• 지질공학
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.241-252
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• 1993

미국 위스컨신주 도어 지역의 지하수내에서 납성분이 시기적, 장소적으로 불규칙하게 산출되었다. 본 연구에서, 지하수의 납성분의 오염도를 나타내주는 지시자들(검출빈도, 납성분의 평균, 최고 검출농도)과 지하수의 납 오염에 관계가 있을 가능성이 있는 7개의 독립변수들과의 상관계수가 계산되었다. 이 관계의 통계적 중요성은 t-test에 의하여 90%의 신뢰도에서 이루어졌으며, 이 지역에 산재하는 농약(lead-arsenate)의 처리장소가 지하수내 납성분의 요염 원인임을 통계학적으로 입증하였다. 납성분으 산출농도가 높았던 5개의 가정우물로부터 총 112개의 지하수시료가 채취분석되었다. 납성분은 $0.45{\;}\mu\textrm{m}$의 공극 크기를 지닌 여과지에 걸러진 미립자에서 검출되었으며, 여과액에서는 검출되지 않았다. 이러한 결과는 납성분이 이 지역의 지하수내에서 미립자이 상태로 존재함을 지시한다. 따라서, 이 지역에서 납성분의 불규칙한 산출은 미립자상의 납이 수평과 수직으로 발달된 파쇄대와 같은 유동경로를 따라 이동하면서 나타나는 현상으로 고려된다.

• 대한기계학회논문집
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• 제8권5호
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• pp.442-449
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• 1984

본 연구에서는 두 분류가 교우되어 배합이 이루어지는 유동역에서 3차원 방향 에 대하여 평균속도분포, 난류강도분포, 난류전단응력분포, 상관계수의 분포 및 난류 운동에너지와 운동량의 변화 등을 측정 분석하였다.

• 동력기계공학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.22-29
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• 2001

This paper represents axial mean velocity, turbulent kinetic energy and swirl number based on momentum flux measured in the X-Y plane and Y-Z plane respectively of a cone type gas swirl burner by using X-probe from the hot-wire anemometer system. This experiment is carried out at flow rates 350 and $450{\ell}/min$ respectively, which are equivalent to the combustion air flow rate necessary for heat release 15,000 kcal/hr in gas furnace, in the test section of a subsonic wind tunnel. Axial mean velocities and turbulent kinetic energies show that their maximum values exist centering around narrow slits situated radially on the edge of and in the forefront of a burner until $X/R{\fallingdotseq}1.5$, but they have a peculiar shape like a starfish diffusing and developing into inward and outward of a burner by means of the mixing between flows ejected from narrow slits, an inclination baffle plate and swirl vanes respectively according to downstream regions. Moreover, they show a relatively large value in the inner region of 0.5$S_m$ obtained by integration of velocity profiles shows a characteristic that has an inflection point composing of the maximum and minimum value until X/R<3, but shows close agreement with the geometric swirl number after a distance of X/R=3.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.1-26
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• 1993

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of acid etching on the surface appearance and fracture toughness of five glass ionomer cements. Five kinds of commercially available glass ionomer cements including chemical curing filling type, chemical curing lining type, chemical curing metal reinforced type, light curing tilling type and light curing lining type were used for this study. The specimens for SEM study were fabricated by treating each glass ionomer cement with either visible light curing or self curing after being inserted into a rubber mold (diameter 4mm, depth 1mm). Some of the specimens were etched with 37% phosphoric acid for 0, 15, 30, 60, go seconds, at 5 minutes, 1 hour and 1 day after mixing of powder and liquid. Unetched ones comprised the control group and the others were the experimental groups. The surface texture was examined by using scanning electron microscope at 20 kV. (S-2300, Hitachi Co., Japan). The specimens for fracture toughness were fabricated by curing of each glass ionomer cement previously inserted into a metal mold for the single edge notch specimen according to the ASTME399. They were subjected to a three-point bend test after etching for 0, 30, 60, and 90 seconds at 5 minutes-, 1 hour-and 1 day-lapse after the fabrication of the specimens. The plane strain fracture toughness ($K_{IC}$) was determined by three-point bend test which was conducted with cross-head speed of 0.5 mm/min using Instron universal testing machine (Model No. 1122) following seven days storage of the etched specimens under $37^{\circ}C$, 100% humidity condition. Following conclusions were drawn. 1. In unetched control group, crack was present, but the surface was generally smooth. 2. Deterioration of the surface appearance such as serious dissolving of gel matrix and loss of glass particles occured as the etching time was increased beyond 15 s following Immediate etching of chemical curing type of glass ionomer cements. 3. Etching after 1 h, and 1 d reduced surface damage, 15 s, and 30s etch gave rough surface appearance without loss of glass particle of chemical curing type of glass ionomer cements. 4. Light curing type glass ionomer cement was etched by acid, but there was no difference in surface appearances according to various waiting periods. 5. It was found that the value of plane stram fracture toughness of glass ionomer cements was highest in the light curing filling type as $1.79\;MNm^{-1.5}$ followed by the light curing lining type, chemical curing metal reinforced type, chemical curing filling type and chemical curing lining type. 6. The value of plane stram fracture toughness of the chemical curing lining type glass ionomer cement etched after 5 minutes was lower than those of the cement etched after 1 hour or day or unetched (P < 0.05). 7. Light curing glass ionomer cement showed Irregular fractured surface and chemical curing cement showed smooth fractured surface.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제27권10호
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• pp.1472-1479
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• 2003

An attempt to reduce supersonic jet noise is carried out by using two steady microjets in a round jet. The jet is issued from a round sonic nozzle with an exit diameter of 10 mm. Two micro-nozzles with an inside diameter of 1 mm each are installed on the exit plane at an angle of 45 relative to the main jet axis. Far-field noise was measured at 40 diameters off the jet axis. The angle between a microphone and the jet axis is 30 or 90$^{\circ}$. For an injection rate of 4-6% of the main jet, screech tones were completely suppressed by the microjets. The reduction in the overall sound pressure levels were 2.4 and 2.7 dB for 90 and 30 measuring directions, respectively. However, the enhancement of mixing/spreading of the jet by the microjet was negligible. The reduction of noise is probably due to distorted shock cell structures and/or deformed large scale vortical structures by the microjets.

• 대한기계학회논문집
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.2083-2099
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• 1991

본 연구에서는 다른 실험 조건은 일정하게 유지하면서 아래 벽면의 표면조도 를 체계적으로 변화시켜 표면조도가 후향계단 뒤의 재부착 흐름 및 재발달경계층에 미 치는 영향을 조사하고자 하며 구체적인 내응은 다음과 같다. (1) 표면조도가 재부착 길이와 재발달경계층에 미치는 영향의 조사. (2) 표면조도가 평균속도와 난류량 분포 에 미치는 영향의 조사. (3) 여러 종류 표면조도 변화에 따른 재부착길이와 재발달 경 계층 회복에 미치는 영향과 결과의 상호 비교.

• 전기학회논문지
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• 제59권12호
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• pp.2245-2249
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• 2010

The physical properties of the LB films with merocyanine dyes have been published and attract attention due to the possibility of molecular structure control. The evaluation of the thin films was focused for the purpose of molecular structure control. The molecular structure in the case of the thin films with dyes can be examine by optical absorption spectra measurements. In the result measured by optical absorption spectra, the $[DX]_{1-x}[DO]_x$ LB films shows a large in-plane anisotropy and the transition dipole moment of red-shifted band is preferentially oriented perpendicular to the dipping direction of the film, while that of the blue-shifted band prefers the dipping direction. The spectrum for $0_{\circ}$, $90_{\circ}$-polarized light coincides with the spectrum for non-polarized light and also with the spectrum was observed in the LB film deposited using a fresh solution. These results show that the aging process does not cause a structural change in chromophore but a change in the degree of molecular orientation. In the results, study of the merocyanine dyes LB films using optical absorption spectra would an interesting problem of absorbance peak shifts and mixed components.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.67-84
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• 2008

The present contribution is concerned with the static and dynamic stability of a piezo-laminated Bernoulli-Euler beam subjected to an axial compressive force. Recently, an inconsistent derivation of the equations of motions of such a smart structural system has been presented in the literature, where it has been claimed, that an axial piezoelectric actuation can be used to control its stability. The main scope of the present paper is to show that this unfortunately is impossible. We present a consistent theory for composite beams in plane bending. Using an exact description of the kinematics of the beam axis, together with the Bernoulli-Euler assumptions, we obtain a single-layer theory capable of taking into account the effects of piezoelectric actuation and buckling. The assumption of an inextensible beam axis, which is frequently used in the literature, is discussed afterwards. We show that the cited inconsistent beam model is due to inadmissible mixing of the assumptions of an inextensible beam axis and a vanishing axial displacement, leading to the erroneous result that the stability might be enhanced by an axial piezoelectric actuation. Our analytical formulations for simply supported Bernoulli-Euler type beams are verified by means of three-dimensional finite element computations performed with ABAQUS.

• 대한조선학회논문집
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• 제41권6호
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• pp.24-32
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• 2004

The effects of guide vanes and tip clearances on the characteristics nf axial flow fans are investigated both computationally and experimentally. Performance test of fans carried out in full scale shows considerable effects of tip clearance between rotor tip and duct on the characteristics of fans. The tested results are compared with the computation based on the finite volume method to solve the Navier-Stoke equations with $textsc{k}$-$\varepsilon$ turbulence model. The comparison shows good agreements between experimental and computational results. In addition, the effects of shape of guide vanes are numerically studied. The results show that increased volume of separated region around the guide vane reduces the recovery of tangential component of kinetic energy in the wake, resulting in loss of efficiency

• 한국추진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국추진공학회 2008년도 제30회 춘계학술대회논문집
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• pp.285-288
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• 2008

본 연구는 연료(수소)층과 산화제(공기)층의 사이에 불활성기체(질소)또는 연료(수소)를 평행분사하는 수치해석을 다루고 있다. 수치해석을 위해서 완전 보존되는 비정상 2차 시간정확도법과 2차 TVD방법이 유한 체적법과 사용되었다. 결과는 3가지 종류로 구성되어있다. 첫째는 연료와 산화제의 단일 혼합층이고, 둘째는 연료와 산화제의 사이에 불활성기체를 분사하는 방식이며, 세 번째는 연료와 산화제의 사이에 연료를 분사하는 방식이다. 전체 유동층의 수직두께는 4cm이며 삽입된 중간층의 두께는 1,2,4mm의 세가지 경우에 대하여 계산하였다.