• Korean Journal of Legislative Studies
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.5-40
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• 2021

This study attempts to analyze gender gaps in voter turnout for three different types of elections held since 2017 at the aggregate level using the Central Election Management Commission's turnout data, paying attention to the importance of women's voting. The findings are as follows. First, modern gender gaps in voter turnout at the aggregate level are confirmed in most regions regardless of election types. Second, the gender gap in turnout varies with age. The gender difference is verified in the "widowhood effect," where turnout decreases in the oldest-old. In the new voter group, modern gender gaps appear in most regions. The reversed gender difference in turnout in the late 20s, which reflects the Korean society's characteristics, is confirmed in all elections. Third, it is unclear whether the reverse gender gap in turnout becomes more pronounced in urbanized districts. As urbanization progressed, modern gender differences in voter turnout across age groups are observed at the population-based size level. Paradoxically, the modern gender gap tends to be weak and turns into the traditional gender gap in younger age groups (in the late thirties) in Gangnam-gu and Seocho-gu, the most modernized districts in Seoul. These results show that the modern gender gap in turnout is now a common phenomenon and continues to be strengthened by newly recruited voters in Korea. Thus we should pay more attention to female voters' political behavior and a new approach beyond the developmental theory to understand the causal mechanism to generate the modern gender gap in voter turnout.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.9 no.2 s.23
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• pp.85-100
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• 2000

This paper is a study of the Beaux-Arts discipline of architecture, as it was established during the late nineteenth century in America. It focuses on trio particular modes of vision and representation that were at the heart of the discipline. The paper argues that Beaux Arts vision was centered on what may be called 'planar vision'; a mode of seeing through which the multiple aspects of the architectural design imbedded in the plan were read and re-interpreted. Similarly Beaux-Arts training in drawing required its student to draw within the multiple layers of historical traces; the new design being in effect a new layer placed on often unseen traces of monumental precedent. The theoretical basis of this practice was not based on history but on the concept of composition. Composition, in the French tradition was regarded more a matter of practice than theory. The Anglo-American discourse on composition, on the other hand, formed a body of theoretical literature based on formalist assumptions. There was, however, a fundamental gap between these formalist theories of composition and the 'layered' modes of vision and drawing involved in the design process. This practice leaned more on the modern romantic notion of 'intuition' for its theoretical basis, once again forming an immanent conflict with the mimetic practice of classical and historical architecture. The paper draws a picture of a discipline centered on a 'theory of the plan,' a potentially modern discipline integrated with classical forms and details. It was clearly effective as a practice. However, structured by conflicts between theory and practice, history and form, mimesis and intuition, the Beaux-Arts was unable to defend itself at the philosophical and theoretical level the modernists engaged their attacks on this system. At the same time, the paper poses the question of how different modern architecture is from this system. Is not the 'theory of plan,' in its many transformations and guises, still the central discipline of twentieth century modern architecture, and is it not structured by basically the same kind of conflicts and paradox that were immanent to the Beaux-Arts system.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.3 no.2 s.6
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• pp.91-110
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• 1994

This paper is one of Korean towns in the period of Korean-Modern, which play an important role in shaping the present cities of Korea. In the concrete, this study deals with the urban form of the Japanese Concession at Womsan where is the second Open Port in Korea. By the way, both of the Open Port and the Concession were the town that not exist before the period of Korean-Modern, and the town that symbolize the historical characters of the period of Korean-Modern. On this study, it is intended to analyze the situations of establishment, the process of the urban form, and the meanings of Concession, from 1880 to 1910, the period when had been kept up the nature of the Concession mainly. The Japanese Concession at Wonsan was urged it's establishment by Japan Government that is conscious of the purpose of foreign trade and military importance. But, it was slow in progress of developing town because of the distance from the capital 'Han Yang', today we called it Seoul, and lack of the background towns. However, after both the wars of 1895 and 1904, Japanese residents were incresed and urban aspects were advanced. The urban form of Japanese Concession was devided two territories by the natural circumstances, so that was made a difference on the period of the development. And finally, it had double axis on the form of district. Furthermore, by increasing of residence, it was occured that new Japanese resident arwa was occupied and expanded illegally between the road which is toward the existing Korean village 'Womsan-Jin(元山津)'. This indeed is the illegal extension of the Japanese Concession at Wonsan. Conclusively, Concession fumed out the primary factor that Korean towns are altered with the heterogeneous ones in the period of Korean-Modern.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.40 no.2 s.107
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• pp.172-186
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• 2005

I examine in this paper how the contemporary sacredness of Mt. Chirisan has been modified through the reworking of the embodied experiences of the mountain. 1 examine the theme of escapism through the cases of mountain men and Chonghakdong. The two mountain men, Huh Man-Soo and Ham Tae-Sik, tacitly suggested a modem aesthetic and environmentalist view of nature by articulating a typical form of appreciating nature in a transition period from pre-modern to modern society. Mountain men mediated their own personal dreams of revitalizing the Taoist utopian place with their social practices of modernizing and democratizing the appreciation of nature. Ultimately, the appearances and practices of mountain men symbolize the end of the pre-modern geographical imagination of the mountain as distinctive plate outside society (real world). Therefore, the vision of modem civic-national landscape, national park, was made concrete at the very site where the people's dreams of utopia, the inherited sacredness of the mountain and people's religious beliefs in its protective power were terminated.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.3061-3067
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• 2013

This paper exemplifies how "Case Study House" (CSH) Program has been reduced as an architectural style rather than an American alternative to European Modernism. CSH Program became less successful than it deserves in the post-war American building market while its contribution to modern domestic architecture is immense and still regarded significant. The Program was succeeded in obtaining attention from the general public for architect-built(custom-built) houses with standardized building parts and simultaneously it also attempted to discover prototyped plans aiming good affordable mass housing at the time of post-war house shortage. Subsequent works nonetheless stay remained in the realm of avant-gardian image-making only to reflect affluent regional life style.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.15-29
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• 2015

Apart from keeping the body pleasant and protecting it from the environment, the purpose of clothing is to express one's sensibility, sense of belonging, status, and aesthetic sense. In the past, hanbok was also used to express status and class with the colors and the types and according to the times, the forms of hanbok has changed. Nowadays, people choose and wear hanbok that suits their tastes or purposes and various types of hanbok that considered pros and cons of it are now disseminated. Given this reality, traditional shrouds that are worn by the dead should also be designed newly to fit the modern trend. This research aims to analyze how people's sensibility preferences change on the traditional shrouds and the modern shrouds that are designed to fit the current trend. To see the change, this research analyzes sensibility preferences by using Semantic Differential Method on 4 modern shrouds that are used in preceding research and 1 traditional shroud. The survey was answered by total of 130 ordinary people in groups of 26 people in 5 groups who reside in Seoul and Kyungkhi province. As the result of the analysis, firstly, people preferred "high quality", "elegant", and "Korean" sensibility words for modern shrouds 1, 2, 3, and 4. Secondly, on traditional shroud, "uncomfortable", "neutral-elegant", "neutral-Korean", and "neutral-quality" that is closer to low quality sensibility words are preferred. Thirdly, "modest" and "extravagant" did not show any statistically significant difference. I hope this research can provide basic data that can be used to understand and comprehend on people's sensibility preference about shroud designs.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.104-116
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• 2010

Objectives The Medical record consist of symptoms, the cause of a disease, diagnostic studies, medical treatment, prescription, and so on. Doctors can use medical records as data for diagnosis, treatment, and education. Therefore, medical records are beneficial. Methods Translating $\ll$Xiao Er Yao Zheng Zhi Jue$\gg$ into modern Korean, and studying the medical records of Qian Yi(錢乙)'s Medical concept in $\ll$Xiao Er Yao Zheng Zhi Jue$\gg$ were examined. Results Regarding the diagnosis of the pediatric diseases, Si Zhen He Can(四該合參), consider in the eye exam closely. In addition, he closely combined the concept of Wu Zang Bian Zheng(五藏辨證), and diagnosis the pediatric diseases. Wu Zang Bian Zheng(五藏辨證). what Qian-Yi(錢乙) established method was based on Zheng Ti Guan(整體觀) in Huang Di Nei Jing(黃帝內經). Qian-Yi(錢乙) took a close look on Chuang Zhen(瘡疹) which had been an inadequate field in those days. He criticized on the habitual misuse of medications. He treated Ji Jing(急驚) and Man Jing(慢驚) separately; Ji Jing(急驚) as Liang Xie(凉瀉) and Man Jing(慢驚) as Wen Bu(溫補). He proposed Zong Gan Zhu Feng and Xin Zhu Jing(縱肝主風, 心主驚) theory and formulated Jing Feng(驚風) theory as well. He emphasized the treatment to Gong Bu Shang Zheng, Bu Bu Zhi Xie, Xiao Bu Jian Shi(攻不傷正, 補不滯邪, 消補兼施) because he had a clear demonstration to Han Re Xu Shi(寒熱虛實) of the five viscera in the field of Fang yao(方藥). Conclusions Understanding $\ll$Xiao Er Yao Zheng Zhi Jue$\gg$ and its medical records of Qian Yi(錢乙)'s medical concept had quintessential meaning to both modern pediatrician and oriental medical doctors of all medical fields in treating children.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.1-16
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• 2020

Hijab as a symbol of women's oppression due to the opening and reform of Islamic State group, is becoming more diverse as younger generation begins to dress more freely than ever before, spreading the perception that it is a fashion item. In response, this research conducted a theoretical review about the history of hijab, various forms of hijab, and characteristics of hijab using relevant literature, media reports, and fashion media articles. As an empirical study, image-oriented photo data shared by Tehran Street Fashion from 2015 to November 2019 were analyzed separately by fashion majors into color, pattern, and hijab-making forms. According to the analysis, six different fashion images were categorized as romantic feminine, modern chic, natural elegant, classic formal, sporty casual and gorgeous ethnic. For Muslim women in the past, hijab was worn as a repressive and closed sense by the religious system. However, in modern times, it is a way to express one's style and ideas as a fashion item. It is also and a means to express one's thoughts and beliefs. Through aesthetic consideration of Hijab as a fashion item, it was found that it was a medium for freedom of expression and a medium for beauty and individuality.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.61 no.8
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• pp.73-84
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• 2011

Upholstery style is the form which bulges a shape by putting fillings in the support and covering them with patterned textile or pile fabric. Modern upholstery style was combined with the various socio-cultural products and artistic styles and expressed in interior furniture and costumes of historical time periods. The style first originated when people built houses for settlement and made furniture to decorate its interior. The characteristics of upholstery style came to be prominent in the Renaissance, Baroque and Rococo times with the development of science and textile industry. The interior furniture represented the ages of the Renaissance, Baroque and Rococo and were made with similar images of the architectural style from those different time periods. Textiles, tapestry, velvet, corduroy, damask, brocade, and the most frequently used velvet are elements that make up the structural and figurative features of the architectural style. The upholstery style of furniture also shows the forms of clothing that represents each of the different periods. This style still continues to be used today. In modern day fashion, the figurative characteristics of the upholstery style that derives from interior furniture and clothing from the different time periods are bulkiness, asymmetry and exoticism. Such figurative characteristics have evolved through the combination of diverse genres but it still maintains similar designs and forms.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2008.04a
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• pp.45-46
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• 2008

There are various polluting emissions related to the air quality such as $NO_x$, $CO_2$, CO, VOCs, $O_3$, $SO_2$, $CH_4$, $H_2S$, $NH_3$, etc. We need the system that reduces emission of these environment gases and detects risk factors in modern society. Therefore, if we use the USN(Ubiquitous Sensor Network) technology and a MAV(Micro Air Vehicle) Quad Rotor which can be hovering and moving free for setting up the environment gas sensing system, the realtime measurement on environment gases is facilitated and by extension, in application of traffic watchdog, forest fire surveillance and counter-terrorism efforts, we anticipate making better use of a Quad Rotor.