• Journal of architectural history
• /
• v.15 no.4
• /
• pp.37-56
• /
• 2006

Introducing International Style, P. Johnson and H. R. Hitchcock gave three standards to be the Modern, volume and surface, regularity, and exclusion of applied decoration. In spite of the negation of stylistic, formal approach in the Modernist Manifestoes, one usually have understood Modernity in Architecture with its formal character, especially with no ornament and flat, abstract, white surface. Modernism as a new paradigm in architecture have emphasized that there is no representation of anything outside and only present architecture in itself. They said that Modernism only cared about the language of Architecture without figural reference. So apparently there is no way to prove to its Modernity with formal condition. Modernity is in Spirit and contents. But actually we understand well its existence by visual communication This study deals with this difficult situation how Modernity represents itself without visual media and asks the question how simultaneously it presents its thingness and materiality In order to analyse contradictory situation between representation and presentation in Modern Architecture we need to survey the historical process of changing position of ornaments and its meaning in time. With the crisis of representation the role of ornament have seriously changed and divided. It caused the two situation in pre-Modern Architecture. Firstly, Architecture tend to be a high art and formal expression became important much more. The Use of Ornament became a kind of fashion to show the power, class, money. Secondly, Ornament lost its cultural weight and the structure and material aspect became the central in architecture. Rational Structuralism would be the essential character in Modern Architecture. Here the theory of G. Semper and A. Loos on cladding(dressing) and Ornament can help its problems and limits. In the situation without conventional ornament Modernists need to present modernity with new media that only show the thing itself and by that it does not represent any thing else as like the value, idea outside buildings. They believed that only it concerned esthetics and morality in architecture. But in reality it referred to art and machines as like ships, aircraft, and cars. By excluding Ornament and showing the process of clearing, abstract, flat, white surface 'represent' Modernity by the indirect way referring the concept of transparency, reason, sanitation, tectonics, etc. An Ideology and myth intervened architectural discourse to make the doxa about the representation in Architecture. Surface must be a different kind of media and message that can communicate in different way with compared to conventional Ornament. Decorated Shed by R. Venturi and Post-Functionalism by P. Eisenman, that are the most famous post-modern discourse, shows well difficult and contradictory condition in contemporary architecture concerning representation and form, meaning and form.

• International Journal of Human Ecology
• /
• v.13 no.1
• /
• pp.147-157
• /
• 2012

The construction of government-sponsored housing in Korea began in the early 1950s. Beyond fulfilling the housing shortage after the Korean War, it also impacted the development of housing in Korea. The aim of this study is to explore the construction and supply of government-sponsored housing and to discuss the positive and negative influences on the modern housing in Korea. In order to achieve the objectives, the pictures and floor plans, newspaper articles and the KNHC publications, which led the public housing supply from 1950 to 1960, were examined. Results indicate as follows: First, government-sponsored housing industrialized the housing production, which satisfied the volume need. The simplified floor plan and exterior, along with the western characteristics, created a new urban landscape. Second, the distinct characteristics of Korean housing were established. By emphasizing development and financial practicality, large scale housing complexes were built with simplified, characterless, and mechanical exteriors in a disconnected territory with neighbor district. Third, government-sponsored housing became the major accelerator to westernize the Korean housing culture. In conclusion, the principles of functionalism of government-sponsored housing have become the fundamental root of Korean housing since the war.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
• /
• v.19 no.2
• /
• pp.173-189
• /
• 1995

purpose of this study is to analyze the various phenomenon related to the subjectivism of aesthetic value for dress, which is impossible to describe with only functionalism, practically and objectivism of aesthetic value for dress based on Karl Rosencrantz\ulcorners theory of the Aesthetics of ugliness from the middle of 1980's to present. In other words, the ugliness had been selected and erected as the opposite meaning of beauty to head toward ultimate beauty, and clarify that ultimate beauty is achieved through the combination of beauty is achieved through the combination of beauty and ugliness. First, the ugliness and Rosencrantz\ulcorners theory of the Aesthetics of Ugliness had been examined theoretically in the aspect of the subjectivism of aesthetic value for dress and aesthetic category. The relationship between the artistic styles related to ugliness, such as Avant-garde, Primitivism of Expressionism, Grotesque, Decadence, Kitsch, Pastich\ulcornerParody, from the late 19c to present, and the dresses representing the ugly look such as Cyber Punk, Exotic look, Detester, Grunge, Hip-hop, etc, of 1990's had been studied by using photographic materials. In this study, the basic concepts of ugliness, including formlessness, inaccuracy and deformation, formed by K. Rosencrantz had been used to reveal the interaction between modem costume and the theory of ugliness.

• Journal of architectural history
• /
• v.1 no.1 s.1
• /
• pp.218-227
• /
• 1992

What is Deconstruction which is now the focus of the current architectural discussion? In order to know the Deconstruction properly, we should review the background of Modernism and Post-Modernism in architecture. As we know, the 1968's serial uprisings of democratic movement in Paris changed human concepts about art dramatically. As the result of that movement new ideas such as Structuralism, Post-structuralism, Deconstruction, and Semiotics arose. In architecture some ideas like construotioniem were not practised fully in 1920's and only the Modernism has been realized as the idea expressing the modern Utopia. In Korea situation to interprete architectural ideas into real buildings are different from those of other developed countries. Korean architects are seemed to use Deconstructionist vocabularies as fashionable styles without being concious of the root and history of Deconstruction. For Koreans the contexts are different. Although Modernism and Functionalism have been practised vigorously in Korea as other countries, the situations are ambiguous and complicated in applying new ideas introduced after Moderism. So they are in chaos. What could be our orthodox ideology to be worth pursuing in arthitecture? There are several sample works of Deconstruction in Korea done by Jo, Geon young, Kim, In Chul and Bae Byung-Gil. Aithough their works cannot be interpreted as real Deconstruction in European or american view-points, I think they are good examples of Korean Deconstruction that express contemporary Korean architecture and its social background.

• Archives of design research
• /
• v.12 no.3
• /
• pp.43-52
• /
• 1999

For Bauhaus, the vaious typography experiments developed around the printing workshops, and it was only in the later Weimar Period that L. Moooly-Nagy, who came to be in charge of the rxinting workshops, approached it from the functional way of thinking and demanded print type reforms Using this as the basis, a new form of typograph called "typophoto" was developed by combining images and characters together using photography techniques and Bauhaus Unification Chaacter producyion. Harbert Bayer, striving at molds based on the ideologies of L. Moody-Nagy, prepared the framework for modern informational advertisements by producing a variety of advertisements based on several law of psychology and physiology. Bayer's successor, Joost Schmidt focused on lettering based on functionalism and typographic training and practice, while pioneering in the new area of display design wiwh efficient usage of space for exhibitions a1d dsplays. Thus, despite being carried doWl by the same leader in the sane era, the series of typographic experiments undertaken by the artists Bauhaus present guidelines to the direction modern visual communication must take through creativity and insight into the upcoming future that is not contained within the boundaries of traditions and customs.and customs.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
• /
• v.30 no.7 s.155
• /
• pp.1054-1065
• /
• 2006

This study aims to provide basic data conducive to developing popular and international products by analyzing the mechanism, factors and design of ethnic sports fashion incorporating ethnicity and sports sense that may satisfy the physical and psychological needs of modern humans who tend to seek 'well- being'. The methodology includes literature reviews and positivist study, and visual materials include domestic and foreign fashion magazines, newspapers, fashion journals, ad photos, collection photos, and internet that cover colors, materials, detailed sports fashion design that are considered to have an ethnic image. Its scope is limited to the period from 2000 through 2005 S/S. The results of study are as follows: First, sports fashions through incorporation of sports emotion and fashion, mixes and matches existing formal wear, casual wear, or leisure wear with sportswear, or introduces and utilizes materials, details, accessories, or image from sportswear. Second, 1) from the changes by year in sports fashion, ethnic images were strongly expressed by the influence of naturalism in the early 1990s, and functional sports fashion has been fused with ethnic image with functionalism becoming stronger and wellbeing trend expanding from the mid 1990s through 2000s. 2) The cause of ethnic image in sports fashion included hybrid, multi-culturalism, and naturalism. Third, the ethnic images revealed in the sports fashion designs of Prada, Louis Vuitton, Gucci, and Y3 are simple and unique based on functionality and activism.

• Journal of The Korean Digital Architecture Interior Association
• /
• v.11 no.2
• /
• pp.13-19
• /
• 2011

Starting in modern times by Le Corbusier, architectures made by concretes are still developing in these times. For several decades, the shape of box architecture has been the most familiar type of buildings. Of course "The concrete is the type of box building" isn't always right, but what we have most seen was the buildings which has been stylized and made by concretes. Through modern times to these days based on international style and functionalism, the type of box building was the most effective and good profit type of architecture which has not disregarded the capitalism. Free-form building are becoming a common place, and many of these are designed and constructed using sophisticated techniques. The main technique being used is Generative Technology of Form for free-form construction. People's interest is growing in this, and it is becoming widely used both abroad and domestically. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the use of Generative Technology of Form which is a digitally adapted design methodology in architecture. The digital design process used for contemporary buildings share many typical features that exist within a standard digital template, but also an increasing amount of mass customization that has to be produced at an additional cost. This paper will summarize these features in terms of free-form architecture, and in terms of the digital design process. In fact, 3D models have to be conceded as main design products considering features of Free Form Design Architecture. However it is practical to design twice over, because all forms of architectural drawings are 2D. From now on, design of Free Form Design Building is not to separate between design process and practical process, but to compound them as unified design system applied the process to communicate information interactively. For this, it should be required to impose unified digital design process and perform researches about effective way to apply in the field of Free-form Design Architecture.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
• /
• v.19 no.2
• /
• pp.340-355
• /
• 1995

purpose of this study was to trace historically the causes of the visual inconsistency of seXual ilT'age in dress with versatile perspectives. For this purpose, theoretical studies about the concepts of sexuality in dress were precceded. To trace the factors of the visual inconsistency of sexual image in dress, historical studies from ancient Egypt to modern ages were done. And then, the factors of the visual inconsist\ulcornerency of sexual image in dress were identified. The synthetic results were as follows; L The visual inconsistency of sexual image in dress shows the phenomena that men introduce the traditional feminine image in dress (ex. X silhouette, skirts), whereas women do the traditional masculine image (ex. Y silhouette, pants), which arouse androgynous image in appearance. And, it also indicates that men or women wear the dress excluded the traditional masculine image as well as the traditional feminine image, which arouse neutral image in appearance. 2. The visual inconsistency of sexual image in dress have been existed historically, from Egypt to modern ages. 3. The visual inconsistency of sexual image III dress was caus~d by various factors as follows; First, ideal beauty of the times which did not distinguish between masculinity and femininity resulted in the visual inconsistency of sexual image in dress. Second, as a means of seeking pleasure, the visual inconsistency of sexual image in dress was used. Third, as a means of expressing ideology, the visual inconsistency of sexual image in dress was selected. Forth,in religious meaning,the visual inconsistency ofl sexual image in dress was appeared. Fifth,popularization of sports and occupational role made woman adopt the masculine image in dress in view of the aspects of functionalism. Sixth,Undevelopment of taloring contributed to generate androgenous image in dress.

• Journal of Fashion Business
• /
• v.6 no.1
• /
• pp.31-42
• /
• 2002

The purpose of this study is research on the characteristics of post-modernism expressed on western hair styles in the late 20th century. Therefore this thesis analyzed the relationship of modernism & the hair styles of that mage and post-modernism & the hair styles of that mage. That will re-illuminate the same beauty worth of same age as to accurate the concept of post-modernism & the hair styles of that mage. And the last, criticizing the post-modernism design and that hair design, helping to find new trends. The method of this study was the literature research & analysis of visual materials focus on upper bust image that can know the relationship of modernism & the hair styles of that mage, and post-modernism & the hair styles of that mage. First, the literature research is composed of analysis of theses, magazines on art, clothing and cosmetology having the contents of 20th century western culture, art and hair styles. Second, the analysis of visual materials is composed of analysis of video films, slide films and photographs of books, magazines, and internet home-pages. Modern western hair styles, appeared after 1910's, is represented as a short cut & permanent wave. That express experimentalism, functionalism, and purism, that is same as the other art's trend of same age. Post-modern western hair styles, appeared after 1960's, also show the same trend with same age's. This summarized & characterized 8 categories; historical method, pluralism, negotiation, escape from the formality, recovery of humanity, ornament, connection with race, metaphor & symbolism. But post-modernism concentrating pluralism makes easy making low quality art and absence of criticism, so this thesis criticised it 5 categories; absence of ideas, absence of the social sense of responsibility, lost of one's characteristics, decline of skills, decline of worth of usages.

• Journal of architectural history
• /
• v.13 no.4 s.40
• /
• pp.89-105
• /
• 2004

This paper investigates morphological theory as an intellectual framework for research and design. The first part of the paper will review morphological studies in the fields of urban geography, urban planning and architecture, particularly in England from the 1940s to the 1980s. While urban geographers and planners were concerned primarily with town plans, building forms and land use, architectural theoreticians were more interested in the topological relationship between urban and architectural space. The underlying premises and principles of these two approaches will be reviewed. The second part of the paper will focus on typology in Europe and North America. The reinterpretation of typology by Italian architects helped to bridge the gap between individual elements of architecture and the overall form of the city. However, typological theory became less accessible in post-war England and the United States. After 1980, the debate on typology became muted by the onset of vague notions such as functionalism, bio-technical determinism, and contextualism. This paper will propose a redefinition of morphology as a heuristic device, in contrast with the dichotomic view of urban morphology and architectural typology. Morphology will be shown to combine the geometrical and topological; the intentional and accidental; the real and abstract; and a priori and a posteriori. The last part of the paper discusses the lack of comparative theories and methods surrounding the physical form of architecture and the city by Korea commentators. Empirically rooted facility planning, non-comparative historical studies, and iconographic criticism emerged as a central preoccupation of architectural culture between the 1960s and 1980s, a time when international debate on architecture and urbanism was most intense. This paper will give consideration to the built environment as a dynamic physical entity and space as an epiphenomenon of daily urban life, such that collaboration between urban designers, architects, and landscape architects is seen as both beneficial and necessary.