• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.64 no.4
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• pp.422-431
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• 2019

Severe droughts in spring have occurred frequently in Korea in recent years, exerting a critical impact on corn yield. Therefore, it is necessary to find physiological and/or molecular indicators of the response to drought stress in maize plants. In this study, we investigated the effects of water-deficit stress on two Korean elite F₁ maize hybrids, Ilmichal and Gwangpyeongok, by withholding water for 10 days at tassel initiation. The water deficit drastically reduced the relative leaf water content, leaf number, leaf area, and stem length, leading to dry matter reduction. Moreover, it reduced the SPAD values and stomatal conductance of leaves in drought-stressed plants of both hybrids. Importantly, the number of leaves and SPAD value were non-destructive and easy to investigate in response to water-deficit stress, suggesting that they may be useful indicators for screening drought-tolerant genetic resources. We detected more than 100 spots that were differentially accumulated under drought stress. Of these spots, a total of 21 protein spots (≥1.5-fold) from drought-exposed maize leaves were successfully analyzed by MALDI-TOF-TOF mass spectrometry. Functional annotation using Gene Ontology analysis revealed that most of the identified proteins were involved in carbohydrate metabolism, stress response fatty acid catabolism, photosynthesis, energy metabolism, and transport. The protein expression levels were increased in both Ilmichal and Gwangpyeongok, except for triosephosphate isomerase, fructose-bisphosphate aldolase, and an uncharacterized protein. The lactoylglutathione lyase delta (3,5)-delta (2,4)-dienoyl-CoA isomerase was overexpressed in Gwangpyeongok only. The results obtained from this study suggest that the drought-specific genes may be useful as molecular markers for screening drought-tolerant maize genotypes.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.249-259
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• 2018

$Iso{\ddot{e}}tes$ L. ($Iso{\ddot{e}}taceae$) is a cosmopolitan genus of heterosporous lycopods containing ca. 200 species being found in lakes, streams, and wetlands of terrestrial habitats. Despite its ancient origin, worldwide distribution, and adaptation to diverse environment, species in $Iso{\ddot{e}}tes$ show remarkable morphological simplicity and convergence. Allopolyploidy appears to be a significant speciation process in the genus. These characteristics have made it difficult to assess the phylogenetic relationships and biogeographic history of $Iso{\ddot{e}}tes$ species. In recent years, these difficulties have somewhat been reduced by employing multiple molecular markers. Here, we reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships in East Asian $Iso{\ddot{e}}tes$ species. We also provide their divergence time and biogeographic origin using a fossil calibrated chronogram. East Asian $Iso{\ddot{e}}tes$ species are divided into two clades: I. asiatica and the remaining species. $Iso{\ddot{e}}tes$ asiatica from Hokkaido forms a clade with northeastern Russian and western North American $Iso{\ddot{e}}tes$ species. In clade I, western North America is the source area for the dispersal of $Iso{\ddot{e}}tes$ to Hokkaido and northeastern Russia via the Bering land bridge during the late Miocene. The remaining $Iso{\ddot{e}}tes$ species (I. sinensis, I. yunguiensis, I. hypsophila, I. orientalis, I. japonica, I. coreana, I. taiwanensis, I. jejuensis, I. hallasanensis) from East Asia form a sister group to Papua New Guinean and Australian species. The biogeographic reconstruction suggests an Australian origin for the East Asian species that arose through long-distance dispersal during the late Oligocene.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.38 no.12 s.257
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• pp.835-843
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• 2005

Background: Cancer of the esophagus is one of the most malignant tumors with poor prognosis. The p53 gene alteration, over expression of Cyclin D1, and Ki67 index were thought to be the prognostic factors. However, their clinical significances in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma are controversial and p53 accumulation may not correlate with genetic mutation. The current study investigates their prognostic significance in squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. Material and Method: The Subjects studied were 124 esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients who underwent esophagectomy. The mutation of p53, over expression of Cyclin D1, Ki67 labelling index, mitotic index were examined by using an immunohistochemical staining. We compared the results and investigated the correlation with the mutation of p53, overexpression of Cyclin D1, Ki67 labelling index, mitotic index and tumor size, and duration of survival. Result: There was no correlation between the results in immunohistochemical staining according to age, sex, tumor size, Iymph node status, and clinical stage of the disease. Mutant p53 protein was found in 69 cases (55.6$\%$). Median survival time was 21 months in cases with negative for mutant p53 protein and 22 months in positive cases. There was no significant difference in survival (p=0.46). Median survival time was 22 months in cases with negative for Cyclin D1 and 16 months in positive cases (p=0.18). Median and mean survival time was 22 months and 36 months when Ki67 labeling index was 40 or less (102 cases). Median and mean survival was 16 months and 23 months, when Ki67 labeling index was more than 40 (22 cases). There was significant difference in survival rate (p=0.011). Conciusion: Positivity of p53 and cyclin D1 was not useful in predicting the prognosis in our study. There was no significant correlation among mutant p53 protein accumulation, Cyclin D1 over expression, and Ki67 labeling index. However, in several studies, PCR single strand conformational polymorphism analysis of p53 showed a correlation to the prognosis. We thought that there was a significant discordance between p53 gene mutation and mutant p53 protein accumulation. When Ki67 labeling index was more than 40, prognosis was poorer, Ki67 seems to be a prognostic factor in our study. Therefore, we confirmed the possibility of using molecular markers as prognostic factors.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.414-418
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• 2016

This study tested the association between genetic polymorphisms of the isocitrate dehydrogenase 3, beta subunit (IDH3B) gene and economic traits in an F₂ crossbred population of Landrace × Jeju (South Korea) Black pigs. A 304-bp insertion/deletion mutation in promoter region was screened for determining genotypes of the IDH3B gene in a total of 1,105 F₂ pigs. Three genotypes (AA, AB, and BB) were identified in the founder, F₁, and F₂ populations. Association analysis showed significant differences in carcass weights (CW), backfat thicknesses in three positions of the body (4^th-5^th ribs, BF5; 11^th-12^th ribs, BF12; 13^th rib-1^st lumbar, BFL), and carcass lengths (CL) (p<0.05), but not in meat color (MC), eye muscle area (EMA), or marbling scores (MARB) (p>0.05). The F₂ IDH3B BB homozygotes showed heavier CW (80.790±0.725 kg) and shorter CL (101.875±0.336 cm) than the other genotypes (p<0.05). In addition, the BF levels between the 4^th - 5^th and 11^th - 12^th vertebrae were thicker in the carcasses of pigs with the IDH3B BB genotype than with the other genotypes (p<0.05). These results suggested that genetic variations in the IDH3B gene may serve as molecular genetic markers for improving the Landrace × Jeju Black pig crossbreeding systems.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.19-32
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• 2006

Genomic DNA isolated from two species of Korean freshwater crab(Eriocheir sinensis) and swimming crab(Portunus trituberculatus) was amplified several times by PCR reactions. The seven arbitrarily selected primers OPA-05, OPA-13, OPA-16, OPB-06, OPB-15, OPB-17 and OPD-10 were used to generate the identical, polymorphic, and specific fragments. 505 fragments were identified in the freshwater crab species, and 513 in the swimming crab from Buan: 81 specific fragments(16.0%) in the freshwater crab species and 100(19.5%) in the swimming crab. 165 identical fragments, with an average of 23.6 per primer, were observed in the freshwater crab species. 66 fragments, with an average of 9.4 per primer, were identified in the swimming crab species. The numbers of polymorphic fragments in the freshwater crab and swimming crab were 50 and 14, respectively. The oligonucleotides decamer primer OPB-17 generated identical DNA fragments, approximately 300 bp, in both the freshwater crab and swimming crab species. Compared separately, the average genetic difference was higher in the swimming crab than in the freshwater crab species. The average genetic difference was $0.726{\pm}0.004$ between the freshwater crab and swimming crab species. The dendrogram obtained by the seven primers indicates four genetic clusters: cluster 1(FRESHWATER 01), cluster 2(FRESHWATER 02, 03, 04, 05 and 06), cluster 3(FRESHWATER 07, 08, 09, 10 and 11), and cluster 4(SWIMMING 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 and 22). The shortest genetic distance displaying significant molecular difference was between individuals SWIMMING no. 18 and SWIMMING no. 17 from swimming crab(0.096). Ultimately, individual no. 02 of the freshwater crab was most distantly related to freshwater crab no. 03(genetic distance = 0.770). As stated above, the potential of RAPD-PCR to identify diagnostic markers for the identification of two crab species has been demonstrated.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.621-632
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• 2008

Genetic polymorphisms was investigated at five single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNP) sites in four porcine genes(ADCYAP1R1, FABP3, MC4R, and MYL2) and analyzed their statistical association with growth traits in F2 reciprocal-crossbred population between Landrace and Jeju native black pig(JNP). All populations, JNP, Landrace and their F2 were polymorphic for all five SNP loci tested, however, the homozygote T/T of FABP3 g.-158T>C and the homozygote G/G of ADCYAP1R1 intron 2 337A>G were not found in JNP and Landrace, respectively. The genotypes of ADCYAP1R1 were significantly associated with body weights(BW) at 3 weeks and at 20 weeks(P<0.05), respectivley, those of FABP3 g.-135delT were associated with late average daily gain(LADG) (P<0.01), and those of FABP3 g.-158T>G were associated with body weights during late growth period such as, BW20 and LADG(P<0.01). Those of MC4R were also significantly associated with BW10 suggesting by the difference of early average daily gain(EADG) (P<0.05), and with LADG(P<0.01). The body length of F2 animals was affected by the genotypes of ADCYAP1R1, MC4R, and MYL2(P<0.05), respectively. Among these, MC4R A/A homozygotes showed over 3 cm longer in body length than those of other genotypes. As the useful basic information, these results suggested that SNP markers showing statistical association with growth traits and the results help to select the sires of JNP for improving the productivity in JNP-related crossbreeding system in pig industry and also to construct the molecular breeding system for breed improvement of JNP itself.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.75-88
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• 2005

Ameloblastoma is the most commonly occurring odontogenic tumor in oral cavity. Although most are benign epithelial neoplasm, they are generally considered to be locally aggressive and destructive, exhibiting a high rate of recurrence. The biological behavior of this neoplasm is a slowly growing, locally invasive tumor without metastasis, therefore malignant neoplasm, changed its histological appearance to carcinoma or showed distant metastasis, is only defined clinically. In this study, we identified the differentially expressed genes(DEGs) in stages under benign or malignant ameloblastoma compared with normal patient using ordered differential display(ODD) reverse transcription(RT)-PCR and $GeneFishing^{TM}$ technology. ODD RT-PCR is rather effective when the investigation of samples containing very small amounts of total RNA must be accomplished. ODD RT-PCR used the means of amplification with anchored T-primer and adaptor specific primer. bearing definite two bases at their 3' ends and so this method could display differential 3'-expressed sequence taqs(ESTs) patterns without using full-length cDNAs. Compared with standard differential display, ODD RT-PCR is more simple and have enough sensitivity to search for molecular markers by comparing gene expression profiles, However, this method required much effort and skill to perform. $GeneFishing^{TM}$ modified from DD-PCR is an improved method for detecting differentially expressed genes in two or more related samples. This two step RT-PCR method uses a constant reverse primer(anchor ACP-T) to prime the RT reaction and arbitrary primer pairs(annealing control primers, ACPs) during PCR. Because of high annealing specificity of ACPs than ODD RT-PCR, the application of $GeneFishing^{TM}$ to DEG discovery generates reproducible, authentic, and long(100bp to 2kb) PCR products that are detectable on agarose gels. Consequently, various DEGs observed differential expression levels on agarose gels were isolated from normal, benign, and malignant tissues using these methods. The expression patterns of the some isolated DEGs through ODD RT-PCR and $GeneFishing^{TM}$ were confirmed by Northern blot analysis and RT-PCR. The results showed that these identified DEGs were implicated in ameloblastoma neoplasm processes. Therefore, the identified DEGs will be further studied in order to be applied in candidate selection for marker as an early diagnosis during ameloblastoma neoplasm processes.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2011

Differentially Expressed Gene (DEG) was obtained from Differential Display Reverse Transcription (DDRT)-PCR using Annealing Control Primer (ACP) to search and clone genes related to developmental stages of Sebastes inermis. By using 120 ACPs, the nucleotide sequences obtained from 16 DEGs showing higher expression in 6-month-old skeletal muscle than 18-month-old ones and from 22 DEGs displaying stronger expression in 18-month-old than 6-month-old were analyzed and BLAST was conducted. The results identified that DEGs shared 69~95% homology with genes of parvalbumin (PVALB), nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDK) B, tropomyosin (TPM), troponin I (TnI), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), muscle-type creatine kinase (CKM2), small EDRK-rich factor 2 (SERF2), adenosine monophosphate deaminase (AMPD), Trimeric intracellular cation channel type A (TRICA), Rho GTPase-activating protein 15 (ARHGAP15), S-formylglutathione hydrolase (Esterase D; ESD), heat shock protein 70 (hsp70), type 1 collagen alpha 2 (COL1A2), glutathione S-transferase, Mid1-interacting protein 1 (Mid1lip1), myosin light chain 1 (MYL1), sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 1B (SERCA1B), and ferritin heavy subunit (FTH1). Expression pattern by developmental stage of DEG14 and PVALB exhibiting strong expression in 6-month-old skeletal muscle was investigated using real time PCR. Expression was reduced as Sebastes inermis grew. Expression of PVALB gene was extremely low after 6 months of age. Expression of CKM2 showed higher expression in 18-month-old skeletal muscle than in 6-month-old muscles, and increased continuously until 4 years old, after which CKM2 expression became gradually reduced. By analysis of tissue-specific expression patterns of DEG, DEG14 was expressed mainly in skeletal muscle, liver, kidney and spleen tissues, whereas PVALB expression was expressed in skeletal muscle and kidney, but not in liver and spleen tissues. CKM2 was expressed in skeletal muscle, kidney, and spleen tissues, but not in liver tissues. PVALB gene was composed of 110 amino acids, which constituted 659 bp nucleotides. The results reported here demonstrate that the expression patterns of parvalbumin and CKM2 could be used as molecular markers for selecting fishes exhibiting fast growth.

• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.143-149
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• 2009

Purpose: It is not known whether bone scan is useful for the prediction of the prognosis of patients with temporomandibular disorders(TMD). The aim of the present study was to identify useful prognostic markers on bone scan for the pre-therapeutic assessment of patients with unilateral TMD. Materials and Methods: Between January 2005 and July 2007, 55 patients(M:F=9:46; mean age, $34.7{\pm}14.1$ y) with unilateral TMD that underwent a pre-therapeutic bone scan were enrolled. Uptake of Tc-99m HDP in each temporomandibular joint(TMI) was quantitated using a $13{\times}13$ pixel-square region-of-interest over TMJ and parietal skull area as background. TMJ uptake ratios and asymmetric indices were calculated. TMD patients were classified as improved or not improved and the bone scan findings associated with each group were investigated. Results: Forty-six patients were improved, whereas 9 patients were not improved. There was no significant difference between the two groups of patients regarding the TMJ uptake ratio of the involved joint, the TMJ uptake ratio of the non-involved joint, and the asymmetric index(p>0.05). However, in a subgroup analysis, the patients with an increased uptake of Tc-99m HDP at the disease-involved TMJ, by visual assessment, could be easily identified by the asymmetric index; the patients that improved had a higher asymmetric index than the patients that did not improve($1.32{\pm}0.35$ vs. $1.08{\pm}0.04$, p=0.023), Conclusion: The Tc-99m HDP bone scan may help predict the prognosis of patients with unilateral TMD after splint therapy when the TMD-involved joint reveals increased uptake by visual assessment.

• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.26-34
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• 2009

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to find out what clinicopathologic or immunohistochemical parameter that may affect FDG uptake of primary tumor in PET/CT scan of the gastric carcinoma patient. Materials and Methods: Eighty-nine patients with stomach cancer who underwent pre-operative FDG PET/CT scans were included. In cases with perceptible FDG uptake in primary tumor, the maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) was calculated. The clinicopathologic results such as depth of invasion (T stage), tumor size, lymph node metastasis, tumor differentiation and Lauren's classification and immunohistochemical markers such as Ki-67 index, expression of p53, EGFR, Cathepsin D, c-erb-B2 and COX-2 were reviewed. Results: Nineteen out of 89 gastric carcinomas showed imperceptible FDG uptake on PET/CT images. In cases with perceptible FDG uptake in primary tumor, SUVmax was significantly higher in T2, T3 and T4 tumors than T1 tumors ($5.8{\pm}3.1$ vs. $3.7{\pm}2.1$, p=0.002). SUVmax of large tumors (above or equal to 3 cm) was also significantly higher than SUVmax of small ones (less than 3 cm) ($5.7{\pm}3.2$ vs. $3.7{\pm}2.0$, p=0.002). The intestinal types of gastric carcinomas according to Lauren showed higher FDG uptake compared to the non-intestinal types ($5.4{\pm}2.8$ vs. $3.7{\pm}1.3$, p=0.003). SUVmax between p53 positive group and negative group was significantly different ($6.0{\pm}2.8$ vs. $4.4{\pm}3.0$, p=0.035). No significant difference was found in presence of LN metastasis, tumor differentiation, Ki-67 index, and expression of EGFR, Cathepsin D, c-erb-B2 and COX-2. Conclusion: T stage of gastric carcinoma influenced the detectability of gastric cancer on FDG PET PET/CT scan. When gastric carcinoma was perceptible on PET/CT scan, T stage, size of primary tumor, Lauren's classification and p53 expression were related to degree of FDG uptake in primary tumor.