• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.117-124
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• 2011

Objectives : Bell's palsy is the most common acute facial paralysis but its causes still unclear. At present, one of the most widely accepted cause is viral infections, and generally socioeconomic factors influence the viral infections. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship of incidence of facial palsy with socioeconomic factors. Methods : Seventeen patients with a acute facial palsy, who volunteered and completed all of the assessment measures participated. Using data on 17 participants, we examined the independent contribution of education, income, and occupation to a risk factor of severe facial palsy. Severity of global facial impairment was assessed by the facial disability index (FDI), the house-brackmann facial nerve grading system, WHO quality of life - bref (WHOQOL-BREF) and visual analogue scale (VAS) about discomfort of life. Results : There was no correlation between severity of facial palsy and gender, marriage, education, or occupation. Age greater than 60 years (p<0.05), and low monthly income(p<0.05), poor self-rated health was associated with greater severity of idiopathic facial paralysis. Conclusions : The number of subjects with facial palsy in our study (n-17) was small, and therefore generalization to larger patient populations might be unwarranted. But according to the outcome, we suggest that socioeconomic factors, especially low monthly income influence severity of bell's palsy.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.169-189
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• 2008

There are few studies on the characteristics of defaulters, though research in this field is needed. The purpose of this study was to find out social, economic and psychological characteristics of defaulters who are married and in their thirties. For this study, an in-depth interview was used. The major findings were as follows. The focus of this study is defaulters who are married, in their thirties, have managed small businesses by themselves or with their spouses and have experienced job fluctuation. There were a lot of reasons for their becoming defaulters. Most of all, a slump in business with the occurrence of individual events caused them to be enrolled as defaulters. The monthly mean income of defaulters was $1,800,000{\sim}5,000,000$ won, yet it was irregular. Moreover, they were dependent upon labor income or business income. The monthly mean expenditure of defaulters was $1,000,000{\sim}2,300,000$ won, which constituted about $26%{\sim}57.5%$ of their monthly mean income. The defaulters needed to budget a number of expenditures such as food and private education. Defaulters had $25,000,000{\sim}128,000,000$ won in debts and $300,000{\sim}3,000,000$ won per month in debt payments. Most of them didn't have any emergency funds, monetary assets or fixed assets. Interestingly, they showed high tendency to use debt and low skill for their money management. Defaulters had short time horizons and were likely to buy something on the spur of the moment.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.51-74
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• 1991

It has been many changes in traditional Korean food habits according to the improvement of household income levels and the rise of standard of living. Therefore, the pattern of consumption in animal origin processed/convenient foods would have changed. This research aims to find the tendency of consumption in some animal origin processed/convenient foods compared with typical Korean traditional foods according to household income levels. Therefore, this survey was made on 698 children from 10 elementary schools located in Seoul. They were divided into 6 groups according to their household income levels. The data were analysed using Chi-square test and F-test in SPSS package program. From this research, the following results were obtained: 1. Their average monthly household income levels were between 500, 000~1, 500, 000 won(64.2%) and their family were of mostly 4~5 members. There were no significant differences in children's physical status among various income groups. As the household. income level increases, the food expenditure per month increases and Engel's coefficient decreases. 2. The animal origin processed/convenient foods that have no significant differences are ham, sausage, milk, yogurt, canned fish, and fish meal. The high-income groups preferred bacon, cheese, pork cutlet, and fried chicken, compared to those of low-income groups. The low-income groups preferred crab-flavored meal, compared to those of high-income groups. 3. In some Korean traditional foods, there were significant differences according to income levels. Those were Bulgogi, baked fish, fried meat, cooked fish and meat with soy-bean sauce. Fried fish and anchovy have no significant differences in food intake frequency according to household income levels. Chicken and egg saute are liked by children in every income groups. 4. Between the animal origin processed/convenient foods and the typical Korean nonprocessed traditional foods, children preferred the former regardless of income levels. In conclusion, animal origin processed/convenient food consumption patterns were not affected by household income levels.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 1999

This study was to compare the income and financial assets of the Salary Earner and those of Self-Employed households. The data was drawn from the Korean Household Panel Study(KHPS) that was surveyed by Daewoo in 1995. The major findings were as follows: 1. All households were holding salary/business income, and the average of salary/business income of Salary earner household and Self-employed household were found to be 1,580,000 won and 2.050,000 won respectively. 2. Households were holding saving accounts most in both groups. 3. The yearly financial income, yearly immovable property income, and the yearly annuity income were correlated with yearly subsidiary income. The yearly financial income were correlated with the yearly annuity and yield from bonds. There were negative relationships between the yearly annuity and yield from bonds. The yearly miscellaneous income was correlated with the yearly yield from stock. There were negative relationships between the yield from stock and bonds in Salary-Earner households. 4. The yearly subsidiary income and yield from bonds were correlated with monthly business income. The yearly annuity and yearly total amounts of saving accounts were correlated with yearly subsidy income. The immovable property, the yearly yield from stock and bonds were correlated with the yearly financial income. The yearly yield from stock and bonds were correlated with the immovable property and the yearly annuity income. The yearly misellaneous and total amounts of saving accounts were correlated with the yearly yield from stock and bonds. The Yearly yield from stock was correlated with yield from bonds in Self-Employed households. (Koran J of Human Ecology 2(l) : 1-11, 1999)

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.1237-1246
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• 2021

The purpose of the research is to evaluate how education influences the income of household heads, who are young adult in rural Vietnam. In order to examine the impact of education on the households where their heads are young adults, in this paper, the authors employ two research methods. First, ordinary least squares (OLS) regression is used to study the impact of education on different groups of income; second, quantile regression is applied to find out how education influences the income of households. The dataset includes a survey of 800 young households aged between18 and 35 who are the head of agricultural farms in rural areas. The findings indicate that education has a positive impact on income of young households. Furthermore, the results prove that the longer schooling years, the higher income youth can attain. The results showed that, at the survey time (Sep 2019), the average monthly income of rural young adults who are joining the production process shows a big gap between low and high incomes. Moreover, the study has revealed that other factors positively affect the incomes, namely, joining job-related associations, land resource, hired labour, hi-tech application as well as extension of producing unit.

• Korea Real Estate Review
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.79-94
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• 2018

This study analyzed the factors associated with residential mobility based on the data from the 11th to the 19th wave of the Korean Labor & Income Panel Study (KLIPS). After grouping low-income households within the first to the fourth income bracket into households that exhibited no income bracket change and those with income bracket changes during the research period, this study examined the effects of the income situation of each group on residential mobility. According to the results of the analysis, in the group of households that showed no low-income bracket change, significant effects were found only in the age of the head of the household, housing cost, and rental deposit (Jeonse) and monthly rental of the household. In the group of households that showed low-income bracket changes, findings were generally in line with those of the whole household, where total income and the number of full-time employees in the household were the same as those of the whole household, indicating that it would be necessary to improve the employment stability of low-income households. Based on the findings of this study, housing inequality is intensifying within low-income households, and, thus, housing policies, based on continuing surveys, must be implemented to enhance income opportunities and stabilize the housing needs of low-income households.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.399-429
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• 2009

The purpose of this research examines the factors that influence happiness among Korean adolescents by focusing on psychological resource (as measured by self-efficacy), relational resource (as measured by social support) and financial resource (as measured by family's monthly income). In addition, the influence of academic achievement on happiness is examined. To examine the influence of socio-economic status and family's monthly income, adolescents living in three different districts in Seoul (from working to middle to upper class districts) were randomly selected and interviewed in their home. A total of 190 elementary school, middle school, high school and university students (male=83, female=107) completed the resiliency of efficacy scale developed by Bandura (1995) and emotional support and happiness scale developed by the present researchers, in addition to background information. The results of the path analysis are as follows. First, the most important predictor of happiness among Korean adolescents is relational resources. In other words, emotional support received from significant others was most predictive of happiness; more than 60 times the effect of family's monthly income, three times the effect of academic achievement, and two times the effect of resiliency of efficacy. The second most important factor that predicted the happiness of Korean adolescents was psychological resource (i.e., resiliency of efficacy), which had 30 times the effect of family's monthly income. In addition resiliency of efficacy played a mediating role between emotional support on one hand and happiness on the other. Third, those respondents who had higher academic achievement reported higher levels of happiness, which had 20 times the effect of family's monthly income. Fourth, family monthly income did not predict happiness among Korean adolescents. Fifth, socio-economic status and school level did not have direct influence on happiness but had mediating influence through their influence on emotional support. In other words, those respondents with higher socio-economic status and elementary school students were more likely to receive social support from significant others, which in turn increased their happiness. These results indicate that the most important predictor of happiness among Korean adolescents is emotional support, followed by resiliency of effic acy and academic achievement, indicating that those adolescents from wealthy families are not necessarily happier.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.111-124
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• 2003

This study is designed to understand demographic characteristics, store selection factors, difference in preferred stores which are considered to be related to store selection behaviors for clothes by college students in Yanbian, China. Questionnaire was used for measurement tools to study the subject of the thesis. Questions used for the evaluation criteria for store selection were primarily based on those previously used by the other researchers with some revision and supplementation. Each question was rated in 5 point scale, where 1 means 'not at all' and 5 means 'definitely'. A total of 50 copies of the questionnaire was passed out to college students in Yanbian from March 20 to March 25, 2001, for the preliminary study. The main study was conducted against 450 college students from May 17 to June 5, 2001 The data for the study were analyzed using SAS PC program for frequency distribution, percentage, 1 -test, and one way ANOVA. A significant difference was showed in the preferred stores between male and female students. In total, underground markets were preferred most with 41.6%, followed by markets with 40.3%. A significant difference was showed among groups regarding preferred stores based on an average monthly income, monthly expense on clothing. Three areas of 'product price', 'display and mood of the store' and 'royal store' showed a significant difference in terms of selecting stores based on an average monthly income. A significant difference was showed in only one areas(brand awareness) in selecting stores based on monthly clothing expense.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.201-215
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• 1996

The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of household characteristics to family savings. Family savings were defined in four ways such as monthly savings, average propensity to save, financial assets, and net financial assets. The household characteristics dealt with were family income, household size, number of earners, age, occupation, education, housing tenure, and urbanization. The data used in the study was Survey of Family Finance 1990. The main statistical method was multiple regression. Family income was found to the most important variable to determine four family saving variables holding other characteristics constant. Also, household size had significant negative effects on family savings. Two-earner households were found to have higher average propensity to save and less financial assets compared to single-earner households. Fro monthly savings and average propensity to save, the households with forties andfifties household head tended to be less than others, while financial assets tended to increase with the age of household head. Compared to salary earner households, blue-colored households had significantly lower average propensity to save, and the households with professionals had significantly higher financial assets. The college-graduated households tended to have less monthly savings than the elementary-graduated households. Also, the housing renters were found to have more monthly savings and higher average propensity to save, compared to the housing owners.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.40 no.7
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• pp.211-227
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• 2002

The issue of children′s education is the most important issue for all households in Korea. It is certain that the issue of private education for children is the first issue among household′s issues. This study is to recognize the current pictures of household primate education of Korean households. Also, whether the expenditure of private education effect the economic will-being of household. The data for this study was"the 3th Korean Labor Panal", conducted by Lobor in Korea. The sample was 1950 households from the panel data. The results of this study was as following: 1. The mean of monthly private education expenditure was 149273won for all households and 217,100won for households with high school students. 2. Almost 70% households had economic burden for private education expenditure. 0% households had no economic burden. 3. The factors of influencing the level of economic burden for private education were mother′s education level, mother′s job, the number of children, living location, monthly income, total asset of household′s. The factors of influencing the amount of monthly private education expenditure positively were living in 4. The economic well-being of household was analyzed by socio-economic variables, household′s financial variables, monthly private education expenditure, the level of economic burden of private education. The economic well-being were sub-categorized 4 divisions; the level of economic problem, the level of satisfaction for household′s income, the level of satisfaction for general living, the level of subject economic condition)