• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.6 s.107
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• pp.36-51
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• 2005

The purpose of this thesis is to analyse modem urbanization process and the morphological transformation of the urban tissues in Kunsan between the you 1899 and 2001, The method of this study is to investigate the transformation process of morphological elements such as plot structure, building layout, building facades, land use, exterior space structure and their use, with actual field surveys, the analysis of land registration maps in 1912, and various topological map. Morphological analysis on modern Kunsan is progressed by three steps-typo-morphological analysis of urban tissue in old-town area, interpretation of morphological process, and transformation process, of morphological structure in Japanese concession in view of plots system. As a result, it is found that there is cyclical relationship among the morphological transformation processes of morphological elements, plots, buildings, land-uses, and access space to buildings. From the view of town plan change, the period of restoration of war damage in 1950s and compressive growing period in 1960s have important meaning in the morphological process of old-town area. Particularly the first building plan and layout type together with plot form and structure is acted as the main factor to decide the subsequent plot transformation system, exterior space system and the particular streetscape in Kunsan.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Planning & Design
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.91-102
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• 2019

This study explores the causes and processes of morphological transformation of apartment complexes in Busan. All apartment complexes built until the year 2016 were selected for statistical analysis, drawing/map examination, field observation, selected expert interviews based on 6 periodical groups: Period I(~1990), Period II(1991~1995), Period III(1996~2000), Period IV(2001~2005), Period V(2006~2010), and Period VI(2011~2016). The research argues for three 'arrangement' types, P1U, L1U and P2U, which have dominated the whole periods occupying 88% of the total 260 complexes. The switch of the leading type represents for morphological transformation of apartment complexes. Four aspects, density(F.A.R.), height(maximum number of floors), deformed-building-type ratio, and building-orientation, have affected the change of 'arrangement' types. Density was the major cause of the arrangement-type switch, from P1U to L1U, on Period II(1991~1995). The morphological change, from type L1U to P2U, on Period V(2006~2010) was caused by height and orientation, and is correlated with the increased number of deformed-type buildings. The first phase morphological change on Period II(1991~1995) was resulted by the supply side of apartment. However, the second phase transformation on Period V(2006~2010) had gone through the complex process including reflection of consumers' demands. The significance of research is to reveal the morphological transformation process of apartment complexes through analytical investigation of the entire apartment data in Busan. The result shows that the major change of urban paysage started to occur from Period V(2006~2010), and the superficial evaluation on apartment 'being monotonous and repetitive' may not be proper at least from the perspective of town plan.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.37-49
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• 2014

This paper aims to interpret the transformation process of town plan of Gosan-up(高山), which was provincial administrative focus town in Josun dynasty, basing on morphological viewpoint. Morphological concepts, such as morphological frame, urban plan, kernel, colonization, route system, fixation line, fringe belt, plan unit & plan division, morphological period derived from the study of Conzen, M.R.G. and Caniggia, G. epidome district, break point, broken plot, urban fallow, privatization are adopted for the interpretation of urban form. Morphological period of Gosan can be divided in four ; formation of kernel & morphological structure, disintegration & redevelopment of the kernel, augmentative development of the kernel & formation of modern epidome district, outwards expanding of urbanized area, transition & reorganization of epidome district. Especially public leading projects such as construction of new regional connection road and public facilities such as myeon(township) office, agricultural cooperatives federation office, market, are main factors of morphological transformation of townplan. In the early stage, under the Japanese imperialism, construction of the new matrix route(Gosan-ro) through the kernel and followed planned routes gave way to disintegrating traditional areal plan unit and forming small block plan units in administrative facilities area. And linear plan units with commercial buildings were formed along the new matrix route and planned route adjacent to periodical market. In the latter stage, with development of public facilities, private sectors' large circulation institution and terminal outside the kernel with planned routes formed areal block based plan units with commercial and public buildings. And part of the spatial area with the linear plan unit were turned into urban fallow. With the transformation of town plan, new roads outside the kernel have substituted for traditional fixation line of waterway with road and topographical feature. Fringe belts were made successively along the new road and around the major intersections outside of existing urbanized area. Land use in fringe belts, constituting of outer locational tendency early on formation, was gradually replaced with commercial & business buildings.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.63-71
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• 2011

The mineral phases precipitated in the swamp built for the treatment of the mine drainage of the Dalsung Mine were investigated to reveal the mineralogical changes from schwertmannite to goethite and related behavior of heavy metals. Our XRD results show that most schwertmannite were transformed to goethite except the small portions of the samples in the uppermost part. No significant morphological changes were observed in the samples during mineral transformation by SEM, indicating that this transformation process occurred not from dissolution-precipitation process, but in solid state. Among heavy metals sorbed or coprecipitated in the mineral phases, Pb and Cu concentrations were relatively higher compared with their concentrations in the mine drainage. The relative concentrations of other heavy metals show similar values. The heavy metal concentration in the minerals do not show noticeable differences from uppermost schwertmannite to lower goethite samples, indicating the transformation process without any leaching or additional sorption of heavy metals in the solid state.

• Journal of Korea Foundry Society
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.403-411
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• 1992

The growth characteristics of bainite at early stage in the fast quenched spheroidal graphite cast irons containing 0.06%Mn and 0.45%Mn during austempering process, was investigated with optical and scanning electron microscope. The following results regarding the effects of Mn and isothermal heat treatment on the morphological variation of bainitic ferrite were obtained. The morphology of bainite varies from acicular below 350$^{\circ}C$ to feather shape above 350$^{\circ}C$. The period of isothermal treatment also affects the shape of bainite at the fixed temperature. At 350$^{\circ}C$, bainite is bamboo leaf-like up to 200 secs of isothermal holding time and with further increasing time up to 300 secs, changes to a mixed structure consisting of both feather and bamboo leaf and, finally becomes all feather shape at 900 secs. The morphology of bainitic ferrite formed at early stage of 300$^{\circ}C$ isothermal treatment is similar to that of bainitic ferrite formed at 250$^{\circ}C$ or 350$^{\circ}C$ with unbranched, linear ferrite. However, bainitic ferrite divides into branches with increasing isothermal treatment, which occurs more fast at 400$^{\circ}C$ than at 350$^{\circ}C$. The difference in adding amount of Mn influences the morphology of bainitic ferrite in upper bainite. The bainitic ferrite with 0.45%Mn is observed to be more stable than that with 0.06%Mn, remaining unbranched for a longer period at the same temperature.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.291-302
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• 2003

This paper examined the impacts of the regional developments and dwellers behavior on the Seacoast. Seacoast features a variety of landforms which are created by the action of waves and tidal flows. The coastal landforms are found mainly in the interface between land and sea. Although erosional landforms constitute prominent landscape features as sea stack, sea arch, and rock cliff do, it is nonetheless the depositional features such as beaches, tidal flats, offshore bars, deltas, sanddunes, and coastal plains that have various ramifications for human communities. Among these, beaches and coastal sanddunes are special in that their formation is attributable to the combined action of waves, tidal flows, and winds. The main line of discussion in this dissertation is concerned with the transformation of group of beaches sanddunes along the coastline of Chungcheong-Namdo Province. To some extent, the erosion of coastal dunes has been a global phenomenon. The degradation process occurs most actively when the spring tides attack beaches, berms, and foredunes. Also involved in the transformation of coastal dunes are factors of human agency. The extent, speed, and pattern of their morphological changes are a function of land-use pattern. The reclamation of swale and the exploitation of sands as construction material and silica sand, for example, ruin the feature of coastal dunes.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.3-13
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• 2014

Typology in Contemporary Architecture wants to escape from the classical typology that has the problems about specific program of structuralism, typical repeatation of customary form. As visible and non-visible things are appeared in contemporary architecture through the analysis of the inner system involving development process of changing itself, typology of contemporary is utilized at a tool of form generation in the process of architect. And it notes that the structural properties of the building system. The form of contemporary architecture has the new connecting strucure not reduced to existing ones. It carries out generative access as a device in order to solve the complexity of society. From this perspective, we analyze the process of projects of contemporary architects that can be typological strategy not representation of post geometric form but a tool of form generation in architectural process. As a result, we can find four characteristics of typology as a tool of form generation; 'interference and mix of program', 'continous slabs', 'rearrangement through relationship setting', 'transformation of multi-layers'. These are expanding to the process that reflect history and context or infer from morphology. Therefore, typology as architectural process of form generation overcomes morphological typology of classical typology and suggests that the different architectural approach having potential possibility.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.522-526
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• 1992

Carbonation process of an aqueous solution of $Ca(OH)_2$ with $CO_2$ gas at $10^{\circ}C$ has been studied to investigate the formation and transformation processes of amorphous calcium carbonate. It was suggested that the amorphous calcium carbonate consisting of spherical particles with the diameter in the range of $0.02{\sim}0.05{\mu}m$ be a non-stoichiometric $CaCO_3$ phase containing small amounts of $H_2O$ and small incorporations of $HCO^-_3$. Amorphous $CaCO_3$ is unstable in the aqueous solution and converts to calcite, and its morphology depends on the carbonate species present in the slurry such that with [$CO_3^{2-}$] prevailing, chain-like calcite composed of ultrafine colloidal particles and with [$HCO^-_3$] prevailing, rhombohedral particles of calcite are formed respectively. Therefore, morphological control of calcium carbonate crystals could be expected by the adequate controls of transformation process of the amorphous calcium carbonate.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.13 no.2 s.38
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• pp.21-38
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• 2004

This study provides a descriptive and analytical account of major aspects of urban development and transformation of housing types of Italian Firenze from the 13th century to the 19th century. It is a typo-morphological depiction of urban spatial structure of the extraordinary city, Firenze, the center of Italian Renaissance. And this study has proceeded on the assumption that the evolving form of the urban structure and housing types cannot be understood without reference to the larger context of political, economic, and social life. Based on these backgrounds, the purpose of this study is threefold: to provide a comprehensive discussion of general characteristics of urban spatial structure of Firenze, and to explain the process of formation of working-class neighborhoods by constructing new city wall in later 13th century, and to discuss transformation of housing types of the working-class neighborhood with understanding the mechanism of existence of housing in the newly formed residential neighborhoods. The development of residential neighborhoods was pursued by 'planned' manner through forming square-shaped blocks, and characterized by the subdivision of larger properties into standardized building lots for the construction of houses. On the bases of documentary evidences, several ecclesiastical institutions are identified as the agents of a distinctive type of development. While the institutions did the major role for developing lands, the construction of houses was done by small scale construction agents with moderate amount of properties. The major housing type of working-class neighborhoods of Firenze has been the 'casa a schiera' characterized by the form of narrow front and long depth. The type was generalized by the newly formed middle and working-class of Firenze which grew their body very rapidly, Even though the type assumed very uniform in its fen there were many variations. And through passing time, the casa a schiera developed to be multi-family housing, and the level of variation became deepen. Eventually, transformation of housing type of Firenze was ended by appearance of the 'casa in linea', which was very similar to modern apartment in its spatial organization.

• International Journal of High-Rise Buildings
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.139-147
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• 2017

Analyzing morphological evolution over a long period of time is deemed an effective way to identify problems occurring in the process of urban development, in addition to achieving a fundamental understanding of socio-cultural changes and growth rooted from the context. As far as the urban morphology is concerned, Hong Kong is characterized by its unique high-density and compact layout patterns, which have aroused the interest of a number of authors in the urban design domain. Whilst an increasing number of redevelopment projects in Hong Kong were criticized for ignoring and destroying the old urban fabric, there is a need for research to investigate the origins and changes of various urban patterns and their implications for society. By employing the theories and techniques of space syntax, this paper accordingly provides a morphological analysis based on the Wanchai District - a 'Segment-line' city, which particularly epitomizes various urban grids of Hong Kong and may have different implications for functional aspects. By axial-mapping the urban layouts of five stages of growth since 1842 and subsequently investigating their spatial and functional transformation over the past 170 years, this paper identifies a series of spatial characteristics underlying different grid patterns, as well as achieves a precise understanding of their ever changing relationship. Based on these understandings, this paper intends to provide valuable reference and guidance for upcoming spatial development in Hong Kong and other regions.