• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.283-290
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• 1996

The objectives of this study was to research and analyze the actual conditions of using air-conditioning, which will help to understand the households' demand on a air-conditioning. The target of this study was the households in the seoul area. The data was collected by considering housing type, size & heating systems. On the basis of these findings, are the result of the demand for air-conditioning. 1)The possibility of purchasing this air-conditioning was higher among the households with ￦1,000,000 monthly income. Especially, the households with ￦2,000,000 to ￦2,500,000 monthly income were the main class of the demand. 2)The possibility of purchasing it was higher from husband's age over 30. 3)Both apartment and detached house dwellers were high in purchasing it. 4)The bigger the house was, the higher the possibility of purchasing it. Also, the function and the condition of air-cleaning function, which was concerning most on the economic point of view.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.336-345
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• 2018

Purpose: To identify factors influencing adaptation to menopause in middle-aged women. Methods: Participants were 157 middle-aged women who visited Y gynecologic clinic in C city. Data were collected through interviews using the Korean CES-D (Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression), climacteric symptoms, life event stress, and menopausal adaptation scale. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, one-way ANOVA, $Scheff{\acute{e}}$ test, Pearson correlation coefficient, and multiple regression using SPSS. Results: There were significant differences in adaptation to menopause according to monthly income, life satisfaction, and marital satisfaction. Adaptation to menopause had significantly negative correlations with depression, climacteric symptoms, and life event stress. Depression, monthly income, climacteric symptoms, and life event stress were verified as factors affecting adaptation to menopause. These factors accounted for 41.9% of adaptation to menopause. Conclusion: These variables should be considered in nursing interventions to improve adaptation to menopause in middle-aged women. Individuals should have the will to overcome menopause positively and actively.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.45-52
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• 2022

Purpose: This study investigated the impact of staff verbal and non-verbal communication on consumer satisfaction and revisit intention. The study sought to identify differences in demographic and eating out characteristics on perceived verbal and non-verbal communication. Research design and methodology: This study used a survey method to collect data. The questionnaire asked about previous experience with verbal and non-verbal communication with staff at a counter service restaurant. The study measured degrees of perceived verbal and non-verbal communication. In addition, the effect of verbal and non-verbal communication on satisfaction and revisit intention was measured. The principal results: Results of ANOVA showed significant differences in monthly income on verbal communication and monthly income and budget for dining out on verbal and non-verbal communication. Both verbal and non-verbal communication affected satisfaction and revisit intention significantly with slightly more power of verbal communication than non-verbal communication. Major conclusions: Results of this study suggest that consumers are affected by both verbal and non-verbal communication. Staff communication is critical to increasing consumer satisfaction and revisit intention; hence, training staff in effective communication is necessary.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.547-553
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• 2015

BACKGROUNDS/OBJECTIVES: The effects of malnutrition on growth of toddlers and preschoolers by socioeconomic status are not well known. This study aimed to examine the effects of dietary intake on growth outcomes in toddlers and preschoolers by household income level. SUBJECTS/METHODS: The study population was a total of 1,687 children aged 1 to 5 years that participated in the KNHANES from 2009 to 2011. Growth of children was assessed by height for age (HFA) and weight for height (WFH). Children were classified into three groups according to children's HFA and WFH compared to the $10^{th}$ and $90^{th}$ percentiles of the 2007 Korean Children and Adolescent Growth Standard. Average monthly household income was divided into quartile groups. Dietary intake data were obtained by using the one day 24-hr recall method. Risks of inadequate intake of nutrients and unfavorable growth were estimated by using a multiple logistic regression model adjusted for sex, age, region, and energy intake. RESULTS: The low HFA group (<$10^{th}$ percentile) had significantly lower intakes of energy, carbohydrate, and thiamin as compared with the high group (${\geq}90^{th}$ percentile). For WFH status, vitamin C intake was lower in the low group than in the high group. Household income level was related to WFH status but not HFA. Children from lower income households were more likely to have high WFH than those from higher income households (P for trend = 0.038). Household income status was also significantly related with risk of inadequate intake of micronutrients such as thiamin (P for trend = 0.032) and vitamin C (P for trend = 0.002), showing higher odds of inadequate intakes in children from lower income households. CONCLUSIONS: Children from lower income households were prone to be overweight and to have inadequate intakes of micronutrients such as thiamin and vitamin C. To reduce nutritional and health disparities, collective action in the public sector is required from early life.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.325-337
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to investigate several aspects of eating out behavior especially in relation to food waste. The data were collected from 620 housewives in Jeonbuk area but, except for 134 case not eating out . The 66.9% of subjects ate eating out 1 to 2 times monthly. The younger in age, higher in education level and employed housewives, higher in monthly income have a more increase in eating out frequency. In the 50.8% of subjects food rest was rare when eating out. The higher in educational level and higher in monthly income have an inclination to more food waste. The 51.4% of subjects don't know [Good Menu System]. We housewives should order a planned and moderate food amount when eating out, and make an effort normally anywhere for the reduction of food waste, and then the wasted food and food rubbish will be reduced. Besides this, the restaurants should practice [Food Bank] & [Good Menu System] and the academic world should make further researches on this field. Moreover the government administration should enlighten the people and have a public information for the more reasonable food culture.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.23-34
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to examine the awareness and the behavior of adolescents about consumption. Two-hundred students attending in high school were selected, and surveyed using questionnaires. Among them, 196 students were used in statistical analyses, with frequency, percentage, mean, correlation analysis, and regression analysis in SPSS/PC+ program. The results were as follows: the levels of the awareness and the behavior of adolescents about consumption in each of purchase, use and disposition steps were more or less middle in terms of rationality or soundness. The correlations between the awareness and the behavior on conspicuous-consumption and between the awareness and the behavior of imitated-consumption in a purchase step were negatively siginificant, and the correlation between the awareness and the behavior on product frugality in a use step was positively significant. In a purchase step, the conspicuous-consumption behavior was affected by the conspicuous-consumption awareness and sex, while the imitated-consumption behavior was affeted by the imitated-consumption awareness, sex and monthly household income. The consumption behavior on product frugality in a use step was affected by its' awareness, monthly household income, and personal expense management. The environment conservation behavior in a disposition was influenced only by monthly personal expenses.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.11
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• pp.5539-5543
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• 2012

Objective: The smoking prevalence in Malaysia is high, especially among men and adolescents. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and associated factors towards cigarette smoking among school teachers in Malaysia. Methodology: This study was a school-based cross-sectional study conducted among 495 secondary school teachers. The questionnaire used in this study consisted of 29 questions categorized into two sections: socio-demographic characteristics and smoking behaviour. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) program 13.0. ANOVA; t-tests were used in univariate analysis; multiple linear regression was applied for multivariate analysis. Results: The majority of the participants were female (81.6%), in the age group ranged between 30-39 years (44%), Malay (90.1%), married (89.7%), degree holders (85.1%), with monthly income ranged between 3000-3999 Ringgit Malaysia (33.5%), from urban areas (94.7%), their specialty is social studies (33.9%) and with no family history of cancer (83.6%). The prevalence of smoking among school teachers in Malaysia was found to be 7.8%. Regarding reasons to start smoking among school teachers: the major reason was found to be relaxation (33.3%), followed by stress-relief (28.2%). Univariate analysis showed that sex, educational status, monthly income and residency were significantly associated with smoking among school teachers (p<0.001, p=0.004, p=0.031, p=0.010; respectively). Multivariate analysis showed that gender and marital status were significantly associated with smoking among school teachers (p<0.001, p=0.033; respectively). Conclusion: The prevalence of smoking among school teachers in Malaysia was found to be relatively low. Sex, marital status, educational status, monthly income and residency were significantly associated with smoking among school teachers.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.295-310
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• 2018

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to identify the factors affecting job satisfaction, job stress, turnover intention, work-family and family-work relationship of married dental hygienists with young children. Methods: 242 copies of self-reported questionnaires were analyzed. Statistical analysis of collected data was conducted using the statistical program of Stata 13.0 (StataCorp., College Station, TX, USA). Results: Turnover intention was higher when the child age was lower and the child support and parenting stress were higher. But when working hours were adjustable, the turnover intention was low. Job stress was higher as the position, monthly income and night working hours were higher. Job satisfaction was higher as night work was fewer, work time was adjustable and family life satisfaction was higher. When parenting stress was high, job satisfaction was low and job stress and turnover intention were high. Work-family relationships were more affected by lower monthly income and parents-first child caregivers. Workplace factors affecting the family life were monthly income, caregiver and number of night work. The higher the parenting stress, the greater the mutual influence between family and work life. Age, family life, parenting stress and turnover intention were identified to affect family-work relationship. Parenting stress and job stress were identified to be influential on work-family relationship. Conclusions: Married dental hygienists are leaving the clinical setting due to their marriage and childbirth, or showing the effects on family-work and work-family relationships due to parenting. Efforts should be made to efficiently utilize professional manpower and to improve the psychological and physical working environment surrounding the married dental hygienists.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.39
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• pp.125-138
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• 1998

In order to help apparel manufactures and marketers to promote apparel products more efficiently, and aid them in instilling brand names or brand images more distinctively in the minds of target consumers, it is the intent of this study (1) to investigate on the high-school girls brand loyalty and the brand discernment, self image(product image), and the buying behavior of casual wear. The subjects were 532 female high school students selected from the four high school in Seoul. The data were collected by self-admin-istered questionnaires. The data were analyzed by frequency, percentage, T-test, x2-test, and correspondence analysis. (1) 29.1% of the female students were cat-egorized as the brand loyalty group that was smaller than the non-brand loyalty group(70.9%). (2) In identifying the relationship between the demographic factors and the brand loyalty, the monthly household income and the month-ly personnel expenses were statistically significant. Namely, higher household income and the monthly personnel expenses were statistically significant. Namely, higher household income and the monthly personnel expenses there were, higher the brand loyalty was revealed. (3) The power of discernment was statistically significant according to the brand loyalty. That is, the brand loyalty group was more outstanding than latest fashion brands, the high-price brands, and the better-style brands in terms of design, color, and fabric. (4) The self image was also statistically significant according to the brand loyalty, Wher-eas the brand loyalty group preferred the unique, high-quality, sexy, and active self-images, non-brand loylty group revealed to prefer the non-noticeable and feminine self-images. The findings of this study will assist apparel manufactures and marketers in better identifying the target market, and in subsequently adjusting their products, brand image, and promotional activities in order to reach the target market more efficiently.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.161-171
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• 2013

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare Preventive Health Behaviors (PHBs) in adults in Korea and the United States and identify factors influencing PHBs. Methods: This was a secondary data analysis study using data from the 2008 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and the 2008 USA Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. The PHBs were predicted using multiple linear regression analysis. Results: 1) The total score of PHBs was significantly higher in American males (5.11) than in Korean males (4.78). There was also a significant difference between Korean females' total score (6.57) and American females'(6.75). 2) Age, marriage, monthly income, subjective health status, and cardiovascular disease were significant factors of PHBs in Korean males (p<.001). However, age, marriage, education, monthly income, health insurance, subjective health status, and cardiovascular disease were significant factors in American males (p<.001). In Korean females, only age and education were significant predictors (p<.001). However, six variables(age, marriage, education, monthly income, health insurance, and subjective health status) were significant predictors in American females (p<.001). Conclusion: There were different variables in predicting PHBs between Koreans and Americans. Each country should focus on those significant predictors to promote the PHBs for adults.