• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.119-128
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• 2017

This study estimated the optimal nursing workforce and financial costs of providing comprehensive nursing services at hospitals under the national health insurance system. Data on registered nurses, nursing aids, medical institutions, and number of patients were obtained from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service. The optimal size of the nursing workforce was calculated using the workload model. A bottom-up approach was used to estimate the annual total financial cost of comprehensive nursing services. The number of registered nurses and nursing aids would need to be increased by 81.75% and 83.23%, respectively, in order to fully apply comprehensive nursing care on a national scale. The additional financial costs for comprehensive nursing services at all hospitals was estimated to be as much as 110.39% of the current cost. For the comprehensive nursing service, nurses with a career and newcomers need to be retained at their hospitals, and the validity of the nurse-patient ratio should be continuously checked. The financial shock to the national health insurance system could be minimized by gradually extending the system to all hospitals.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.8
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• pp.115-126
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of the factors that hinder innovation of SMEs on innovation activities of Korean firms. Many existing literature studies remain focused on factors that promote innovation activities. However, in order for companies to promote innovation, it is important to analyze the factors that hinder innovation as well as those that promote innovation. In this study, we analyzed the relationship between technological innovation inhibition factors and technological innovation performance of 4,075 SMEs in Korea using the Korea Institute of Science and Technology Policy statistical data. The research model and hypothesis test of this study consist of three stages. First, the reliability of the variables used was verified using exploratory factor analysis. Second, the proposed hypothesis was modeled using structural equation modeling. Finally, validity of the structural equation was verified using confirmatory factor analysis. As a result, the lack of need for innovation influenced innovation performance and the government support system mediated them. SMEs should establish technological innovation strategies to maximize the effect of technological innovation with limited resources, and government should make polices to promote innovation of SMEs. It's expected to be used in the case of establishing a support policy.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.59-70
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• 2016

Purpose - The objectives of this study are described as following. First, the study will establish the concept of Brand Values of Environmentally-friendly agricultural product through theoretical discussion. Second, it shows the effects of Environmentally-Friendly Agricultural Products brand value on Brand Satisfaction, Brand Trust and Brand Loyalty by empirical investigation. Third, in order to provide the methodology of brand development, literature regarding and questionnaire survey were used such as Environmentally-Friendly Agricultural Products Brand Value, Brand Satisfaction, Brand Trust and Brand Loyalty. Based up on the results, the research estimates consumers' relative priorities of Environmentally-Friendly Agricultural Products Brand Value factors in purchase. This research also suggests the consumer oriented new brand development and the progressive direction for the successful launching of Korean Environmentally-Friendly Agricultural Products Brand. Research design, data, and methodology - Because the relative literatures reviewed regarding not only each factor but also the relationships among them, Brand Value was categorized into 4 dimensions: Emotional, Social, Functional, and Epistemic Value. Then, Brand Loyalty was added as an outcome variable and Brand Satisfaction, Brand Trust were also added as mediators. The proposed research model and 13 hypotheses were created and 23 measurement items were developed. A face-to-face questionnaire survey with items concerning the Brand Value of Environmentally-Friendly Agricultural Products is conducted to housewives in metropolitan area in May 2016. Respondent answered about Brand Value, Brand Satisfaction, Brand Trust and Brand Loyalty in preferred Environmentally-Friendly Agricultural Products. 333 copies of the questionnaire were collected and analyzed using SPSS 21.0 and AMOS 20.0 to determine the reliability and validity of the measurements. Results - From the confirmatory factor analysis and a structural equation modeling, the outcomes of these studies were as follows; (1) Three Brand value dimensions, i.e. Emotional Value, Social Value, and Epistemic Value had a significant and positive impact on Brand Satisfaction, but Functional Value did not. (2) Social Value also had an impact on Brand Trust, (3) Brand Satisfaction significantly affected Brand Trust, and Brand Trust influenced on Brand Loyalty, and (4) Brand Satisfaction were perfectly effective in mediation between Emotional Value, Epistemic Value and Brand Trust, and it also partially mediated between Social Value and Brand Trust. Conclusions - According to the result of consumer research on Environmentally-Friendly Agricultural Product brand, 3 dimensions of brand value affected brand satisfaction, and especially Social Value was a significant positive dimension. So, marketers should concern about value proposition of Environmentally-Friendly Agricultural Product to consumers by using premium package design, store identity, and distinctive product. Consumers wanted to get self-esteem, self-regard, and high social position by purchasing it. This study has academic and practical significance, so the findings can be applied to a wide range of brand management strategies. However, there are some limitations; 1) limitation about development of new brand value dimensions, 2) limitation about gender in the area of respondents. Future research should be done with wide range of respondents.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.63-73
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• 2015

Purpose - Satisfaction with service is evaluated according to customers' subjective judgment. The expected value of customer service and its evaluations depend on the customers' position. The customer recognizes two different forms of service levels. One is satisfaction and the other is dissatisfaction. Customers who are satisfied want to receive the service in future. However, those dissatisfied try to change the service. The service provider tries to improve the service. There are two different service cycles. One is the successful cycle and the other is the failure cycle. This study aimed to empirically determine the effects of the justice and authenticity of service recovery on customer behavioral intention through an integrated approach to cognitive justice and psychological authenticity. Research design, data, and methodology - Based on a literature review, justice of service recovery was categorized into three types: distributive, procedural, and interactive. Then, authenticity was added to obtain four independent variables, along with recovery satisfaction as a parameter. Behavioral intention, as an outcome variable, was divided into the repurchase intention and positive word-of-mouth. The model and hypotheses were created and measurement items were developed. A questionnaire survey of items concerning the service recovery experience at family restaurants was conducted on college students and residents in Gwangju from September 30 to October 31, 2013. A total of 400 copies of the questionnaire were sent out and 385 were returned. Respondents answered questions about the importance of, and satisfaction with service recovery on a 5-point Likert scale. Excluding 174 copies without service failure experiences and 7 inappropriate copies, 204 copies were analyzed using SPSS 21.0 for Windows and AMOS 20.0 to determine the reliability and validity of measurements. The hypotheses were tested through a goodness-of-fit analysis. Results - First, distributive justice positively affected recovery satisfaction. Second, procedural and interactive justice had no impact. Third, authenticity positively affected recovery satisfaction. Fourth, distributive justice had relatively stronger effects on recovery satisfaction than authenticity. Fifth, recovery satisfaction significantly affected repurchase intention and positive word-of-mouth and it proved effective in mediation. Finally, additional analysis was performed for descriptive statistics of the principal variables by various demographic characteristics and significant differences were found in gender, occupation, and so on. Conclusions - This study has academic significance as the fairness and authenticity of service recovery were investigated to reveal the effects on behavior. The findings could be applied to a wide range of service recovery strategies. However, there are some limitations. First, data was collected only from the residents of Gwangju and most respondents were aged 20-30. Future studies should target a wide range of areas and age groups. Second, because the questionnaire used in this study targets only convenience family restaurants, the results of this study cannot be generalized to all services companies. Future research should be done on a wide range of industries such as hotels, airlines, and hospitals, and perform a comparison between sectors.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.57-63
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• 2018

Purpose - This research examined the effect of hedonic and utilitarian eating-out motivations on the evaluation of restaurant selection attributes in a fashion premium outlet. Additionally, the influence of experimental and functional attributes on customers' preference for hedonic eating-out motives and utilitarian eating-out motives, and variation of moderating effects through the gender was examined. Research design, data, and methodology - A survey was conducted to verify the established research hypothesis. The questionnaire items for the research were modified to fit the situation of the present study. In order to elaborate the questionnaire, the literature of the previous researchers was reviewed and supplemented. The survey conducted 207 online questionnaires for consumers who have visited domestic fashion premium outlets from July 4, 2017 to July 27, 2017. A total of 207 questionnaires were collected, and a total of 206 questionnaires were used for the empirical analysis after excluding one inappropriate response. In order to verify the reliability and validity of the measured variables, exploratory factor analysis and reliability analysis were performed using SPSS 20.0. Next, the structural equation model (SEM) statistical method was used to test the hypotheses of the study. Results - Hedonic motivation had more influence on experimental attribute importance than the functional attribute importance of the restaurant. However, this result was different depending on the gender. The effects of hedonic motives on empirical attributes were more influenced by female groups, and when influencing functional attributes, male groups were more influenced. However, it was statistically significant (p <0.05) in the female group only when the hedonic eating out motives influenced empirical attributes. Conclusions - This study analyzed the effect of eating-out motivation on the restaurant preference attributes and suggested practical implications. First, customers with hedonic eating-out motivations were evaluating experiential attributes to be more important than functional attributes. Second, for customers who are motivated to use practical eating-out habits, companies should provide services that meet practical and economic needs. In particular, female customers visiting restaurants need differentiated marketing strategies that make them feel new experiences rather than practical ones. In addition, it is necessary to study more complex and integrated studies which will influence restaurant selection attributes of premium outlets customers by adding various eating out motives and selection attributes.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.121-132
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• 2017

Purpose - There are many variables related to consumer-brand relationship such as brand attitude, attachment, commitment and brand loyalty and we should manage these all variables successfully to achieve a strong brand loyalty. The objective of this research is to investigate the path from brand attitude and brand attachment to brand commitment and brand loyalty. Specially, this article focuses on the moderating effects of brand type and consumer innovativeness in the causal relationships between variables. Research design, data, and methodology - The seven hypotheses were proposed and tested empirically in this research. Three of seven hypotheses were the effects of brand attitude and brand attachment on the brand commitment and brand loyalty. Another two hypotheses presented the moderating effect of brand type and other two hypotheses expressed the moderating effect of consumer innovativeness in the causal relationships between variables. Research data were collected from the surveying of university students and the 282 samples were used to test the proposed hypotheses empirically. We utilized SPSS 20.0 and AMOS 20.0 for statistical analyses such as reliability test, validity test and path analysis. Results - The results show that brand attitude influences the brand loyalty and brand attachment influences the brand commitment positively. The brand attachment also influences the brand commitment positively. We found that there is a moderating effect of brand type in the causal relationship between brand attitude and loyalty though there is no significant moderating effect in the causality between brand attachment and commitment. We also fount that there is no significant moderating effect of consumer innovativeness in the causal relationships among brand attitude, brand attachment, brand commitment and brand loyalty. In Summary, 5 of 7 hypotheses in this study were supported and 2 hypotheses were not supported. Conclusions - There is a path model of consumer-brand relationship from brand attitude and brand attachment to brand commitment and brand loyalty. Companies should provide their consumers with effective marketing program in every phase of consumer-brand relationship to build brand loyalty. In addition, there are possibilities that the relationships among brand attitude, brand attachment, brand commitment and brand loyalty are moderated by brand type and consumer innovativeness. Companies should consider perceived brand type and innovativenss of their consumers in planning and executing their various marketing programs for their brand management.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.245-251
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to externally validate a new dosing scheme for busulfan. Thirty-seven adult patients who received busulfan as conditioning therapy for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT) participated in this prospective study. Patients were randomized to receive intravenous busulfan, either as the conventional dosage (3.2 mg/kg daily) or according to the new dosing scheme based on their actual body weight (ABW) ($23{\times}ABW^{0.5}mg\;daily$) targeting an area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) of $5924{\mu}M{\cdot}min$. Pharmacokinetic profiles were collected using a limited sampling strategy by randomly selecting 2 time points at 3.5, 5, 6, 7 or 22 hours after starting busulfan administration. Using an established population pharmacokinetic model with NONMEM software, busulfan concentrations at the available blood sampling times were predicted from dosage history and demographic data. The predicted and measured concentrations were compared by a visual predictive check (VPC). Maximum a posteriori Bayesian estimators were estimated to calculate the predicted AUC ($AUC_{PRED}$). The accuracy and precision of the $AUC_{PRED}$ values were assessed by calculating the mean prediction error (MPE) and root mean squared prediction error (RMSE), and compared with the target AUC of $5924{\mu}M{\cdot}min$. VPC showed that most data fell within the 95% prediction interval. MPE and RMSE of $AUC_{PRED}$ were -5.8% and 20.6%, respectively, in the conventional dosing group and -2.1% and 14.0%, respectively, in the new dosing scheme group. These findings demonstrated the validity of a new dosing scheme for daily intravenous busulfan used as conditioning therapy for HCT.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.93-102
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• 2020

The design of large complex mechanical systems, such as automobile, aircraft, and ship, is a kind of Multidisciplinary Design Optimization (MDO) because it requires both experience and expertise in many areas. With the rapid development of technology and the demand to improve human convenience, the complexity of these systems is increasing further. The design of such a complex system requires an integrated system design, i.e., MDO, which can fuse not only domain-specific knowledge but also knowledge, experience, and perspectives in various fields. In the past, the MDO relied heavily on the designer's intuition and experience, making it less efficient in terms of accuracy and time efficiency. Process integration and the design optimization framework mainly support MDO owing to the evolution of IT technology. This paper examined the procedure and methods to implement an efficient MDO with reasonable effort and time using RCE, an open-source PIDO framework. As a benchmarking example, the authors applied the proposed MDO methodology to a bulk carrier's conceptual design synthesis model. The validity of this proposed MDO methodology was determined by visual analysis of the Pareto optimal solutions.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.32-40
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• 2005

Objectives : This study looked at the symptoms of alexithymia in schizophrenia and their association with clinical variables and schizophrenic symptomatology. Methods Consecutive fifty eight inpatients with DSM-IV diagnoses of schizophrenia completed 26item version of Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS), Symptom Checklist-90-Revised(SCL-90-R), and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale(PANSS). Results : Authors did not find any correlation between scores of PANSS and TAS. However, all the subscale scores of SCL-90-R were significantly correlated with total score of TAS. Also, 'difficulty identifying and deistinguishing between feelings and bodily sensations' and 'difficulty describing feelings' significantly correlated with SCL-90-R subscale scores. 'Reduced daydreaming' had mixed findings and 'externally oriented thinking' did not correlate. Multiple regression model included Global Severity Index of SCL-90-R accounting 28.2% of variance for TAS scores. Conclusion : These findings together with discrepancy in results between objective and subjective tests suggest that alexithymia in schizophrenia may have two constructs, 'difficulty to describe and communicate feelings(state)' and 'externally oriented thinking(trait)' Authors suggest further study needs to confirm construct validity of TAS in this population.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.65-98
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• 2007

Wetland provides various environmental services as well as marketable goods to human society. This paper presents a meta-analysis of the wetland valuation studies conducted in Korea during the past decade. Meta-analysis is a technique of summarizing research results from the separate but related studies using statistical methods. The objectives of the paper is to identify the main factors affecting the wetland values and to examine the applicability of meta-regression analysis for summarizing the information from valuation studies of natural ecosystem. The total of 64 observations from 24 studies are assembled, and we observe significant differences in wetland values depending on the characteristics of the studies. With the statistical significance, our results indicate that the method employed affects the wetland values while the wetland function evaluated affects little. In addition, we found that the size of wetland is negatively associated with the values, implying that wetland values exhibit the decreasing returns to scale. The evidences from our empirical analysis suggest that the meta-analysis has a potential as a tool to synthesize the research results from valuation studies and to provide useful information to policy makers. However, this study acknowledges that more effort should be dedicated toward the construction of DB on valuation studies as well as the research on the model improvement to enhance the validity and reliability of meta-analysis.