Korea were selected and investigated for their total phenolics contents and antioxidative potentials(DPPH radical and superoxide anion radical scavenging activities). In contents of total phenolics, the commercial plant extracts from Artemisia annua(whole plant), Ilex paraguariensis(leaf, Silybum marianum(fruit and leaf, Ulmus pumila(bark), Coliolus versicolor(fruit), and Curcuma longa(root and stem) contained over 70 mg/g of powder, DPPH radical scavenging activities($SC_{50}$, 50% scavenging concentration) of A. annua, I. paraguariensis, Pinus densiflora(leaf),S. marianum, U. pumila, and C. longa were $53.96{\pm}0.81\;ppm,\;24.61{\pm}2.12\;ppm,\;35.96{\pm}1.11\;ppm,\;57.46{\pm}2.13\;ppm,\;55.25{\pm}1.65\;ppm\;and\;12.99{\pm}1.67ppm$, respectively, while that of positive control(vitamin C) was $3.86{\pm}0.81\;ppm$. $SC_{50}$ values against superoxide anion radical of A. annua, Cinnamomum zeylanicum(bark), I. paraguariensis, Rubus coreanus(fruit and leaf), Morus alba(leaf), P. densiflora, S. marianum, U. pumila, C. versicolor, C. longa, Perilla frutescens var. acuta(leaf), and H. sabdariffa(leaf and newer) were $53.21{\pm}1.83ppm,\;50.12{\pm}2.12ppm,\;5.59{\pm}0.84ppm,\;41.60{\pm}8.93ppm,\;20.19{\pm}0.97ppm,\;15.19{\pm}1.66ppm,\;21.20{\pm}1.88ppm,\;15.71{\pm}0.91ppm,\;55.48{\pm}2.42ppm,\;52.12{\pm}2.44ppm,\;23.80{\pm}1.98ppm\;and\;11.14{\pm}0.51ppm$, respectively($SC_{50}$ value of vitamin C: $9.61{\pm}0.93ppm$). In particular, both 1 paraguariensis and P. densiflora had high content of phenolics as well as high scavenging activities of DPPH radical and superoxide anion radical. Consequently, above two commercial extracts may be useful as a source of antioxidative nutraceutics.