• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.162-168
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• 2007

It is well known that oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) is the most characterized humoral factor that plays an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The water extract of the Korean herbal remedy, ZoaGumHwan (ZGH), which is composed of roots of Coptis chinensis Franch and fruits of Evodia officinalis Dode with the ratio of 6 to 1, reduced the in vitro oxidation of low density lipoproteins (LDL). Also, the ZGH extract and berberine, one of the major components of ZGH, significantly prevented oxLDL-induced adhesion of monocytes to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Furthermore, the ZGH water extract and berberine decreased oxLDL-induced expression of CC chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2), a dominant monocyte chemotaxis receptor, in U937 human monocytic cells. The protective effects of the ZGH water extract and berberine were similar to those of simvastatin, an effective lipid-lowering drug. The results suggest that Korean herbal remedy, ZGH, seems to have protective effect against oxLDL-induced monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1/CCR2-dependent monocyte recruitment onto endothelial cells.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.939-955
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• 1998

Achyranthis Bidentatae Radix(ABR) is important prescriptions that have been used in oriental medicine for stomatitis and wound healing. The study was done to evaluate the inhibitory effects of cytotoxicity, formation of superoxide on the macrophage and neutrophil, prostaglandins($PGE_2$), interleukins($IL-1{\beta}$), collagenase activity and synthesis of collagen and DNA. The results were obtained as follows: 1. ABR was not showed the proliferation difference of human fibroblast and monocyte in 0.01% and 0.001% concentrations to be experimented and in result, it was concluded that they have no cytotoxicity but showed cytotoxicity in 0.1% concentrations. 2. ABR inhibited the formation of superoxide to 48% at the concentration of 0.001% in the mouse monocyte. 3. ABR inhibited the formation of superoxide to 40% at 0.001%, 58% at 0.0001% as compared with control in the human monocyte. 4. ABR inhibited the formation of superoxide to 58% at 0.0001%, 40% at 0.001% in the human neutrophil. 5. ABR was not showed the proliferation difference of human monocyte in all concentrations to be experimented and in result, it was concluded that they inhibited the formation of prostaglandins($PGE_2$) in the human monocyte stimulated with E. coli. 6. ABR showed the all concentration of inhibiting the production of inter1eukins($IL-1{\beta}$) in the human monocyte stimulated with E. coli. 7. ABR didn't influence on collagen synthesis and total protein in fibroblasts. 8. ABR inhibited the collagenase activity to 84% at 0.1%, 69% at 0.2%, 76% at 0.5%, 91% at 0.001% respectively.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.837-852
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• 1998

Ulmus parvifolia(UP) is important prescriptions that have been used in oriental medicine for stomatitis and wound healing. The study was done to evaluate the inhibitory effects of cytotoxicity, formation of superoxide on the macrophage and neutrophil, prostaglandins($PGE_2$), interleukins($IL-1{\beta}$), collagenase activity and synthesis of collagen and DNA. The results were obtained as follows: 1. UP was not showed the proliferation difference of human fibroblast and monocyte in all concentrations to be experimented and in result, it was concluded that they have no cytotoxicity. 2. UP inhibited the formation of superoxide to 22% at 0.01%, 52% at 0.001% in the mouse monocyte. 3. UP inhibited the formation of superoxide to 6% at the concentration of 0.001% as compared with control in the human monocyte. 4. UP was not showed the proliferation difference of human neutrophil in all concentrations to be experimented and in result, it was concluded that they inhibited the formation of superoxide. 5. UP was not showed the proliferation difference of human monocyte in all concentrations to be experimented and in result, it was concluded that they inhibited the formation of prostaglandins($PGE_2$) in the human monocyte stimulated with E. coli. 6. UP was showed the all concentration of inhibiting the production of interleukins($IL-1{\beta}$) to slight in the human monocyte stimulated with E. coli. 7. UP influence on collagen synthesis and total protein in fibroblasts to at the slight of 0.05%, specially to excellent to 0.2%. 8. UP inhibited the collagenase activity to 20% at 0.1%, 31% at 0.2%, 45% at 0.5%, 24% at 0.01% respectively.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.11-19
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• 1994

Background: Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a facultative intracellular pathogen which persists and multiplies within macrophage. Competent cell mediated immunity by cooperation of both T lymphocyte and macrophage of the host is required to kill the Mycobacterium tuberculosis. But a precise understanding of the pathogenesis of tuberculosis infection in pulmonary alveolar macrophage has not been achived. Research on the macrophage's basic microbicidal mechanism has elucidated the importance of oxygen-dependent or oxygen-independent components. Oxygen dependent processing begins with the reduction of oxygen by NADPH oxidase and generation of superoxide. In this study, the oxidative metabolic status of blood monocyte and pulmonary alveolar macrophage in patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis was accessed and compared with that of healthy control subjects to know whether there was a basic difference in superoxide generation by mononuclear cells between two groups. Methods: Pulmonary alveolar macrophage was purified after performing BAL(bronchoalveolar lavage) through the bronchi of infected lesion by plastic adhesion method. Blood monocyte was purified by Ficoll-Hypaque method. Superoxide generation by blood monocyte and pulmonary alveolar macrophage was measured by ferricytochrome-C reduction method after either stimulated with PMA(phorbol myristate acerate) or non-stimulated states. We also measured the effect of pulmonary tuberculosis patient's serum on superoxide generation by monocyte. Results: 1) Generation of superoxide by alveolar macrophage obtained from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis was little higher than those of controls, and PMA enhanced the generation of 2) Generation of superoxide by blood monocyte obtained from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis was little higher than those of control(p>0.05), and PMA more enhanced the generation of superoxide in patientswith pulmonary tuberculosis than those in controls(p<0.02). 3) Patient's serum enhanced the generation of superoxide by blood monocyte obtained from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and controls, but not in the case of PMA stimulated blood monocyte. Conclusion: The present study suggest that the phenomenon of M.tuberculosis escape the microbicidal action of macrophage was not result of suppressed superoxide generation by blood monocyte and pulmonary alveolar macrophage, rather there might be a factor to stimulate the generation of superoxide by blood monocyte in pulmonary tuberculosis patient serum, but the comparision with effect of control's serum on superoxide generation needs further elucidation.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.244-249
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• 2008

Vascular inflammation is an important step in the development of cardiovascular disorder. Since it has not been known whether Korean red ginseng has a role to play on the vascular inflammation, we investigated the effects of Korean red ginseng extract (KRGE) on monocyte adhesion and its underlying signaling mechanism. Monocyte adhesion assay and Western blot were conducted on the human umbilical vein endothelial cells to study monocyte adhesion and the expression of adhesion molecules. Intracellular calcium was measured with Fura-2 fluorescent staining, and superoxide production was measured with lucigenin chemiluminescence in the endothelial cells. KRGE inhibits tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha-induced monocyte adhesion on the endothelial cells at the range of $0.03{\sim}1$ mg/ml. TNF-alpha-induced vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression were inhibited by the pretreatment of KRGE in the endothelial cells. KRGE also inhibits TNF-alpha-induced intracellular calcium and the superoxide production in the endothelial cells. This study first demonstrated that KRGE inhibits TNF-alpha-induced monocyte adhesion by inhibiting the adhesion molecule expression, intracellular calcium and superoxide production in the endothelial cells. Therefore, the anti-inflammatory function of KRGE may be contributed to protecting the endothelial dysfunction in the vascular inflammatory disorders.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.157-162
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• 2012

In order to investigate the immunostimulating effect of mycelia extract of Phellinus linteus (PLM) on human monocyte THP-1 and rat peritoneal macrophage cell, we examined measuring cytokine secretion (IL-6 and TNF-${\alpha}$). The production of IL-6 and TNF-a in human monocyte THP-1 was slight increased dose-dependently when the cells were challenged with PLM for 72 hrs. It was also observed that the treatment of PLM with LPS augmented the production of IL-6 and TNF-a in human monocyte THP-1. It was also observed that the treatment of PLM with LPS augmented the production of IL-6 and TNF-${\alpha}$ in human monocyte THP-1. The production of IL-6 and TNF-${\alpha}$ in rat peritoneal macrophage was significantly enhanced when the cells were treated PLM with LPS for 72 hrs. Moreover, the proliferation rate of rat spleen cells was increased in a dose dependent manner as the cells were treated with PLM and Concanavalin A.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.362-370
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• 1995

Human plasma low density lipoprotein(LDL) is the main carrier for cholesterol, and recent studies suggest the normal LDL can be readily oxidized by free radical and not interact with LDL receptor. Lipoprotein pariticles are consisted of lipid andprotein, and fatty acids of lipoproteins are prone to oxidation. LDL particles readily undergo oxidative modification by copper. From the results, oxidized LDL altered its biological properties. A marked increase in the electrophoretic mobility of LDl on agarose gel indicated that negative surface charge of the LDL particles was increased. Also, the results from the HPLC showed that oxidized LDL was degraded into several polypeptides nonenzymatically. Degradation tests which measured the amount of 5-IAF labelled oxidized LDL were carried out by monocyte and hepatocyte cell culture. Hepatocyte cell culture of modified LDL did not show consistent pattern. However, binding rate of modified LDL with HMDM(human monocyte derived macrophage) was enhanced with oxidation, but was retarded by addition of antioxidants(hyaluronic acid, vitamin A, vitamin E). Also comparisons of oxidized-LDL, acetyl-LDL and MDA-LDL showed significant differences in the chemical properteis and binding affinity to HMDM. Thus, modificaition of normal LDL altered its biological properties.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.62-66
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• 2008

In this study, we examined the inhibitory effects of propenone derivatives, 1,3-diphenyl-propenone (DPhP), 3-phenyl-1-thiophen-2-yl-propenone (PhT2P), 3-phenyl-1-thiophen-3-yl-propenone (PhT3P) and 1-furan-2-yl-3-phenyl-propenone (FPhP), on $TNF-{\alpha}$-induced nuclear factor (NF)-${\kappa}B$ activity and interleukin (IL)-8-induced monocyte adhesion to colon epithelial cells. 1-Furan-2-yl-3-pyridin-2-yl-propenone (FPP-3) that is previously reported as a $NF-{\kappa}B$ inhibitor suppressed $TNF-{\alpha}$-induced monocyte-epithelial cell adhesion in a concentration-dependent manner. The propenone derivatives, DPhP, PhT2P, PhT3P, FPhP, also inhibited $TNF-{\alpha}$-induced $NF-{\kappa}B$ activation in a similar degree to FPP-3. In a DPPH radical scavenging assay, none of the compounds showed DPPH radical scavenging activity, indicating that the inhibitory actions of the propenone derivatives on redox-sensitive $NF-{\kappa}B$ activity is not due to a simple free radical scavenging activity. In addition, the propenone derivatives also suppressed the IL-8-induced monocyte adhesion to colon epithelial cells. Furthermore, the effective concentrations of the propenone derivatives on both $NF-{\kappa}B$ activation as well as IL-8 induced monocyte-epithelial cell adhesion were 1000 times lower than 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA), a clinically used drug for inflammatory bowel disease. These results suggest that the propenone derivatives may be a potential lead having a strong inhibitory activity against inflammatory cytokine-induced epithelial inflammation.

• BMB Reports
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.618-625
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• 2006

The infiltration of both monocyte and activated T cells in the skin is one of critical steps in the development of UVB-induced inflammation. Upregulation of adhesion molecules such as intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) on the surface of keratinocytes plays an important role in this process. In this study, we examined the molecular mechanism responsible for UVB-induced expression of ICAM-1 and subsequent monocyte adhesion by keratinocyte. We observed that (1) UVB induced protein and mRNA expression of ICAM-1 in a dose- and time-dependent manner in human keratinocyte cell HaCaT; (2) UVB induced the translocation of NF-kappaB and inhibition of NF-kappaB by NF-kappaB inhibitors suppressed UVB-induced mRNA and protein expression of ICAM-1; (3) UVB increased the intracellular level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by HaCaT cells; (4) UVB-induced increase of intracellular ROS level was suppressed by pre-treatment with diphenyl iodonium (DPI) and N-acetyl cysteine (NAC); and (5) inhibition of UVB-induced ROS production by DPI or NAC suppressed UVB-mediated translocation of NF-kappaB, expression of ICAM-1 and subsequent monocyte adhesion in HaCaT cells. These results suggest that UVB-induced ROS is involved in the translocation of NF-kappaB which is responsible for expression of ICAM-1 and subsequent increased monocyte adhesion in human keratinocyte.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.33 no.4 s.131
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• pp.352-358
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• 2002

Blood monocytes are the precursors for the lipid-laden foam cells of early atherosclerotic lesions. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1(MCP-1), a CC chemokine, and chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) play a crucial role in the recruitment of monocytes to the vascular lesion. Using the human monocyte THP-1 cell line, we investigate the inhibitory effects of methanol extracts of 127 medicinal herbs on MCP-1 induced chemotaxis. Seven kinds of methanol extracts of medicinal herbs showed above 40% inhibitory effect with the concentration of $25{\mu}g/ml$. They were divide three fractions of $CHCI_3$, BuOH, $H_2O$ to use solvent partition. Among them, butanol extract of Junci Medulla and $CHCI_3$ extract of Clematidis Radix are showed significant inhibitory activities (above 50% inhibition) at the same concentration.